Bubble Volume Fraction Research Articles

Prediction of Cavitation Depth in an Al-Cu Alloy Melt with Bubble Characteristics Based on Synchrotron X-ray Radiography

The size of cavitation region is a key parameter to estimate the metallurgical effect of ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) on preferential structure refinement. We present a simple numerical model to predict the characteristic length of the cavitation region, termed cavitation depth, in a metal melt. The model is based on wave propagation with acoustic attenuation caused by cavitation bubbles which are dependent on bubble characteristics and ultrasonic intensity. In situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of cavitation bubbles has been made to quantitatively measure the size of cavitation region and volume fraction and size distribution of cavitation bubbles in an Al-Cu melt. The results show that cavitation bubbles maintain a log-normal size distribution, and the volume fraction of cavitation bubbles obeys a tanh function with the applied ultrasonic intensity. Using the experimental values of bubble characteristics as input, the predicted cavitation depth agrees well with observations except for a slight deviation at higher acoustic intensities. Further analysis shows that the increase of bubble volume and bubble size both leads to higher attenuation by cavitation bubbles, and hence, smaller cavitation depth. The current model offers a guideline to implement UST, especially for structural refinement.

Effect of the design parameters on mass transfer and energy consumption inside a lithium electrolysis cell

A 2D axisymmetric electrochemical model of a lithium experimental cell is solved using a finite element method. The model is considering the coupled effect of momentum, electric, kinetic and mass transfer phenomena. The dense diaphragm used in the setup, which is not hydraulically permeable, separates the cell into two regions: 1 (a) turbulent region, between the anode and the diaphragm, and 2 (a) laminar region between the diaphragm and the cathode. The k-epsilon model is used to solve the turbulent flow resulting from bubbles generation at the anode. A two-phase flow model is also developed to simulate the volume fractions of bubbles and electrolyte in the cell. The non-uniform bubbles distribution over the anode surface, derived from the non-uniform current distribution, has been added to the two-phase model. The effects of the diaphragm length, position and porosity on the electric and two-phase flow fields are simulated. In fact, the diaphragm position and length both influence the current distribution at the surface of electrodes and the velocity distribution in the cell, all of which influence ohmic and kinetic overpotentials. The results show that up to 40% of energy can be saved when running the lithium electrolysis cell with a shorter porous diaphragm located as far as possible from the anode. The maximum current density, found at the bottom corner of anode, is higher when the diaphragm is longer and when it is closer to the anode.

Numerical investigation of cavitation effect on two-phase oil film flow between a friction pair in hydro-viscous drive

This paper describes a three-dimensional computational model of oil film between a friction pair to investigate the characteristics of both single-phase and two-phase flow of the oil film in hydro-viscous drive. For the single-phase oil film, the distribution of pressure is very regular from inlet to outlet of the friction pair; its value decreases gradually. On the other hand, the temperature in the middle part of the oil film is considerably lower and the velocity increases at a faster rate near the outlet and has a parabolic profile, which is mainly caused by both the shear stress and extrusion force. By comparison, the physical phenomena at the outlet of the oil film are entirely different for two-phase flow with cavitation. For two-phase simulation of flow with cavitation, we first obtain the volume fraction of air bubbles at rotation speeds of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 revolutions/min. With increase in the rotation speed, the volume fraction of air bubbles increases, and their maximum value becomes even greater than 10%. Furthermore, due to cavitation, the torque transferred by the oil film is no longer linear with the rotation speed; its value decreases gradually. These results are important in the study of hydro-viscous drive and its applications; they shed a new light on the mechanism of power transmission through oil film in the presence of cavitation.

The Correction and Evaluation of Cavitation Model considering the Thermodynamic Effect

Two cavitation models with thermodynamic effects were established based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation to predict accurately the cavitation characteristics in the high-temperature fluid. The evaporation and the condensation coefficient of the cavitation model were corrected. The cavitation flow of NACA0015 airfoil was calculated using the modified cavitation model, where the influence of the thermodynamic effects of airfoil cavitation was analyzed. The result showed that the pressure coefficient distribution and the bubble volume fraction simulated have the same tendency of Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model’s result. According to the experimental data, the two models provide more accurate results. At the room temperature, the values ofdpv/dTobtained by the two improved models are approximately equal. The difference between the two models’ results increases gradually with the temperature increasing, but it is still small. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental data when the evaporation coefficient is 10 and 1. When the evaporation coefficient is 1, the bubble growth is inhibited, the volume fraction becomes lower, and the cavitation area becomes flat. As the temperature increases, the cavitation area and the bubble volume fraction at airfoil front edge become larger, showing that the temperature plays a “catalytic” role in the cavitation process.

