Voltammetric Profiles Research Articles

Fast determination of extra-virgin olive oil acidity by voltammetry and Partial Least Squares regression

In this paper, an approach for the detection of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) free-acidity, based on combination of voltammetric profiles (Voltammetry) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) multivariate regression, is described. Voltammetric measurements are performed with a 12.5 μm radius platinum microdisk, directly in the oil samples mixed with 0.5 M of the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) tri-hexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, which acted as a supporting electrolyte, and allows achieving a suitable conductivity in the matrices. Multivariate regression is performed directly on full voltammetric responses recorded over a properly chosen negative potential range and scan rate, where essentially all free fatty acids, characterizing EVOOs, can be reproducibly reduced. PLS regression models are built by employing Italian EVOO samples training sets at different acidity levels (over the range 0.2% w/w - 1.5% w/w; (% w/w) represents mass percentage) and optimized by choosing the optimal complexity, in terms of number of latent variables (LVs). The free-acidity prediction is made through a multivariate model, constructed by using standards of known acidity (determined by the official volumetric titration method) and validated on an external sample set. To show the validity of the proposed method, the PLS/Voltammetry predictions of the free-acidity of a series of commercially available Italian EVOOs, ranging from 0.2 to 0.41 %w/w, are obtained and the values compared with those determined by the official titration approach. Differences found between the two methods are within 5% RSD.

Raman Spectroscopy vs Voltammetry: A Voltammetric Approach to Elucidate Different Chemicals in a Range of Pharmaceutical Tablets

Over the years, Electroanalysis has been widely applied to elucidate redox behavior of novel molecules. The selectivity and low cost are spotlight features in pharmacopeial methods of identification, that can be reached by voltammetric approaches. In this work, differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) profile and the slope of the linear regression obtained from calibration graphs along with the scan study are proposed as new perspective of identification assays. With the proposed methodology we were able to identify the similarities among DPV profile and the slopes obtained for each tablet. In addition, this new technology was successfully employed to identify the following chemicals: Paracetamol (PAR), Promethazine (PMZ), Diclofenac (DIC), Piroxicam (PRX), Indomethacin (IND) and Cyclobenzaprine (CBP) in pharmaceutical assays using Pencil Graphite Electrodes. Furthermore, our new methodology was effectively compared to Raman Spectroscopy for the analysis of the range of chemicals in the pharmaceutical assays.

Nanomole Silver Detection in Chloride-Free Phosphate Buffer Using Platinum and Gold Micro- and Nanoelectrodes

The electrochemical determination of ultra-low concentrations of silver requires reliable, reproducible measurements using sensitive analytical techniques. To date, the electrochemical determination of silver in biological buffers and pH neutral media has not been successful in terms of reproducibility. In this work, we report on the determination of ultra-low concentrations of silver in chloride-free phosphate buffer solution (PB, pH 7.4). Detection was conducted at gold and platinum micro and nanoelectrodes using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The micro and nanoelectrodes were fabricated using a Sutter P-2000 laser puller, with physical and electrochemical characterization revealing flat disk-shaped working surfaces of 10–15 μm (microelectrode) and 10–100 nm (nanoelectrodes) in radius. These dimensions were calculated from steady-state limiting currents and confirmed using FE-SEM. The laser pulled electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical activity when characterized using ferrocene, without the addition of supporting electrolyte, and reproducible stripping voltammetric profiles for the determination of silver, with a LoD of 1.3 pM (1.8%) were obtained in 0.1 M chloride-free phosphate at platinum nanoelectrode. Determination of ultra-low concentrations of silver in chloride-free PB provides the scope to explore the mechanism of action of bioinorganic silver-based anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer drugs in cell media for in vitro and, potentially, in vivo analysis.

