Voltammetry Method Research Articles

Electrochemical behaviour of 5-fluorouracil at electrochemically pre-treated glassy carbon electrode

The right dosage for a medication is crucial and a large dosage accumulation could have an instantaneous effect. Hence for the analysis of concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human blood tissues, an electrochemical sensor was developed using pre-treatment Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the efficient detection of 5-FU an anticancer medication, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetric (CV) methods. In order to decrease the expense of the suggested sensor, a straightforward surface alteration was made to the GCE. The examination of scan rate, concentration, pH, simultaneous, and interference analysis produced results that were acceptable. Based on the examination of the aforementioned factors, the electrode procedure, the quantity of protons and electrons transferred, the quantification limit for 5-FU was determined and discussed. Thus the developed pre-treated GCE sensor for 5-FU shows promising platform for the investigation of 5-FU with excellent selectivity and sensitivity.

Electrodeposited ZnO Nanostructures on ITO Surfaces: Exploring Their Efficacy for Cholesterol Biosensing Applications

In this study, ZnO nanostructures were prepared by electrochemical anodization of electrodeposited Zn on ITO/glass substrates for cholesterol detection. The efficiency of the developed ZnO nanostructures in the detection of the Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) enzyme was determined by the cyclic voltammetry method. The XRD and SEM results confirmed the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures prepared by the anodization method with various parameters. The effect of electrodeposition and anodization time on the morphology was observed. Cyclic voltammetry of ZnO/Zn/ITO/glass and Pt/ZnO/Zn/ITO/glass electrodes in electrolytes with various cholesterol concentrations was performed. The detection limit of the obtained Pt/ZnO/Zn/ITO/glass structured electrode was calculated as 0.965x10-3M. The resulting material with a layered structure may have potential applications in electrochemical sensors and biosensors in biomedical applications. In addition to biosensing performance, this study proposes a new approach for the development of ZnO-based biosensors that does not require expensive infrastructure and raw material costs, making it possible to develop high-sensitivity biosensor electrodes with lower detection limits with improvements to be made in future studies.

A Dinitrogen Divanadium Complex Supported by a Trisamidophosphine Ligand

Comprehensive SummaryThe reaction between tripodal trisamidophosphine ligand H3PN3Ar and V(Mes)3(THF) (Mes = mesityl) yields the vanadium(III) complex (PN3Ar)V (1) with an open site in the axial position, which could coordinate with THF, pyridine, and NH3 to form the corresponding adducts (2—4). The vanadium(III) center is redox‐active, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry methods and chemical oxidation or reduction. Notably, a novel dinitrogen divanadium complex with a bridging N2 ligand, {K(THF)}2{[PN3Ar]V}2(μ‐N2) (6), was synthesized via treatment of 1 with 1 equivalent of potassium naphthalenide in THF under a N2 atmosphere. The electronic structures and binding properties of 6 are evaluated and discussed based on its DFT calculations. Additionally, these vanadium complexes (1, 5, 6) can serve as catalysts for the conversion of N2 into N(SiMe3)3 in the presence of reductants and Me3SiCl.

Fe-doped WO3-Modified sensor for the improved electrochemical detection of curcumin

In this study, an iron-doped tungsten oxide (Fe-WO3) nanomaterialwas synthesizedand utilized to modify carbon paste electrodes for the identification of the bioactive ingredient curcumin (CUM). Turmeric contains a bioactive compound called curcumin, which is yellow and has various potential biological applications, such as being an anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agent. The Fe-WO3 nanomaterial underwent characterization through SEM, XRD, and EDS techniques. The electrochemical performance of CUM was inquired using square wave and cyclic voltammetry methods. During catalytic oxidation, the Fe-WO3 working electrode assembly showed faster electron transport than the bare CPE. Investigations havebeen conductedinto the kinetics of oxidation, and the developed sensor demonstrated an excellent linear detection range (5 μM to 60 μM), a decreased limit of detection (6.2 × 10−8 M), and a limit of quantification under optimal conditions (20.7 × 10−8 M).The numbers of electrons transmitted, the heterogeneous rate constant, the electron transfer coefficient, and the electrochemical oxidation were all measured. The results from the examination of CUM in actual samples using the devised Fe-doped WO3 modified electrode were good. Additionally, it showed a considerable increase in the curcumin peak current concerning responsively, specificity, and reliability for curcumin analysis.