The influence of impeller eccentricity on centrifugal pump

In order to study the influence of the impeller eccentricity on the performance of centrifugal pump, the k–ε turbulence model was selected, and ANSYS CFX was provided for numerical simulation calculation of the centrifugal pump with impeller offsets of 0, 1, 3, and 5 mm. The results show that with the impeller eccentricity increasing, the head and efficiency become lower. Under the condition of rated flow, with the impeller eccentricity increasing, the area of low pressure at the suction surface of the short blade inlet become smaller gradually; however, the area of low pressure at the suction surface of the long blade inlet become larger, and the pressure at the impeller inlet and tongue become larger too. The corresponding critical net positive suction head increases in turn, as means that the cavitation performance of the pump becomes worse gradually. The bubble volume fraction in the impeller increases with the decrease of the static pressure at the inlet. The bubble first occurs at the inlet of the blade suction surface, and then extends gradually to the channel and even the outlet. Near the rated flow, radial force on the impeller and volute decreases with the increasing of flow, and the radial force characteristic becomes worse gradually with the increasing of the eccentricity.

Hydrodynamic Study of a Gas–liquid–solid Bubble Column Employing CFD–BPBM Method

AbstractThe computational fluid dynamics – bubble population balance model (CFD–BPBM) was employed to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of a gas–liquid–solid bubble column. A 3D time dependent numerical study was performed and the bubble size distributions at the conditions of different superficial gas velocity (0.089 m/s–0.22 m/s), solid volume fraction (0.03–0.30) and particle density (2500 kg/m3–4800 kg/m3) in the three–phase system were investigated, and the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The bubble diameters ranging from 1 mm to 64 mm were divided into ten classes. The predicted pressure changing with the bed height had a good agreemeet with the experimental result. The bubble number density predicted decreased when the bubble size increased at each superficial gas velocity, and the bubble coalescence rate became greater than the breakup rate when Ugshifted from 0.089 m/s to 0.16 m/s. The bubble interaction was similar at 0.16 m/s and 0.22 m/s both at particle size dp= 75 μm and 150 μm. The bubble size corresponding to the maximum of the bubble volume fraction increased as Ugincreased. The particles can make the bubble break up and coalesce simultaneously when the solid volume fraction was larger than 0.20, and therefore the particles had a contribution to both of the bubble coalescence and breakup in the bubble coalescence regime (Ug= 0.16 m/s). The effect of the particle density was similar with that of the solid volume fraction. Increasing the particle density can enhance the breakup rate of the large bubbles.

CFD Simulation of Pipeline Transport Properties of Mine Tailings Three-Phase Foam Slurry Backfill

A three-dimensional backfill pipeline transport model is developed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, which is applied to study the pipeline transport properties of three-phase foam slurry backfill (TFSB). Based on rheological property tests and CFD simulations, the foam phase, pressure, and velocity in the pipeline system are investigated using the CFD mixture method for different bubble volume fractions and bubble diameters. The simulation results indicate that TFSB can maintain a steady state during pipeline transport, experience a markedly reduced pipeline transport resistance, and exhibit better liquidity than conventional cement slurry. Furthermore, as the bubble volume fraction increases, the resistance of the pipeline decreases and the fluidity improves. By contrast, the bubble diameter has little effect on the transport properties of TFSB. The combined results of CFD simulations, slump tests, and strength tests indicate that, when the bubble volume fraction is 15–20 vol %, TFSB can satisfy the necessary strength requirements and exhibit self-flowing transport. The CFD technique provides an intuitive and accurate basis for pipeline transport research and has the potential for wider application in studies of mine backfill.