Electrochemical Portable Method for on site Screening of Scopolamine in Beverage and Urine Samples

AbstractScopolamine (SCP) is a psychoactive drug often added to beverages for recreational or abuse purposes (loss of memory and non‐consensual practices). In this work, a simple and portable method for fast in field screening of SCP in beverage (beer, coke, energy drink, sugarcane spirit, vodka, and whisky) and urine samples is presented. The proposed method is based on batch injection analysis with square wave voltammetric (BIA‐SWV) detection using boron‐doped diamond (BDD) as the working electrode. A voltammetric profile with accurate information on the presence or absence of SCP is obtained using a small sample volume (∼50 μL) and a simple sample pretreatment step (dilution in supporting electrolyte). Around two hundred analyses are possible using the proposed system (injection of single sample plug – 120 μL) without the need of electrodes handling or supporting electrolyte exchange (friendly to point‐of‐care or on site screenings). The quantification of SCP in beverages is also possible using the proposed portable protocol, with a limit of detection of 0.18 μmol L−1 and recovery values between 87 to 113 %.

Electrochemical aspects of tin electrodeposition on copper in acid solutions

The electrodeposition of tin on copper electrodes was studied in sulphuric acid solutions in the 283–338 K range by employing electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning electron microscopy imaging. The voltammetric profiles show the presence of both, underpotential and overpotential electrodeposition of tin. While the first process (upd) involves surface controlled reactions, the latter (opd) is under mass transport control. SEM imaging shows the formation of nanoparticles under upd conditions and larger ones in the opd potential region. Analysis of chronoamperometric response indicates an instantaneous nucleation and 2D growth coupled to an adsorption process during the early stages of underpotential deposition. Conversely, data obtained in the overpotential deposition range is consistent with the occurrence of a progressive nucleation and 3D growth under diffusion control. Electrochemical impedance experiments are characterised by Nyquist plots that exhibit two capacitive time constants and a single capacitive time constant followed by a Warburg contribution in the upd and opd potential ranges, respectively. Rotating ring-disc voltammograms display current peaks in the corresponding ring profiles associated with the formation of adsorbates on the disc during the underpotential deposition. From rotating disc data the diffusion coefficient of Sn(II) ions at the different temperatures and the corresponding diffusion activation energy were determined. A reaction scheme for the electrochemical behaviour of tin on copper electrodes in the range between the threshold potentials for the copper electrodissolution and the hydrogen evolution reactions is proposed. Mass transport of soluble species, formation of weakly and strongly adsorbed species on copper and the diffusion of tin atoms into the copper lattice are considered.

Mechanistic Insights into the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 Catalyzed by Iron Cyclopentadienone Complexes

In a previous paper we have demonstrated that the easily-synthesized class of iron(0) cyclopentadienone complexes constitutes a promising catalyst platform for the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to CO and H2O. One of the unusual features of these catalysts is that catalysis proceeds efficiently in aprotic electrolytes in the absence of acidic additives. Herein we present a detailed study of the underlying catalytic mechanisms. Using a combination of FTIR spectroelectrochemistry, DFT calculations, and nonelectrochemical control experiments, we have identified a number of catalytic intermediates including the active species and the product of catalyst deactivation. On the basis of these insights, we have carried out digital simulations in order to decipher the voltammetric profiles of the iron(0) cyclopentadienones. Further control experiments revealed that the anodic oxidation of the electrolyte constitutes the terminal proton source for the formation of CO and H2O. Taken together, our results suggest a...

In situ integration of microbial electrochemical systems into anaerobic digestion to improve methane fermentation at different substrate concentrations

Microbial electrochemical system (MES) was integrated into anaerobic digestion (AD) to improve the overall process efficiency by enhancing methane (CH4) production. CH4 fermentation at various glucose concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 10 g/l) was evaluated along with corresponding control (without electrodes) operations. The maximum CH4 yield of 0.34 l- CH4/g COD was obtained with both 2 and 4 g/l glucose concentrations (MES), which was about 1.4 and 2.4 times, respectively, higher than the values obtained with corresponding control operations. However, at 10 g/l, similar performance (∼0.07 l- CH4/g COD) was observed with both control and MES operations, which might be due to pH drop occurred by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) buildup in the process. Substrate removal was amplified in the presence of MES with faster degradation of VFAs at all substrate concentrations except 10 g/l. This enhanced utilization of VFAs in the MES process is an important aspect to recover from initial pH drops, especially at higher substrate concentration to maintain the optimum pH for methane fermentation. The current generation and cyclic voltammetric profiles suggest that the enhanced CH4 production in MES was attributed to the bioelectrochemical reactions on the electrodes.

