Volume Of Agricultural Production Research Articles

Перспективы увеличения объемов производства сельскохозяйственной продукции на экспорт за счет расширения и интенсификации использования земельных ресурсов России

The article is devoted to substantiating the prospects for increasing the marginal volumes of agricultural production for export in the next four years. Two scenarios of such production are considered: 1) expansion and 2) intensification of the use of land resources. As part of the development of the first scenario, an analysis of the distribution of unused agricultural land, including arable land, by federal districts was carried out. Also, based on the forecast of the introduction of additional annual volumes of acreage in the subjects of the Federation, the calculation of additional volumes of agricultural production, which can be expected in the next four years, was carried out. The analysis of data on the increase in the yield of export-oriented crops over the past five years has been carried out, in the framework of the second scenario, the calculation of the projected additional yield due to the intensification of agriculture is presented. The results of the study indicate that the intensification of agriculture will have the greatest impact on the growth of production and export of agricultural products in the near future.

Technical and economic aspects of the use of microwave technologies in crop production

Ensuring food security is achieved by increasing the volume of agricultural products in compliance with environmental requirements. The proposed technologies for pre-sowing treatment of rapeseed seeds with EMF UHF will improve the quality of these seeds, which, ultimately, will affect the increase in yield, as well as provide gain in yield and improve the quality of oil during processing. The implementation of the project of pre-sowing treatment of rapeseed seeds with EMF UHF in this regard, for example, in LLC “Nichkinskoe” of the Minusinsky District, seems promising. The article devoted to the economic assessment of two possible technologies for pre-sowing treatment of seeds with EMF UHF in LLC “Nich-kinskoe” of the Minusinsky District with the use of spring rapeseed varieties “Nadezhny-92” and “Hephaestus”. It is established that additional income can be obtained for both options.

АНАЛИЗ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЦЕЛЕВЫХ ПРОГРАММ В РЕШЕНИИ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕВООРУЖЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

Over the years of results-based management, the agricultural sector of Russia has enhanced a signifi cant increase in production volumes. Special results have been achieved in crop production, primarily in the production of grain crops. This was urgent in terms of meeting the needs of the domestic market and increasing the volume of supplies to foreign markets. Despite a number of positive results achieved in agriculture through the implementation of targeted programs, especially during the period of counter-Russian sanctions and the ongoing policy of import substitution, the problem of providing the industry with means of production has not been fully solved. This hinders the implementation of Russia’s export capacity. To further increase the volume of agricultural production, the technical re-equipment of the industry is required, which will increase the effi ciency of production. To this end, it is necessary to critically evaluate the implementation of targeted programs used to solve the problem of technical re-equipment. This indicates the relevance of the research topic. The study was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach (monographic, economic and statistical methods, the method of deduction) with the use of relevant materials of offi cial statistics. During the implementation of targeted programs, the pace of technical re-equipment of agriculture was extremely low, accompanied by a considerable share of obsolete imported agricultural machinery, tractors and combine harvesters, and decresing energy supply of the industry. Insuffi cient provision of agriculture with means of production constrains the growth rate of labor productivity. The targets set in the State Program for the renewal of agricultural machinery are low and have been exceeded for several previous years, and they do not indicate a high rate of technical re-equipment of agriculture. The study results serve as a basis for adjusting the current mechanism of results-based management of agricultural development.

A Novel Optimal Selection Algorithm for Agricultural Trade Export in Blockchain‐Enabled Internet of Things

With the maturity of modern science and technology, such as networks and computers, Internet of Things has been widely used in various fields of industry, opening up a new situation for the development of the industry and creating a broader development platform. This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics and changes of the commodity structure, regional structure, market structure, and main structure of export management of agricultural products. The proposed algorithm uses computer technology, network technology, and remote communication technology, electronic, digital, and network—the entire business process of business. The empirical analysis shows that the structure of agricultural product export trade reflects the endowment and comparative advantage of agricultural resources in China. The proposed blockchain technology supports and guides agricultural export enterprises to develop their own brands, strengthen the quality and safety management of agricultural products, and innovate and expand the policy support system for optimizing the structure of agricultural product export trade. By optimizing the export mode of agricultural trade, we can achieve the purpose of increasing the export volume of agricultural products and the total value of trade exports. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which can greatly improve the volume of trade exports and the total value of trade exports.