Numerical calculation and optimization designs in engine cooling water pump

The cavitation damage in the Engine cooling water pump (ECWP) is the key factor that shortens the lifespan of automobile cooling systems, and causes vibration and noise. To improve cavitation performance and external characteristics of ECWP, three optimized models were designed on the basis of WP7 diesel ECWP. The whole flow fields in three models and the prototype pump were numerically simulated, employing the time averaged Navier-Stokes equation, the standard k-e turbulent model and Zwart-Gerber-Belamri multiphase flow model by ANSYS-CFX software. Pressure distribution, turbulent kinetic energy distribution, bubble volume fraction distribution, external characteristics and cavitation performance of the prototype pump and optimized models were compared and analyzed. The results show that the external characteristics and cavitation performance of the optimized models are significantly better than that in the prototype pump. Through decreasing the inlet blade angle and wrap angle, extending the blade to inlets and extending a certain inclination in the blade, shock loss in blade inlet was reduced and so, the performance of pump will be improved. The flow condition at blade inlet will also be improved greatly, which in turn improves cavitation performance. When reducing the quantity of blades, the excretion coefficient will drop, flow area of blade inlet becomes bigger, but head has a little drop. And the pump optimized by reducing the quantity of blades has the optimal cavitation performance among three optimized models. With the decrease of impeller diameter, the absolute pressure in the critical cavitation point becomes bigger, the inlet bubble volume fraction at the same absolute pressure increases while cavitation performance gets worse. The obtained numerical results were compared with the experimental ones, and the outcome showed the same tendency between the two along with acceptable error.

The acoustic characteristics of bubbly liquids near the individual bubble resonance frequency

In biomedical, naval and oceanographic arenas, the acoustic characteristics of bubbly liquids have simultaneously confounded and been exploited by acoustic tools used in the respective fields. The work of Carstensen and Foldy [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 19, 481-501 (1947)] served as a cornerstone of the post-World War II understanding of this system, but at high bubble concentrations near the individual bubble resonance frequency (IBRF), the quantitative prediction and measurement of bubbly liquid sound speed and attenuation remains an open topic. In 1989, Commander and Prosperetti [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85 732-746 (1989)] advanced the field with a rigorous model valid at the IBRF but it was limited to low void fractions. The data available in 1989 did not corroborate their model at IBRF, but at the time, it was unclear whether this was due to model or experimental deficiencies. This paper reviews an impedance tube measurement [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1895-1910 (2005)] that did validate the model for bubble volume fractions up to about 10-4, and also reviews more recent work associated with an industrial underwater noise mitigation system, that validates their model up to void fractions exceeding 10-2, significantly higher than expected.

Bubble size and flow characteristics of bubbly flow downstream of a ventilated cylinder

Bubbly flows downstream of a ventilated cylinder in a water tunnel are experimentally studied. Emphasis is placed upon the relationship between bubble property and carrier flow parameters. Under no-ventilation condition, the pure-water wake flow is measured with particle image velocimetry technique. Bubbles are generated with ventilation and the bubbly flow is visualized using shadow image velocimetry. The separation and statistical treatment of bubbles in the captured images are accomplished with an in-house code. The influence of upstream flow velocity and air flow rate is examined. Sauter mean diameter of the bubbles and bubble velocity distribution are obtained. Instantaneous bubbly flow pattern is in accordance with the carrier flow characteristics. Across the high-vorticity region, bubbles experience a remarkable bubble size variation, large bubbles are annihilated. As for cross-sectional bubble size distribution, the tendency obtained with image processing agrees with the result obtained with the formula associating turbulent kinetic energy dissipation with bubble size. As upstream velocity increases, the percentage of small bubbles increases. Both bubble volume fraction and the most predominant bubble size increase with air flow rate. The percentage of large bubbles varies slightly with air flow rate.

Three dimensional Eulerian-Eulerian simulation on hydrodynamics in dissolved air flotation tank with different turbulence models.

The Eulerian-Eulerian approach is used to simulate the two phase flow of air and water in a dissolved air flotation (DAF) tank. Unsteady simulation is adopted to obtain the quasi-steady result. The two dimensional model cannot capture the three dimensional feature of flow pattern in the tank. The three dimensional model reproduces the stratification structure observed in the experiment and obtains the satisfactory volume fraction of air bubbles in the separation zone. To account for the turbulence effect, four two-equation turbulence models are evaluated. Although all turbulence models capture the stratification structure in the separation zone, the re-normalization group theory (RNG) k-ɛ model obtains the best agreement with the experimental data. The effect of bubble diameter on the performance of DAF tank is simulated. Small air bubbles can form a big range of high volume fraction of air bubbles, which helps to remove the suspended matters.