Direct oxidation of methane at low temperature using Pt/C, Pd/C, Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO electrocatalysts prepared by sodium borohydride reduction process

The main objective of this paper was to characterize the voltammetric profiles of the Pt/C, Pt/C-ATO, Pd/C and Pd/C-ATO electrocatalysts and study their catalytic activities for methane oxidation in an acidic electrolyte at 25°C and in a direct methane proton exchange membrane fuel cell at 80°C. The electrocatalysts prepared also were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The diffractograms of the Pt/C and Pt/C-ATO electrocatalysts show four peaks associated with Pt face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, and the diffractograms of Pd/C and Pd/C-ATO show four peaks associated with Pd face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. For Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO, characteristic peaks of cassiterite (SnO2) phase are observed, which are associated with Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO) used as supports for electrocatalysts. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of all electrocatalysts after adsorption of methane show that there is a current increase during the anodic scan. However, this effect is more pronounced for Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO. This process is related to the oxidation of the adsorbed species through the bifunctional mechanism, where ATO provides oxygenated species for the oxidation of CO or HCO intermediates adsorbed in Pt or Pd sites. From in situ ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) experiments for all electrocatalysts prepared the formation of HCO or CO intermediates are observed, which indicates the production of carbon dioxide. Polarization curves at 80°C in a direct methane fuel cell (DMEFC) show that Pd/C and Pt/C electroacatalysts have superior performance to Pd/C-ATO and Pt/C-ATO in methane oxidation.

Oxygen Reduction Reaction Promoted by Manganese Porphyrins

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is catalyzed by manganese(II) porphyrins in the presence of Bronsted acids (HAs). Analyses of the catalytic cyclic voltammetric profiles have permitted the ORR mechanism to be constructed and rate constants to be extracted for both the formation of the initial oxygen adduct and the O–O bond cleavage event for a series of HAs. The dependence of the formation rate constant of the oxygen adduct on reactant concentrations reveals a rate law that is first order in Mn porphyrin and oxygen substrate. A second order dependence in HA is observed for unadorned Mn porphyrin platforms whereas with Mn hangman porphyrin, a proton is provided intramolecular to the oxygen adduct and consequently the HA order is reduced to unity. The stabilization of the oxygen adduct with an additional hydrogen bond from HA engenders a rate-determining step involving O–O bond cleavage, resulting in the rare instance where the activation of the O–O bond is directly observed.

Antioxidant activity evaluation of dried herbal extracts: an electroanalytical approach

The prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases, is a health concern deeply associated with oxidative stress. Such progressive phenomena can be avoided through exogenous antioxidant intake, which set up a reductant cascade, mopping up damaging free radicals. Medicinal herbs are commonly associated with high antioxidant potential, and hence their health benefits. The commerce of dried herbal extracts movements a big portion of developing countries economy. The determination of medicinal herbs the antioxidant activity capacity is of utmost importance. The assessment of antioxidant activity in phytotherapics is mostly achieved by spectrophotometric assays, however colored substances can produce interferences that do not occur in electroanalytical methods. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to compare spectrophotometric and voltammetric techniques to evaluate antioxidant activity in herbal drugs such as: Ginkgo biloba L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae; Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae; Aesculus hippocastanum L., Sapindaceae; Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae; Morinda citrifolia L., Rubiaceae; Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Apiaceae; Trifolium pratense L., Fabaceae; Crataegus oxyacantha L., Rosaceae; and Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Ericaceae.The spectrophotometric methods employed were DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and the Folin-Ciocalteu assays. The electroanalytical method used was voltammetry and it was developed a phenoloxidase based biosensor. The redox behavior observed for each herbal sample resulted in distinguishable voltammetric profiles. The highest electrochemical indexes were found to G. biloba and H. perforatum, corroborating to traditional spectrophotometric methods. Thus, the electroanalysis of herbal drugs, may be a promising tool for antioxidant potential assessment.