Коррозионные характеристики композитов БрАМц9-2/06Х18Н9Т, полученных двухпроволочным электронно-лучевым аддитивным производством

Introduction. The development of novel materials based on copper alloys and stainless steel, as well as the determination of the optimal parameters for its processing make it possible to expand the area of its implementation, increase efficiency and service life of tools and constructions. The load-bearing parts of marine equipment (bearing constructions, piston cylinders, pumps, valves, gears, rotary instruments, etc.), made of austenitic steels or aluminum bronze, are in direct contact with sea water, so the problem of increasing its corrosion resistance in the presence of strong oxidizing agents (Cl-, F- anions) is relevant. One of the advanced and actively researched methods for producing copper/steel composites is additive manufacturing that allow fabricating complex parts through layer-by-layer growth. In particular, the synthesis of composites based on aluminum bronze and steel can be realized by wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing. In order to implement composite materials produced via additive technologies in a humid (marine) climate, it is necessary to ensure not only high strength, but also corrosion properties. The purpose of this work is to study the corrosion resistance of composites, based on aluminum bronze CuAl9Mn2 and stainless steel ER 321 produced by dual-wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing. Research methods. Examination of the surface of CuAl9Mn2/ER 321 composites before and after corrosion tests was carried out by methods of voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a potentiostat-galvanostat. Results and discussion. Using a complex of electrochemical methods, it is revealed that the developed composites with a volume fraction of steel ≥ 25% demonstrate a significant decrease in anodic current densities and a simultaneous increase in charge transfer resistance. Composites with a steel content of 75 vol. % are characterized by the highest corrosion properties in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution, which is referred to a reduction in corrosion rate by 9.5 times compared to aluminum bronze. It is shown that the main processes occurring on the surface of the composites (CuAl9Mn2 + ER 321) are anodic oxidation of copper and iron, leading to the formation of corrosion products – Cu2O and FeCl2.

Current Mirror Improved Potentiostat (CMIPot) for a Three Electrode Electrochemical Cell.

This work presents a novel compact CMOS potentiostat-designed circuit for an electrochemical cell. The proposed topology functions as a circuit interface, controlling the polarization of voltage signals at the sensor electrodes and facilitating current measurement during the oxidation-reduction process of an analyzed solution. The potentiostat, designed for CMOS technology, comprises a two-stage amplifier, two current mirror blocks coupled to this amplifier, and a CMOS push-pull output stage. The electrochemical method of cyclic voltammetry is employed, operating within a voltage range of ±0.8 V and scan rates of 10 mV/s, 25 mV/s, 100 mV/s, and 250 mV/s. The circuit is capable of reading currents ranging from 10 µA to 500 µA. Experimental results were obtained using a potassium ferrocyanide K3[Fe(CN)6] redox solution with concentrations of 10, 15, and 20 mmol/L, and their corresponding voltammograms were evaluated. The experimental results from a discrete circuit demonstrate that the proposed potentiostat topology produces outcomes consistent with those of classical topologies presented in the literature and industrial equipment.