Effects of nozzle configuration on internal flow and primary jet breakup of flash boiling fuel sprays

Fuel spray plays more vital role in governing fuel economy and emission quality of IC engines due to the wide application of direct injection system in automotive engines. High temperature fuel spray, namely flash boiling spray, has been documented to improve fuel atomization and evaporation with less energy consumption compared with high pressure fuel spray. It is because the hot exhaust gas and coolant are two potential energy sources can be used to heat the fuel. Most of existing research works of flash boiling spray focus on investigating the spray behavior outside the nozzle, and limited studies can be found about the in-nozzle superheated flow. In this study, a two-dimensional transparent slit nozzle was designed to reveal the in-nozzle flow under various superheated conditions. Both internal flow and near-nozzle fuel jet were investigated using high-speed backlit imaging technique to acquire a better understanding of the primary breakup process of flash boiling sprays. The slit thickness was 40μm with well-adjusted nozzle length and inlet corner radius to investigate the effects of nozzle configuration. The ambient pressure ranged from 40kPa to 190kPa, and fuel temperature varied from 41°C to 71°C, which produced a wide range of superheated conditions. N-pentane was chosen as test fluid with an injection pressure of 0.6MPa. Experimental results showed that the bubbles occurring inside the nozzle near the nozzle exit affected the near-nozzle fuel jet characteristics. Stronger superheated conditions resulted in larger in-nozzle bubbles, which facilitated the jet break-up process significantly. Longer nozzle and nozzle with sharp inlet corner led to larger inner bubble volume fraction and narrower liquid core of near-nozzle fuel jet. In summary, the effects of nozzle configuration on in-nozzle flow and near-nozzle fuel jet were revealed with more fundamental understanding of the primary breakup process of flash boiling sprays.

Buoyancy-driven bubbly flows: ordered and free rise at small and intermediate volume fraction

Various expressions have been proposed previously for the rise velocity of gas bubbles in homogeneous steady bubbly flows, generally a monotonically decreasing function of the bubble volume fraction. For suspensions of freely moving bubbles, some of these are of the form expected for ordered arrays of bubbles, and vice versa, as they do not reduce to the behaviour expected theoretically in the dilute limit. The microstructure of weakly inhomogeneous bubbly flows not being known generally, the effect of microstructure is an important consideration. We revisit this problem here for bubbly flows at small to moderate Reynolds number values for deformable bubbles, using direct numerical simulation and analysis. For ordered suspensions, the rise velocity is demonstrated not to be monotonically decreasing with volume fraction due to cooperative wake interactions. The fore-and-aft asymmetry of an isolated ellipsoidal bubble is reversed upon increasing the volume fraction, and the bubble aspect ratio approaches unity. Recent work on rising bubble pairs is used to explain most of these results; the present work therefore forms a platform of extending the former to suspensions of many bubbles. We adopt this new strategy also to support the existence of the oblique rise of ordered suspensions, the possibility of which is also demonstrated analytically. Finally, we demonstrate that most of the trends observed in ordered systems also appear in freely evolving suspensions. These similarities are supported by prior experimental measurements and attributed to the fact that free bubbles keep the same neighbours for extended periods of time.

Ultrasonic investigation of the effects of composition on the volume fraction of bubbles and changes in their relative sizes in non-yeasted gluten-starch blend doughs

Interactions between water, gluten and starch during dough mixing alter the aeration properties of dough. Effects of composition on dough gas volume fraction and relative changes in bubble sizes of non-yeasted gluten-starch (G-S) blend doughs were investigated using density measurements and an ultrasonic transmission technique, respectively. At fixed water content, greater gluten content increased the air volume fraction, while frequency-dependent ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and phase velocity measurements indicated that the bubble sizes in the G-S doughs were larger. The latter outcome may be due to mixing to optimal conditions such that shorter mixing times for doughs of high gluten content lessened the number of bubble subdivision events during mixing. The effect of increased water content on the attenuation coefficient implied a decrease in mean bubble radius as elucidated using an ultrasonic model. Time evolutions of attenuation coefficient and phase velocity for G-S blend doughs had a similar trend to those of non-yeasted wheat flour doughs. However, the shifts in the frequency of the peaks observed in the ultrasonic parameters were noticeably slower for G-S blend doughs, implying that G-S blend doughs were more stable against disproportionation.