Nickel hexacyanoferrate supported at nickel nanoparticles for voltammetric determination of rifampicin

A rapid and simple method for voltammetric determination of rifampicin (RIF) using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with nanostructured nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) was developed. The sensor was prepared through an unusual method to NiHCF electrosynthesis, starting from nickel nanoparticles previously deposited on the surface of different electrodes (glassy carbon, ITO and gold electrode) under potentiodynamic conditions. X ray diffractograms of Ni nanoparticles thin film were obtained for different stages of NiHCF films formation indicating a homogeneous distribution throughout the substrate with a mean size around 40 nm and an irregular shape. EQCM studies showed that the nature of cations can promote strong alterations on the voltammetric and microgravimetric profile during the growth of NiHCF due to the ion transport mechanisms of redox reactions. Both voltammetric and microgravimetric behavior were studied in the presence of sodium, lithium and potassium ions and the best responses were found using potassium ions as supporting electrolyte. The presence of RIF promoted a decrease in the cathodic peak current of NiHCF, suggesting an interaction between the antibiotic and Ni species presented at the electrode surface. The variation in the current signal was proportional to the RIF concentration and it was adopted for its quantification, allowing the construction of a linear analytical curve from 5.0 × 10−6 to 5.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 with a limit of detection of 2.6 μmol L−1. The method was successfully applied for RIF determination in simulated human urine samples with good agreement between the added and recovery values.

Amperometric Electrochemical Platform for Hydrazine Determination Exploiting Reduced Graphene Oxide, Co(Salophen) and DNA: Application in Pharmaceutical Formulations Samples

The present work presents the development of a sensitive and selective amperometric sensor for the determination of hydrazine (HZ) in pharmaceutical formulations using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a composite based on Co(Salophen), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The rGO/Co(Salophen)/DNA composite was characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry, and amperometry. The proposed platform presented a well-defined voltammetric profile with a redox couple around 0.32 V vs. Ag/AgCl which showed excellent catalytic activity towards HZ oxidation. The peak current of HZ electrochemical oxidation on the proposed electrochemical platform have changed linearly with the HZ concentration in the range from 2 to 364 µmol L-1. The proposed platform presented sensitivity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification of 0.056 µA L µmol-1, 0.54 µmol L-1, and 1.64 µmol L-1 to HZ, respectively. The relative standard deviation for eight determinations using a solution of 50 µmol L-1 HZ was 0.85%. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of HZ in pharmaceutical formulations, and the recovery tests showed a good accuracy with recovery percentage between 99 and 101%.

Tin Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Riboflavin

The present work evaluates the electrocatalytic performance of hydrothermally derived tin oxide/ reduced graphene nanocomposites (SnO2/RGO) toward riboflavin (VB2) detection. The physicochemical properties of the samples were studied by using various analytical techniques. The cyclic voltammetric profiles reveal the quasi-reversible catalytic behavior of electrodes and the linear plot evidence the interfacial electron transfer kinetics dominates the diffusion of VB2 on SnO2/RGO. The Anodic stripping voltammetry was used to optimize the pertinent time (80 sec) and potential (−1.3 V) to study their influence on anodic peak current responses. The square wave pulse voltammetry responses exhibit a significant linearity in the range of 0.1–150 μmol.L−1 and lower detection limit of 34 nmol.L−1 without any interference effect. The sensitivity perceived above 98.5% in real sample analyses assures that the prepared synergetic electrode can be employed for VB2 quantification in pharmaceutical compounds and energy drinks in practice with adequate outcomes.