Nanotechnology in the sports athlete community based on its application in doping detection: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

This study examines the effectiveness and accuracy of nanotechnology applications in doping detection within the athlete community. Nanotechnology offers a novel approach with potential in detecting doping substances more efficiently and accurately. The method used in this study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and meta-analysis, with articles selected from the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases covering the years 2020-2024. The selection process employs the PRISMA method and includes only research articles relevant to the topic. A total of 13 studies were selected for further analysis. The meta-analysis results indicate that the Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) methods provide highly accurate and reliable results in doping detection. No significant differences were found between the use of serum and urine as test samples. Additionally, nanocomposite sensors proved to be more effective than regular sensors in detecting doping substances with high accuracy. Key findings from the results include no significant effect distinguishing between the DPV and ELISA methods (Z = 0.53, P = 0.60), no significant heterogeneity among the studies analyzed concerning serum and urine (Chi² = 0.90, df = 2, P = 0.64; Tau² = 0.00), and nanocomposite sensors proving to be more effective than regular sensors (Z = 4.14, P < 0.0001; I² = 0%). In conclusion, nanotechnology has great potential to enhance doping detection in sports. The use of nanomaterials and nanosensors can improve the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting doping substances, making it a highly effective tool for maintaining the integrity and health of athletes. This study provides a strong foundation for the development of more efficient and effective nanotechnology-based doping detection technologies in the future. Keywords: Nanotechnology, doping, sensors, sports, athletes.

Oxygen‐Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Electrochemical Uric Acid Sensing: Method Without Metals

AbstractThe present study examined potential benefits of heteroatom doping to manipulate the electrical structure and to enhance the efficiency of the sensor, with an emphasis on developing inexpensive, metal‐free electrochemical sensors. Melamine and ammonium oxalate were used as precursors in a one‐step thermal polymerization technique yielding oxygen‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (O‐gCN). Following synthesis, the material's structural and morphological properties were thoroughly examined using a multitude of analytical techniques, including EIS. A notable decrease in impedance was observed, suggesting improved conductivity. Additionally, the doping approach exhibited a noticeable improvement in reduction current receptivity and surface area as compared to unmodified graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN). Utilizing both differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and the classical cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods, we investigated the electro oxidation of uric acid (UA) as well as concentration dependence and selectivity studies using oxygen‐doped graphitic carbon nitride modified glassy carbon electrode (O‐gCN@GCE). O‐gCN@GCE demonstrated remarkable performance, allowing the detection of UA concentrations as low as 7.784 µAµM−1cm−2. Its low detection limit of 0.57 µM and wider linear range (5–120 µM) further highlighted its potential for extremely sensitive assays and its remarkable capacity to operate over a broad UA concentration range.

Effect of microstructure on hydrogen uptake in SA 210 grade A1 steel studied using cyclic voltammetry and hydrogen permeation method

Effect of microstructure on hydrogen uptake in SA 210 grade A1 steel studied using cyclic voltammetry and hydrogen permeation method

Highly sensitive MXene-based voltammetric sensor for nanomolar clozapine detection

Clozapine is vital for managing schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. As a potent medication with risks of severe side effects, accurate detection ensures effective treatment monitoring, patient safety, and optimization of therapeutic outcomes. Herein, niobium carbide two-dimensional transition metal carbides (Nb2CTx MXene) was prepared by etching niobium aluminum carbide (Nb2AlC), which was next partially oxidized by a hydrothermal method to niobium oxide (Nb2O5)/Nb2CTx and ultrasonically bound to carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH). It was modified onto a glassy carbon electrode for the detection of the antipsychotic drug clozapine ingested by humans. The morphology and electrochemical properties of MXene-based nanocomposite electrode were verified by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance characterization methods. The results showed that electrode responded well to clozapine solutions, with good linearity (R2 = 0.9979 and 0.9995) of the peak currents with clozapine concentrations (0.01–1.0 μM and 1.0–10.0 μM) and that this sensor had good immunity, repeatability, reproducibility and stability. The limit of detection was 8.38 nM and the recovery was 92.5 % ~ 106.5 % in real serum and urine samples. The MXene-based sensors offer excellent analytical performance and hold promise for cost-effective generalisation to the detection of nanomolar clozapine in a variety of clinical applications.