Effects of ice crystal surface roughness and air bubble inclusions on cirrus cloud radiative properties from remote sensing perspective

We study the combined effects of surface roughness and inhomogeneity on the optical scattering properties of ice crystals and explore the consequent implications to remote sensing of cirrus cloud properties. Specifically, surface roughness and inhomogeneity are added to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 6 (MC6) cirrus cloud particle habit model. Light scattering properties of the new habit model are simulated using a modified version of the Improved Geometric Optics Method (IGOM). Both inhomogeneity and surface roughness affect the single scattering properties significantly. In visible bands, inhomogeneity and surface roughness both tend to smooth the phase function and eliminate halos and the backscattering peak. The asymmetry parameter varies with the degree of surface roughness following a U shape - decreases and then increases - with a minimum at around 0.15, whereas it decreases monotonically with the air bubble volume fraction. Air bubble inclusions significantly increase phase matrix element -P12 for scattering angles between 20°–120°, whereas surface roughness has a much weaker effect, increasing -P12 slightly from 60°–120°. Radiative transfer simulations and cirrus cloud property retrievals are conducted by including both the factors. In terms of surface roughness and air bubble volume fraction, retrievals of cirrus cloud optical thickness or the asymmetry parameter using solar bands show similar patterns of variation. Polarimetric simulations using the MC6 cirrus cloud particle habit model are shown to be more consistent with observations when both surface roughness and inhomogeneity are simultaneously considered.

Effect of gas bubble volume fraction on low-frequency acoustic characteristic of sandy sediment

Owing to the decomposition of organic material and other reasons, the actual marine sediment contains gas bubbles, and the existence of gas bubbles will significantly affect the low-frequency acoustic characteristics of sediment. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the effect of gas bubbles on the low-frequency sound velocity in the sediment. Considering the uncontrollable environmental factors of field experiment, an experiment platform for obtaining acoustic characteristics of a large-scale gas-bearing unsaturated sandy sediment is constructed in the indoor water tank. Considering the long wavelength of low-frequency acoustic wave and the multipath interference in water tank, the transmitted acoustic signals are received by hydrophones which are buried in the unsaturated sediment. The sound velocity data (79-142 m/s) in the gas-bearing unsaturated sediment are acquired by using a multi-hydrophone inversion method in the bounded space for the first time in a 300-3000 Hz range, and the sound velocity data (112-121 m/s) are also acquired by using a double-hydrophone method in the same frequency range. The refraction experiments at different horizontal distances between the source and the hydrophones are conducted, which verifies the reliability of sound velocity data acquired by using the multi-hydrophone inversion method and the double-hydrophone method. At the acoustic frequency well below the resonance frequency of the largest bubble in the sediment, the pore water and the gas bubbles are regarded as an effective uniform fluid based on effective medium theory. On this basis, the density and the bulk elastic modulus of pore water in the effective density fluid model are replaced by the effective density and the effective bulk modulus of the effective uniform fluid, then a corrected effective density fluid model is proposed in gas-bearing unsaturated sediment. The numerical analysis indicates that when the gas bubble volume fraction is small (1%), a small increase in the gas bubble will cause a significant decrease in the effective bulk elastic modulus of sediment, but the density of pore water is much greater than the density of gas bubbles, the presence of a small number of gas bubbles hardly changes the density of pore fluid and certainly does not change the density of sediment, which results in a significant decrease at a low-frequency sound velocity in the gas-bearing unsaturated sediment. Furthermore, with the increase of gas bubble volume fraction, the sound velocity predicted by the corrected model gradually decreases, and the decreasing trend gradually becomes gentle. The corrected model reveals the effect of gas bubbles on the low-frequency acoustic characteristic of sediment. By analyzing the sensitivity of the predicted sound velocity to parameters of the model, the gas bubble volume fractions (1.07%-2.81%) of different areas are acquired by inversion according to the measured sound velocity distribution and the corrected model. In the future, it will provide a new method of obtaining the volume fraction and the distribution of gas bubbles in the sediment.