COVID-19: crisis or new opportunities time for the agricultural sector of Ukraine

COVID-19 is a huge problem for the sustainability of the global economy, both short and long term. The spread of COVID-19 has led to a decline in business and economic activity, as well as a contraction in production - virtually all world economies have shown a sharp decline in GDP. World experience shows that agriculture is less vulnerable to a pandemic. In general, there is a calmer reaction to the demand for agricultural products than for industrial ones. The impact of agricultural production volume on the real GDP of Ukraine is investigated with a distributed-lag model on the data for the period 2008-2020. The effects of the impact distribute almost evenly between the four quarters of the year, which means that the lockdown effects in the agriculture sector will affect the GDP of Ukraine for a long period. The decline in production, the closure of markets and borders, the cancellation of orders led to the fact that the agricultural sector faced serious logistical problems. In addition, the economic downturn has affected farmers’ access to financial resources. However, COVID-19 also opened new opportunities for the Ukrainian agricultural sector: accelerating and expanding the process of digitalization, the opportunity to expand the market for export products, and increase skilled and unskilled labor. The authors propose six steps to ensure the sustainable development of the agriculture sector of Ukraine.

ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN THE PROCESS OF ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is a systemic economic analysis of the investment climate in the process of ensuring sustainable development of Ukraine. European integration strategy of Ukraine necessitates the formation of an investment climate in order to adapt to European requirements, create a development strategy to integrate with developed countries, harmonize economic trade and environmental processes. Methodology. In the course of this analysis, the investment climate was considered as a complex open system with the application in the study of the methodology of systemic analysis, which allowed to emphasize certain aspects of the specific nature of its operation. Results. It is established that in modern conditions of acceleration of transformation processes the mechanisms of expansion of investment opportunities and overcoming of investment restrictions at all levels of hierarchy of taxonomic systems are characterized by any importance and intensity. At the global level, this affects the international movement of capital and the formation of world investment wealth through the internationalization of the economies of different countries. At the national level, this applies to regulatory and legal support, formation of institutional support for investment processes, diversification of ownership, sources and types of investment resources. At the local and territorial levels, it is especially important to ensure investment in human capital and the social sphere. The factors of negative influence on the development of Ukrainian industry are determined: reduction of world prices for ferrous metals; national gaps in the development of railway transport causing problems with logistics; the need to repair production facilities in the fields of metallurgy, electricity, gas and steam, carbonite and refining; low level of yield in agriculture (for the food industry); sanctions of the Russian Federation; inflation; reduction in use of electricity and gas due to global warming; market advantage of imports of competitive products. The priority tasks for the development of Ukrainian industry are also outlined: renewal of industrial production facilities; development of infrastructure and logistics; balancing of external and internal market conditions; providing the food industry by increasing the volume of agricultural production; ensuring the purchasing power of domestic consumers and expanding demand. It is established that the level of capital investments in the first half of 2020 lags significantly behind the previous year. In addition, with the development of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the situation with the inflow of foreign direct investment in Ukraine has also deteriorated significantly. According to preliminary results, the balance of FDI amounted to -112.6%. This was not the case even in the unfavorable economic development of 2014, which was characterized as a crisis period associated with the military conflict in the east and the annexation of Crimea. Practical implications. The analysis of the peculiarities of the investment climate and its goals allows to determine the role of investment in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, to identify key priorities in solving environmental problems, to form the potential for sustainable development. For Ukraine, these are components of the formation of the investment climate in a pandemic. Value/originality. The use of systems analysis allows to identify the main problems of formation of the investment climate in modern conditions.