Development of borazine-assisted-oriented molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the detection of umifenovir in serum and urine by EIS and DPV methods

Herein, borazine (B3N3) assisted-oriented surface imprinted electrochemical sensor was designed for umifenovir (UMI) detection in serum and urine samples. An imprinted electrochemical sensor was developed via photopolymerization whereas butyl methacrylate monomer (BuMA) was selected as the functional monomer for coordinating the template molecules, UMI in the presence of B3N3 as orientating UMI molecules between polymeric phase and the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to verify the electrochemical characterizations of the alterations at each step of the MIP production process. The created sensor was also characterized via contact angle, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. Furthermore, the electronic and molecular alterations on the electrode surface were assessed using quantum chemical calculations. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and EIS methods in standard solution and biological fluid samples, UMI was determined separately. The dynamic linear range of the designed sensor under optimized experimental conditions was found to be 0.50–7.50 pM and 0.25–5.00 pM for DPV and EIS methods, respectively. The developed sensor exhibited good recognition ability towards UMI molecules in the presence of its analogues as well as other interferents. As a result, the proposed sensors demonstrated excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility performance for UMI analysis in commercial serum and urine samples.

A photoelectrochemical sensor based on polydopamine membrane-coated CdS@C core-shell heterostructure for curcumin detection

Curcumin has been widely employed in various fields, but excessive intake may cause tissue necrosis and pose a serious threat to people’s lives and health. Hence, it is crucial to rapidly and precisely detect the content of curcumin. In present research, CdS@C heterostructure materials were successfully prepared through a one-pot solvothermal reaction strategy, utilizing glucose as the carbon source. Simultaneously, polydopamine thin films (ePDA) were successfully deposited on the surface of CdS@C-modified electrodes by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. A photoelectrochemical sensor based on the polydopamine membrane-coated CdS@C core–shell heterostructure (ePDA/CdS@C) was designed for curcumin detection. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers (UV-vi) techniques were applied to characterize the structure and morphology of the synthesized photoelectric materials. The ePDA coating enhances the stability of the CdS@C material, and the CdS@C core-shell heterostructure accelerates electron transfer. Consequently, the ePDA/CdS@C material generates an outstanding and steady photocurrent response. Under ideal conditions, the novel sensor exhibits a satisfactory linear response to curcumin detection within the concentration range of 0.025–370 μM, with a detection limit as low as 0.0165 μM. Additionally, the ePDA/CdS@C-based photoelectrochemical aptasensor displays remarkable reproducibility, stability, and selectivity. This innovative sensing platform accurately detects curcumin in human serum and urine samples, with an excellent recovery range (99.47 %–103.60 %) and relatively low RSD values (1.49 %–3.56 %). In conclusion, this work offers a novel approach for curcumin detection.

Validation and application of the square wave voltammetry method for the electrochemical determination of eszopiclone in pharmaceutical formulations and human biological fluids using glassy carbon electrode

A buffer solution of Britton-Robinson (B-R) pH 6.5 was utilized to validate and apply a square wave voltammetry (SWV) method for the electrochemical determination of Eszopiclone (ESP) in pharmaceuticals and biological samples. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods were employed in the initial study of the voltammetric behavior of the ESP compound. The rotating glassy carbon (GC) indicator electrode (2.0 mm2), Pt auxiliary electrode, and Ag/AgCl reference electrode were used for ESP determination. ESP was analyzed to produce a sharp reduction peak at a potential of −750 mV. The best shape and high sensitivity of SWV cathodic current for ESP, were observed using GC electrode, B-R, pH 6.5, accumulation time (tacc) of 60-second, accumulation potential (Eacc) of - 0.1 V, amplitude voltage of 150 mV, frequency of 15 Hz, scan rate of 150 mV s−1, and stirrer rate of 1000 round per minute (rpm). The electroanalytical performance of the SWV method was evaluated through study of repeatability, stability, calibration curve, recovery, and limits of detection and quantification (LOD,LOQ). Under the optimal conditions, the SWV response was linear in the range from 3 × 10−6 to 5 × 10−5 mol/L (n = 10). The SWV method achieved a LOD of 1.9 × 10-8 mol/L (7.5 ppb), and a LOQ of 6.41 × 10−8 mol L−1 (24.93 ppb). The validated SWV method was appeared the good repeatability, sensitivity and stability for the determination of ESP. It was given a very stable SWV current for 90 min, with a 0.141 % relative standard deviation (RSD%). The SWV method was applied to the determination of ESP in pharmaceutical tablets and biological samples.

