Volume Of Garbage Research Articles

家庭用生ごみ処理機の環境負荷評価

The amount of garbage emitted from households and industries has been constantly increasing in recent years, and its treatment cost has been a financial burden to municipal governments in Japan. Many municipal governments recommend that their citizens purchase household garbage processors in order to reduce the volume of garbage transferred to and incinerated at their facilities. Actually, 1535 municipal governments subsidize their citizens' purchase of electrical garbage processors and/or compost containers. These subsidies should be assessed from various points of view, such as the costs and benefits to municipal governments and citizens, and also global or local environmental loads. An environmental planning department of a city office sent questionnaires to its residents to investigate the utilization of the subsidized devices. An environmental organization of citizens supported the department with design of the questionnaire form and analysis of the collected questionnaire data. In this paper, the processes of designing the form and analyzing the data are explained, and then an evaluation of the subsidy is presented. The conclusions are as follows: Electrical garbage processors would be beneficial for dealing with local environmental problems such as lack of a final landfill site. However, the processors will increase CO2 emissions unless their electrical consumption efficiency can be improved. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(7): 42–52, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10285

The garbage volume analysis to consider CO2 emission reduction using households survey data

Recently, The garbage problem has become aggravated. This Problem includes that the capacity of waste treatment plants is not only insufficient, but also the global warming is caused by carbon dioxide emission. This research investigates the garbage volume and CO2 emission reduction in Nagano city using households survey data. A life cycle inventory analysis is employed to represent the relation between the CO2 emission and household expenditures. At the same time, the forecasting model of the garbage volume is also estimated by using a possibilistic regression model. And using these models, as restrains on CO2 emission, the garbage volume is estimated.

Analysis of garbage volume and the amount of CO2 emission based on the consumption expenditures of households considering fuzzy group

In this study, the total volume of garbage per year is estimated by the possibilistic regression analysis using the consumption expenditures of households as the independent variables. At the same time, the fuzzy quantification theory I is used to estimate which expenditures affect the total volume of CO2 emissions due to garbage. In Nagano city, the garbage collection system have changed over the years. Therefore, numeric value between 0 and 1 were assigned to the garbage collection systems and used as the fuzzy measure. The fuzzy partial correlation coefficients between the total amount of CO2 emissions and expenditures show that the groups of goods such as vegetables or confectioneries affect the amount of CO2 emissions, while household goods such as furniture do not have much of an effect.

Effects of Urbanisation on Channel Morphology: The Case of Ekulu River in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria

This study focuses on the effects of urbanisation on the morphology and hydraulic geometry of the Ekulu River in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. Measurements of channel properties were taken along a 25 km stretch at 45 sites grouped into three sections: section A, upstream of the town (15); section B, within the town (15); and section C, downstream of the town (15). Spatial interpolation techniques were used to predict channel morphometric properties within and downstream of Enugu on the basis of upstream relationships. The independent variable in the analysis was drainage area, used as a surrogate for discharge. In section A, channel parameters increased systematically downstream with basin area. Within the town, channel parameters exhibited sudden dimensional increases. Based on sectoral relationships, measured channel dimensions showed moderate increases above the expected values, with average enlargement ratio indices of 34 per cent, 91 per cent and 65 per cent in width, channel capacity and depth, respectively, between sections A and B. Between B and C the channel exhibited average reduction ratio indices of 21 per cent and 27 per cent in capacity and depth, respectively, and an average enlargement ratio index of 17 per cent in width relative to the expected value. The increase in channel dimension within the town is explained by: (1) the confluence with a third‐order tributary; (2) the poorly structured, loose, incoherent and highly erodible channel bank materials; (3) high volumes of runoff generated from the impermeable urban surfaces; (4) urban hydrological routing due to urban drainage; (5) human traffic across the river banks; and (6) the huge volume of garbage and solid wastes dumped into the channel.

Policy Model for Management of Urban Waste

The disposal of wastes is a very crucial problem to the modern urban societies in third world countries claiming the major share in the total expenditure allotted for all urban services. The existing system of disposal through land filling and reusing a part is inadequate and leaves behind a large volume of garbage accumulating over time. In this study, an attempt has been made to formulate a suitable policy model for solving the problem of disposal of this remaining part through productive use. Two alternative approaches are suggested. To maximize the net return from this product, the first model deals with the method of finding out the price policy regarding the product, and the second model is for the determination of the optimal amount of wastes to be disposed of within a period of time. An empirical exercise has been done using the first model. The results show that a net profit can be earned if the appropriate price is chosen for this product. Taking a particular time period within which total loss should be compensated by total revenue, a suitable price policy can also be determined.

Evaluating the Process and Outcome of a Garbage Reduction Program in Taiwan

Taiwan has launched a demonstration program for reducing the volume of garbage in a community to deal with the rapid accumulation of garbage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the process and outcome of this program. Both qualitative and quantitative methods, integrated under the framework of theory-driven evaluation, were applied to enhancing the internal and external validity of this study.

An evaluation of the public response to a community recycling education program

Abstract Conserving resources and reducing the volume of garbage that must be incinerated or stored in landfills through recycling has become a major priority for many communities. Educational campaigns are often used to inform the public and induce recycling behavior. However, research evaluating the success of these campaigns has focused primarily on recycling behavior and not on cognitive factors such as awareness or motivation which may precede or accompany the behavior. This study evaluated the effects of a recycling education campaign on residents’ knowledge of recycling issues, motives to recycle, and recycling behavior. Residents of a Midwestern community were surveyed before and after implementation of a three‐year recycling education program. A comparison of pre‐ and post‐program survey results indicated that residents’ knowledge of recycling issues was more accurate, their motives reflected greater concern for the environment, and their recycling behavior increased after the education campaign.