Актуализация классификации, типологизации и методологии оценки эффективности функционирования ЛПХ

The article provides an updated classification and typology of personal subsidiary plots, from the standpoint of functioning efficiency. The authors have developed an economic and psychological characteristics and given, based on their own research, an assessment of the effectiveness of types of personal subsidiary plots. The system of criteria and indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of personal subsidiary farms, taking into account the characteristics of the organizational structure, within the framework of the available research method, has been determined, consists of the following indicators: the share of private household plots in the total volume of agricultural production by all categories of farms; costs of household plots for the production of livestock products; costs of household plots for the production of crop products; profitability. The authors identified the directions for increasing their efficiency based on solving existing problems: the development of cooperative relations between private household plots and the existing forms of cooperative cooperation represented by consumer societies and agricultural consumer cooperatives; stimulating the use of small-scale mechanization devices in private household plots; digitalization of production, economics and management of private household plots and their associations; development of institutional conditions for the functioning of economic and organizational forms of organizing personal subsidiary plots: gardening, peasant (farm) economy, individual entrepreneurship, etc.

The variable paths to sustainable intensification in agriculture

Continuing environmental degradation amidst economic growth and population increase has underscored the desirability of pursuing sustainable intensification in agriculture. In theory, it would increase the volume of agricultural production without further degrading the natural environment or compromising the food security of the world’s poorest people. In practice, difficult choices involving trade-offs between agricultural development and environmental protection have characterized most efforts at sustainable intensification. Against this backdrop, a series of studies have tried to identify an optimal strategy for sustainable intensification. This article argues that there is no one optimal strategy. Rather, optimal strategies vary across socio-ecological contexts. Distinct strategies of sustainable intensification have emerged (1) in peri-urban agriculture, (2) on large farms situated on prime agricultural lands, and (3) in smallholder-dominated agricultural districts. Government interventions to promote sustainable intensification should recognize and build on these distinct, place-based economic, and agro-ecological dynamics.

Інтеграційний аспект розвитку суб’єктів господарювання в сільському господарстві України

The purpose of the article is to determine the directions of integration processes in the development of entrepreneurial activity in the agricultural sector of the economy. Research methods. Using statistical and graphical methods, the state and trends of integration transformations of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine were assessed. Research results. The dynamics of changes in the number of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine during 2013-2019, their structure on the basis of legal status, scope and results of activities are analyzed and the relevant conclusions on the ways of development of integration processes in the agricultural sector are formed. The functioning of agrarian business entities of different sizes has been studied. The integration potential of small business entities in the agricultural sector has been identified. The dynamics of the main production indicators of small and micro enterprises is given, their share in the total volume of agricultural production is determined. Also, small forms of management due to integration and cooperative processes provide an opportunity to develop in rural areas, making financial contributions to local budgets, while large enterprises (agricultural holdings) usually have minimal impact on the development of rural economy and rural areas. The main segments of agricultural production (such as potatoes, vegetables, fruits and berries) in which households play a key role are identified. Priority areas for the development of personal farms have been identified, in particular, through the creation of family farms and their association in cooperatives, etc. The information base of the study is the scientific achievements of leading domestic and foreign scientists, analytical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. On the basis of the obtained results the social and economic expediency of development of cooperative forms of management in the countryside and integration of small-scale agricultural producers is substantiated. Scientific novelty. It is proposed to turn personal peasant farms into family farms as components of integration formations in agrarian business. Practical significance. The state of business structures of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy is assessed and the prospects and advantages of the development of integration formations and cooperation in the sustainable development of rural areas are outlined. Tabl.: 8. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 20.

On the Statistical Reflection of Long-Term Growth in Agricultural Production

The article presents the results of a study aimed at proving the existence of systematic error in traditional calculations of long-term growth rates of agricultural production based on chain indices of agricultural production. According to the authors, the article also introduces a more accurate assessment of its dynamics with the account to the structure of the relationship between prices and the volume of agricultural production. The paper describes a theoretical model that is a methodological basis for the study and explains the discrepancy in assessing the dynamics of agricultural production using chain indices and indexes at constant prices. It allows establishing differences in the ratios of the Laspeyres, Paasche, and Lowe indices for crop and livestock production, due to factors in the formation of demand and the complex structure of the relationship between the price level and the volume of production. The adequacy of the constructed theoretical model is proved based on aggregated data that eliminated the influence of incompleteness of the initial information. As a result, it was established that livestock production is characterized by time-distributed changes in prices and quantity of products, which makes it possible to assess its dynamics using both chain indices and symmetric indices. It is proved that the dynamics of crop production cannot be adequately described using chain indices, since a positive correlation of prices of the previous period and production volumes of the current period causes an overstatement of the index in comparable prices of the previous year. Based on calculations within the proposed aggregated model, it is proved that the use of constant prices as the Lowe index weights, updated every five years, is an acceptable approximation of the Fisher symmetric index. Application of the indicated methodology for calculating the index to the data on Russian agricultural production by main types of products in 1990-2018 allowed to establish an overstatement of dynamics by 11.9%. The main difference falls on crop production (+ 19.6%), while for livestock - the differences are insignificant (-0.7%).