Screen-printed electrodes decorated with low content Pt–Ni microstructures for sensitive detection of Zn(II), ascorbic acid and paracetamol in pharmaceutical products and human blood samples

In this study, we report for the first time, a method for simultaneous detection of paracetamol (PA) and its toxic impurities, 4-aminophenol (4-AP), as well as commonly co-formulated drugs, ascorbic acid and zinc (AA and Zn(II)), using screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) as a sensing platform. To improve the electrochemical performance of the SPEs, these are decorated with platinum and nickel microstructures (Pt–Ni), using a simple electrodeposition technique. The structures and morphologies of the synthesized Pt–Ni/SPE electrode were confirmed by FE–SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD and AFM measurements. Furthermore, electrochemical characterization of the as-prepared sensor was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. Under optimum conditions, the content of 4-AP, PA, AA and Zn(II) was quantified using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry techniques. The designed sensor exploits a dual effect, leveraging the efficiency of Pt for Zn(II) detection and Pt–Ni for the detection of 4-AP, AA, and PA. On one hand the as-prepared Pt–Ni/SPE sensor exhibits a linear response towards 4-AP and PA, ranging from 0.5 to 200 μM for both, with detection limits of 0.33 µM and 0.23 µM (S/N = 3) for 4-AP and PA, respectively. On the other hand, it demonstrates a linear response towards PA, AA, and Zn(II), ranging from 0.01 to 0.8 μM for Zn(II), 10 to 1800 μM for AA, and 0.5 to 200 μM for PA, with detection limits of 0.004 µM, 9.0 µM, and 0.15 µM for Zn(II), AA, and PA, respectively. Crucially, the as-fabricated sensor, with its remarkable reproducibility, recovery, long-term stability, and anti-interference capabilities, effectively quantified 4-AP, PA, Zn(II) and AA in both pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma samples.

Metal-polymer-clay nanocomposites based electrochemical sensor for detecting hydrazine in water sources

AgNPs embedded polymer-clay (AgNPs@PEI-HNT) nanocomposites were successfully employed to sensitively detect hydrazine in water samples using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry methods. In-situ polymerization was utilized for assembling the polymer-clay composites, which were subsequently coated with AgNPs. PEI improves conductivity and absorbs AgNPs on the surface of HNTs, as evidenced with the help of UV-Visible, IR spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and morphological studies (FE-SEM and TEM). Nanocomposites were coated with GCE, which improved their electrocatalytic performance during hydrazine oxidation. The Tafel plot, Galus and Cottrell equations were used to compute the electron transfer coefficient (0.64), catalytic reaction rate constant (4.81 × 104 M−1s−1) and diffusion coefficient (2.56 × 10−5 cm2/s) of hydrazine at AgNPs@PEI-HNT/GCE. Amperometry technique was used to determine the LOD along with sensitivity of hydrazine, which were 0.22 nm and 116.76 µA µM−1 cm−2. Modified electrode offers enhanced properties for example strong anti-interference capability, good reproducibility, long-term stability, sensitivity, and so on. The designed sensor successfully detects hydrazine in water samples with high recovery rates (R.S.D. < 5 %).