PBM-CFD Investigation of the Gas Holdup and Mass Transfer in a Lab-Scale Internal Loop Airlift Reactor

This paper investigated the problem of overall gas holdup and the oxygen mass transfer in the internal loop airlift reactor by numerical modeling and experimental validation. The population balance model (PBM) was introduced as the general model to characterize the bubble behaviors, i.e., bubble breakage and coalescence. Bubble coalescence, as a result of fluid turbulent eddy, bubble rise difference, and bubble wake entrainment, was considered in the PBM kernels. Meanwhile, bubble breakage, owing to eddy collision and large bubble instability, was included in the PBM kernels. A class method was applied to numerically solve the population balance equations. Based on the lab-scale internal loop airlift reactor, experiments and CFD simulations have been carried on simultaneously. The comparison between them demonstrated that CFD simulation results had good agreement between the experimental data and validated the effectiveness of the PBM model indirectly. Therefore, the PBM-CFD modeling provides an effective method for the problem of scale up. Finally, the flow regime transition of gas holdup difference and small bubble volume fraction are investigated in an internal loop airlift reactor.

In-nozzle flow investigation of flash boiling fuel sprays

Abstract It is widely recognized that a well atomized spray promotes the fuel evaporation in engine cylinder and contributes to higher fuel efficiency and lower exhaust emission. Specifically, higher fuel temperature enhances the fuel spray evaporation due to the superheat phenomenon even at low injection pressure. In this study, both internal flow and near nozzle fuel jet of a two-dimensional transparent nozzle were investigated using high-speed backlit imaging technique to acquire a better understanding of the primary breakup process of flash boiling sprays. The two-dimensional slit transparent nozzle was designed to facilitate the enhanced visualization of bubbles inside the nozzle by squeezing small bubbles and eliminating overlapping bubbles. The ambient pressure ranged from 40 kPa to 190 kPa, and fuel temperature varied from 41 °C to 71 °C, to produce a wide range of superheated conditions. N-pentane was chosen as test fluid with an injection pressure was 0.5 MPa. Experimental results show that the bubbles occurring inside the nozzle near the nozzle exit under flash boiling conditions affect the shape and dynamic behavior of near nozzle fuel jet. It shows that higher fuel temperature and lower ambient pressure increase the inner bubble size and volume fraction, which led to narrower liquid core of near nozzle fuel jet. Inner bubbles facilitate the breakup process of fuel jet significantly. The breakup process of flash boiling spray can be elucidated with more fundamental understanding of bubble behavior inside the nozzle.

Numerical analysis of cavitation cloud shedding in a submerged water jet

Focused on the unsteady behavior of high-speed water jets with intensive cavitation a numerical analysis is performed by applying a practical compressible mixture flow bubble cavitation model with a simplified estimation of bubble radius. The mean flow of two-phase mixture is calculated by unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) for compressible flow and the intensity of cavitation in a local field is evaluated by the volume fraction of gas bubbles whose radius is estimated with a simplified Rayleigh-Plesset equation according to pressure variation of the mean flow field. High-speed submerged water jet issuing from a sheathed sharp-edge orifice nozzle is treated. The periodically shedding of cavitation clouds is captured in a certain reliability compared to experiment data of visualization observation and the capability to capture the unsteadily shedding of cavitation clouds is demonstrated. The results demonstrate that cavitation takes place near the entrance of nozzle throat and cavitation cloud expands consequentially while flowing downstream. Developed bubble clouds break up near the nozzle exit and shed downstream periodically along the shear layer. Under the effect of cavitation bubbles the decay of core velocity is delayed compared to the case of no-cavitation jet.

Modeling and Simulation of Hydrodynamic Bubble‐Liquid Turbulent Flows in Bubble‐Column Reactors

AbstractBubble dispersion characteristics play an important role in heat and mass transfer of bubble‐liquid two‐phase turbulent flows in bubble‐column reactors. In order to quantitatively describe the influence of operation conditions and sparger design on two‐phase turbulent hydrodynamics in terms of a computational fluid dynamics approach, a second‐order moment bubble‐liquid two‐phase turbulent model was developed to predict the effects of superficial gas velocity, liquid and gas density, liquid dynamic viscosity, and sparger nozzle configuration on bubble‐liquid hydrodynamics, e.g., bubble volume fraction, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. Bubble dispersion behavior was found to be a complex function of industrial operations and sparger configuration parameters.