Integration of Economic Aspects in the Research of the Agricultural Market of Ukraine

The necessity and importance of conducting agricultural market research was substantiated. Features of the process of marketing research were identified, taking into account the specifics of agricultural production and sales according to time requirements. The basic principles on the basis of which the algorithms for conducting market research are developed and directly carried out were determined. The main requirements for conducting research on the state of the agricultural market were outlined, the most important being objectivity, impartiality and independence from personal or political interests. The factors that should be taken into account when conducting marketing research on the state of the agricultural market were determined, taking into account both controllable and uncontrollable factors of the marketing environment. The stages of marketing research that meet the requirements of the agricultural market were offered. Gross production volume of agricultural products was predicted and trends in the whole branch were discovered, a polynomial trend line was chosen because the equation of this model has the highest coefficients of correlation and determination, and so it describes the dynamics most reliably. The agricultural market was studied in terms of marketing, i.e. from the perspective of two subsystems, the first of which is represented by the supply, and the second by the demand. It was established that the supply of basic foodstuffs is realised by means of domestic production, and the demand is realised by means of internal and external buyers.
 The overall price situation on the agricultural market in Ukraine was analysed and predicted. The contemporary features and problems of formation of prices for agricultural products are outlined. The research on the modern state of agricultural market gave a reason to claim about its development being rather steady, reaffirmed by the positive dynamics of gross agricultural production volume.
 Key Words: agricultural marketing, marketing research, economy, development trend, agricultural market, agricultural produce.

Pemanfaatan E-Commerce dalam Pemasaran Hasil Pertanian di Kelurahan Teratai Kabupaten Batang Hari

In the current era of information technology, information technology has helped and facilitatedhuman life from various dimensions. One of the products of the very rapid development ofinformation technology is E-commerce. E-commerce is a means or place to buy and sell goods,services and information via the internet network on computers or other electronic means. Ecommerce(Electronic Commerce) can be used in marketing agricultural products and has had amajor influence on the growth of the social and economic order of society. The purpose of thisservice is so that farmers who are in the Teratai village of Batang Hari Regency can increase theirknowledge of marketing agricultural products through E-Commerce, and train participants tomarket their agricultural products through E-Commerce and provide real time price information.The method used is counseling and training activities. The results of this service activity are toprovide benefits for training participants in increasing their knowledge and skills for businessdevelopment through the use of marketing agricultural products using E-Commerce. By marketingproducts through E-Commerce, it is hoped that in the future the business carried out by them will bemore developed, and the sales volume of agricultural products will increase in a fast time.

The Impact of Trade Balance of Agri-Food Products on the State’s Ability to Withstand the Crisis

The crisis represents a disorder that in contemporary society increasingly occurs. Crises are often the result of some earlier solutions. The situation in agricultural production in Croatia has been negative for years. Inadequate tax and high administrative burdens act to discourage the production process and impede the competitiveness of farmers. Furthermore, the measures taken to create added value are not enough, they can even be said to be wrong. The current crisis Covide-19 caused a disturbance on the market in terms of trends of supply and demand. The crisis period will show whether the country has an adequate strategy to overcome all the economic problems ahead. The aim of this paper was to analyze the readiness of the Republic of Croatia for crisis periods in terms of food security by analyzing the volume of agricultural production, the balance of foreign trade of agri-food products as well as the structure of total agri-food product trade. The determined trend of increasing deficits in agri-food products in foreign trade balance, particularly with EU countries implies the state's unenviable position regarding the food security indicating the need for implementation of adequate measures in the direction of the market organization and to facilitate investment in sustainable agriculture production systems.

Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agricultural Production in Southeast Asia: Toward Transformative Change in Agricultural Food System

How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the agriculture sector in Southeast Asia? Clearly, any disruptions in the agricultural food systems would create supply and demand shocks that would impact on the agriculture sector's immediate and long-term economic performance and food security contribution. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic during the first quarter of year 2020 is estimated to result in 3.11 percent or 17.03 million tons reduction in aggregate volume of agricultural production in Southeast Asia due to decline in agricultural farm labor affecting 100.77 million individuals. This crisis could translate to 1.4 percent decrease in GDP of the Southeast Asian region, which is equivalent to USD 3.76 billion. Ensuring a systemic transformation of the agricultural systems into resilient, sustainable, productive, and inclusive food systems would be crucial for the future of Southeast Asia.

Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agricultural Production in Southeast Asia: Toward Transformative Change in Agricultural Food Systems

How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the agriculture sector in Southeast Asia? Clearly, any disruptions in the agricultural food systems would create supply and demand shocks that would impact on the agriculture sector’s immediate and long-term economic performance and food security contribution. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic during the first quarter of year 2020 is estimated to result in 3.11 percent or 17.03 million tons reduction in aggregate volume of agricultural production in Southeast Asia due to decline in agricultural farm labor affecting 100.77 million individuals. This crisis could translate to 1.4 percent decrease in GDP of the Southeast Asian region, which is equivalent to USD 3.76 billion. Ensuring a systemic transformation of the agricultural systems into resilient, sustainable, productive, and inclusive food systems would be crucial for the future of Southeast Asia.

Investment providing of jobs creation in agrarian sphere

Topicality. In the economic mechanism of regulation of the labor market in the agrarian sphere is of great importance for forecasting and balancing supply and demand for labor, depending on the volume of agricultural production and the corresponding formation of real investment in job creation in the branch. Therefore, the direction of research of investment processes and employment of the population in the agricultural sphere is relevant. Formulation of the problem. Investment processes in agriculture of Ukraine should provide reproductive processes in the branch, improve the structure of means of production and attract workers to enterprises. At present, there is a rapid reduction in labor force in the agrarian sphere, but there are not enough alternative jobs in the countryside, which increases migration flows in the country. The current urgent task of the state is to create conditions for investing in the creation of jobs in the agrarian sphere to ensure rational employment of the population and food security of the country, etc. The subject of research covers the social and labor aspects of investing in agricultural production. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the directions, terms, volumes and sources of investment in creating jobs in the agricultural sector. Methods of conducting research: abstract-logical, systematic approach, balance, monographic, statistical-economic, economic-mathematical, calculation-constructive methods. Results of the work: quantitative indicators of increase of formal employment of the population in the agrarian and other sectors of the economy and corresponding prognostic scenarios due to activation of investment and reproduction processes in the industry are substantiated; directions, volumes, terms, sources of investment in production of products in agricultural enterprises and improvement of the mechanism of their state support are determined. Practical implementation: formation of investment policy at state, branch and enterprise levels of economy, process of development of state and local programs of promotion of employment of population, agrarian and rural development. Conclusions: activation of investment in labor-intensive production of agricultural products while attracting public and private capital investments in the industry will ensure rational employment of the population in the agrarian sphere, will promote the development of agrarian social and labor relations.

ECOLOGIZATION AS A BASIS OF STATE REGULATION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LAND USE FORMATION

The article analyzes the ecological condition of lands and identifies the main problems of greening of land use in the Kharkiv region. Deterioration of the ecological condition of agricultural lands, weakening of their anti-erosion resistance, violation of the optimal structure of lands, reduction of the content of humus and basic nutrients lead to a decrease in land productivity. In general, the current state of environmental safety of lands is quite unsatisfactory, so it significantly reduces the quality and volume of agricultural production. A scientific and methodological approach to the state regulation of ecologically sustainable agricultural land use is proposed, which is aimed at preserving and reproducing the quality of land through ecological sustainability through a set of reclamation measures. Studies have shown that 38.1 thousand hectares of land in Kharkiv region need the creation of protective forest plantations, silting – 58.5 thousand hectares and liming – 82.0 thousand hectares. The proposed types of work must be performed on an area of 178.6 thousand hectares, including 35.72 thousand hectares - annually (for a period of five years). Execution of all these works requires significant financial costs, so it is advisable to carry them out in stages. The main source of reclamation work should be the state budget. In general, chemical reclamation measures should be financed by landowners and land users and only partially by local budgets. The above measures are in line with the principles of the draft Concept of the State Target Program for Land Relations and National Geospatial Data Infrastructure in Ukraine for the period up to 2030, which aims to identify and implement key areas of public policy aimed at improving land relations and creating conditions for sustainable land use, as well as the preservation of natural values of agricultural landscapes. However, the implementation of large-scale land protection measures, which require significant accumulation of funds, requires the development of regional land protection programs, which may include the above studies. Key words: agricultural land use, state regulation, sustainable development, ecologization.

CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX OF UKRAINE

Introduction. The agricultural sector is an important strategic sector of the Ukrainian national economy, which ensures food security and food independence of our state. The modern agro-industrial complex is an important sector of Ukraine's economy. The agricultural sector forms food and, within certain limits, economic, environmental and energy security, ensures the development of technologically related sectors of the national economy and creates socio-economic conditions for rural development. The purpose of article is a study of the analysis of the current state and prospects of development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine taking into account global changes. Results. The article describes the current state and features of the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. The importance of agriculture for the national economy is substantiated. Trends in rural development, employment and unemployment, the impact of internal and external factors on these processes are analyzed. The problems of material and technical, investment and financial support of the agro-industrial complex are revealed. It is determined that the decline in the agro-industrial complex also affects the processing industry. The preconditions for the development of the agricultural sector in Ukraine under the conditions of market formation and ways to solve strategic problems to ensure food security of the country and the competitiveness of the agri-food complex in domestic and foreign markets are highlighted. Conclusions. It is proposed to continue to improve the mechanisms of co-financing of major economic measures and programs aimed at agricultural development, taking into account the solution of national problems in the formation of a single economic space, living conditions equalization of the rural population. One of the strategic directions of agro-industrial development should be the support of farmers by the state. The agro-industrial complex is able to double the volume of agricultural production. The condition for the effective development in the agro-industrial complex is to ensure its adaptation to changes in the external environment. Key words: agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, agrarian sector, agriculture, food security, agricultural production.

Sustainable Development of Agriculture of Industrial Region: Ecological Aspect

The article is devoted to the environmental situation. The main indicators characterizing the development of agriculture in the Kemerovo region are considered. Such problems of the development of agriculture in the Kemerovo region as a decrease in the share of agriculture in the gross regional product, a decrease in the volume of agricultural production and acreage are identified. The results of laboratory monitoring of the physico-chemical indicators and the physicochemical parameters of the soil are confirmed that the territories with developed industrial production are mostly characterized by the failure to comply with the standards for the physicochemical parameters of the soil. The possible directions of ecologization of agriculture in the Kemerovo region are shown.

Trends in global virtual land trade in relation to agricultural products

Trade volume of agricultural products can be used to quantify the virtual land transfers between countries. This study assessed the virtual land trade (VLT) associated with the global trade of agricultural products using specific crop yield of exporting countries and gave insights in characteristics of different products and different countries. In addition, the features of trade connections were also displayed by network analysis. The results showed that the total virtual land within global agricultural trade increased from 128 million hectare (ha) in 1986 to 350 million ha in 2016, the average annual growth rate was 5.73 %. Increases in trade of oil crops contributed the largest share to this. The proportion of exported land area in total harvested land area increased for almost all categories of agricultural products. Countries engaged in global agricultural trade could be divided into three groups, net exporters, net importers and countries with balanced VLT. The net importers could be further divided into the countries with absolutely scarce land resources and the countries with relative scarce resources. All net virtual land exporters are the countries with more land resources per capita, such as the United States, Brazil and Argentina. Income growth and changes in diet structure are main factors driving increases in VLT. The VLT network became more complex over the study period, with the number of import and export nodes increasing continuously, and the cumulative distributions of export and import node strength following power law distributions. The major links and players within national, geographic, and economic groups also changed significantly over the study period. VLT has a deep impact on society, economy and environment, appropriate policies should be taken to make these interlinkages more sustainable for both importers and exporters.