Development of novel electrochemical sensor based on Co-Fe layered double hydroxide for simultaneous determination of Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Resorcinol

In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor was developed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with Co-Fe-layered double hydroxides (Co/Fe-LDH/GCE) for the detection of dihydroxybenzene isomers (Hydroquinone (HQ), Catechol (CC), and Resorcinol (RS) due to the large active surface area, facile electronic transport, and high electrocatalytic activity features of LDH. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the modifier. Under the optimized conditions, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was used as a sensitive and efficient method to measure dihydroxybenzene isomers. Well-separated oxidation peak potentials corresponding to HQ, CC, and RS were observed at 0.04 V, 0.150 V, and 0.560 V, respectively. The linear range was 2.5 × 10−9 to 1.2 × 10−5 M for hydroquinone and catechol and 7.5 × 10−9 to 4.2 × 10−6 M for resorcinol, with a detection limit of 0.001, 0.001, and 0.005 µM (S/N=3) for hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, respectively. The Co/Fe-LDH sensor demonstrated a fast response, high sensitivity, excellent stability, and satisfactory repeatability. The modified electrode was successfully applied to the direct determination of DBIs in river water, providing reliable recovery data.

DETERMINATION OF ANTI-CANCER DRUG PALBOCICLIB FROM HUMAN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS BY USING DIFFERENTIAL PULSE VOLTAMMETRIC METHOD AT BORON DOPED DIAMOND ELECTRODE

Objective: A very efficient and sensitive electrochemical technique utilizing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) was devised to measure Palbociclib in this study. Material and Method: All experiments employed typical three-electrode cell of 10 ml capacity in conjunction with boron-doped diamond electrode, a platinum wire counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. During electrochemical measurements, DPV and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods was utilized at BDDE. Result and Discussion: Based on experimental findings from electrochemical characterization investigations, it was determined that oxidation behavior of Palbociclib in BDDE is irreversible and regulated by diffusion. Anodic peak current exhibited a linear relationship within concentration range of 0.01–1 µM, 0.02–0.8 µM, and 0.02–0.8 µM in pH 2.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) for reference substance solution, human serum, and urine samples, respectively. Limits of detection were found as 2.28 nM, 2.93 nM, and 1.31 nM for standard drug solution, human serum and urine samples, respectively. In order to validate the developed method, its repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, precision and accuracy in all environments were investigated and calculated. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of Palbociclib in human serum and urine samples .

Utilizing FeS2 Deposition on 3D Printed Carbon Microlattices as Free-Standing Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Free-standing electrodes are a great alternative to slurry-coated battery electrodes as they eliminate the need for inactive components and shorten the fabrication process. In this work, carbon microlattice templates are designed and fabricated through the use of 3D stereolithography followed by pyrolysis to create a well-defined carbon template with a resolution >35 µm. Iron disulfide, a material with a high specific theoretical capacity, is then deposited on the surface and used as electrode material in lithium-ion batteries. To date, there have been no reports of FeS2 combined with 3D printed free-standing electrodes. The design utilizes controlled microchannels along the thickness direction to facilitate efficient ion transfer and interconnected carbon skeletons for electron transfer throughout the entire electrode. When directly applied in a lithium-ion battery, the composite material displayed a specific capacity of 562.5 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles with a current density of 500 mA g-1. A high-rate capability was also achieved. Stepwise cyclic voltammetry and Dunn Method confirm that the dominant mechanism guiding the excellent electrochemical performance is diffusion-controlled process, further highlighting the benefits of the organized microchannels. These results will advance the development of composite electrodes as well as shine light on the immense potential to develop high energy density batteries utilizing 3D printing, advocating for sustainable energy from both a research-driven and practical stance.

Electrochemical detection of indigo carmine in candies using Y2O3 nanoparticles infused graphite electrode

This article presents the use of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles to modify the graphite paste electrode (GPE) for the sensitive and selective electrochemical determination of Indigo Carmine (ICN), one of the well-known synthetic food colorants. These nanoparticles were formed via a simple sol and gel method and characterized by a few non-destructive analytical methods like X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. The electrode response was studied via Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) methods for the variation of some fundamental parameters such as buffer, pH, scan rates, and concentrations. The efficiency of the developed Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles modified Graphite Paste Electrode (Y2O3@GPE) sensor was assessed via repeatability, reproducibility and long-term stability analysis. Various similar interferants were added with ICN molecules for accomplishing the selectivity study while a widely linear operating range with a Limit of Detection (LOD) and a Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) of 0.11 µM and 0.35 µM, respectively were found. The performance of the electrode was justified in the real samples through its application for the detection of ICN in different candies where a satisfactory recovery rate of 96.25 %-117.5 % was achieved.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) As an Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting: From Fundamental Insights to Practical Applications in Sustainable Hydrogen Production

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has recently emerged as a highly promising and versatile electrocatalyst for water splitting, a pivotal process in the realm of renewable energy conversion. This review comprehensively explores the multifaceted aspects of PEDOT's electrocatalytic prowess, covering its intrinsic properties, synthetic methodologies, catalytic mechanisms, and practical applications in the context of water electrolysis. PEDOT, [C2H4O2C4H2S]n a conductive polymer, exhibits unique features that render it particularly suitable for electrocatalysis. With its excellent electrical conductivity, notable stability, and facile synthesis, PEDOT stands out among its counterparts. These attributes make PEDOT an attractive candidate for addressing the challenges associated with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the two half-reactions constituting water splitting.One of the key advantages of PEDOT lies in its high surface area, which allows for increased active sites for catalysis. The tunable redox states of PEDOT further contribute to its electrocatalytic versatility, enabling tailored catalytic performance through controlled doping and modifications. The efficient charge transport properties of PEDOT are crucial for facilitating electron transfer during the electrocatalytic processes, ensuring high catalytic activity. This review delves into the simple fabrication of PEDOT-based electrocatalysts. Researchers have explored various strategies, including morphological control, doping with heteroatoms, and integration into composite materials, to enhance the catalytic performance of PEDOT. The rational design of PEDOT structures has demonstrated the potential to surpass the limitations of traditional electrocatalysts and unlock new avenues for efficient water splitting.In elucidating the mechanistic aspects of PEDOT's catalytic activity, the review investigates the intricate interplay of surface interactions, redox reactions, and mass transport phenomena. Understanding the fundamental principles governing PEDOT's electrocatalytic behavior is essential for optimizing its performance and guiding further developments in this burgeoning field. Simple electrodeposition method is carried out to polymerize EDOT. Cyclic voltammetry method was used for synthesizing PEDOT on nickel foam. Then the sample was heated at differnet temperatures.Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) Overpotential:An overpotential of 170 mV at 10 mA/cm² is observed for the HER which indicates that PEDOT as an effective in catalyzing the reduction of protons to form hydrogen gas. A lower overpotential implies that PEDOT facilitates the electrochemical reaction at a lower energy input, showcasing its efficiency as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen production.Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) Overpotential:The PEDOT exhibits an overpotential of 300 mV at 10 mA/cm² for the OER which suggests its enhanced performance in catalyzing the oxidation of water to produce oxygen gas. While this overpotential is higher than that for the HER, it is still within a range that indicates good catalytic activity for the challenging OER.Surpassing Many Catalyst Behaviors:PEDOT's performance, as indicated by its low overpotentials, exceeds that of many other catalysts commonly used for water splitting reactions. This could include traditional metal-based catalysts or other conductive polymers, highlighting PEDOT's potential as a superior electrocatalyst. More electrochemical studies have been taken to prove practical application for PEDOT while the reported overpotentials are promising, and additional research and experimentation are being conducted to validate and understand PEDOT's practical application in real-world scenarios. This involve studying its stability over time, scalability, and compatibility with alkaline electrolyte systems and operational conditions. Figure 1