Altered electrochemistry of oxcarbazepine on cathodically treated boron-doped diamond electrode: Selective detection by pulsed amperometric detection coupled to flow-injection analysis

This work presents a novel electrochemical method for the determination of oxcarbazepine (OXC) in urine and pharmaceutical samples using a flow injection analysis (FIA) system coupled to multiple-pulse amperometric (MPA) detection on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE). The unique voltammetric profile of OXC on the BDDE, consisting of two electrochemical oxidation processes between +1.6 and +1.8 V versus Ag/AgCl/3.0 mol L−1 KCl generating cationic radical species that undergo two electrochemical reduction processes at −0.2 and −1.0 V, was used for the application of MPA detection for the selective detection of OXC in biological samples. Briefly, OXC determination consisted in the application of a three-potential waveform: (1) at +1.7 V/200 ms, generator potential pulse for oxidation of OXC; (2) at −1.1 V/30 ms, collector potential pulse for reduction of the generated product and OXC quantification; (3) at −1.3 V/300 ms, potential pulse for cleaning the BDDE. This strategy enabled OXC determination in urine free from the interference of ascorbic and uric acids. The method showed high repeatability (RSD < 1.0% for injections of 100 μmol L−1 OXC), high analytical frequency (65 determinations per hour), wide working linear range (from 2.0 to 80.0 μmol L−1) with a limit of detection of 0.42 μmol L−1 under optimized FIA conditions (sample loop: 200 μL and flow rate: 3.5 mL min−1), and recovery values close to 100% in all analyses.

Synthesis of alluaudite-type Na2VFe2(PO4)3/C and its electrochemical performance as cathode material for sodium-ion battery

A new alluaudite-type Na2VFe2(PO4)3 with carbon composite has been prepared for the first time via a simple sol-gel method using citric acid as an assistant agent and carbon source. The crystal structure and morphology of Na2VFe2(PO4)3/C composite are well characterized by X-ray diffraction, scan electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The experimental results show that a three-dimensional [VFe2(PO3)3]2− framework in this alluaudite structure provides two types of tunnels to enable the sodium-ion transporting which contributes to the electrochemical performance. When evaluated as a cathode for sodium-ion batteries, Na2VFe2(PO4)3/C composite delivers the first specific charge capacity of 66.7 mAh g−1 and discharge capacity of 65.8 mAh g−1 at 5 mA g−1 current density. After 100 cycles, the charge capacity (~52.2 mAh g−1at 5 mA g−1) shows a good capacity retention (~78%) compared to the first cycle. Cyclic voltammetric profiles confirm the activated multi-electron reactions including the Fe2+/Fe3+, V2+/V3+, and V3+/V4+ redox couples. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of sodium-ion (D Na +) in this structure is also calculated based on the result of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Applied resistance for power generation and energy distribution in microbial fuel cells with rationale for maximum power point

The present study aimed to basically understand the bioanodic function over microbial power generation and energy distribution under applied external resistance in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). External load (resistor) optimization was carried out to determine the maximum power point (MPP). After long term operation of about 25 batch cycles, the MFC which was closed with resistance at MPP resulted in a maximum power density (114 mWm−2). This observation was further supported by the anode potential profile that being lowest at MPP and maximum coulombic efficiency with 80% of substrate utilization. The energy distribution revealed that only a fraction (∼16%) of the overall chemical energy input is actually converted into net electrical energy and the energy losses were traced by polarization slope analysis. Voltammetric profiles depicted the biocatalyst activity in terms of direct electron transfer to anode as function of applied resistance.

Electrochemical characterization of nanostructured Cu electrodes in acetonitrile: Effect of the electrochemical synthesis method and the supporting electrolyte

In this study copper foam electrodes were synthesized galvanostatically at different current densities from an acidic electrolyte using hydrogen bubble evolution as a dynamic template. The copper electrodes were characterized in different electrolites in acetonitrile by cyclic and ac voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and SEM. It was found that the voltammetric profile of those electrodes is very sensitive to their synthesis conditions, the amount of water and the hydrophobicity of the ions present in the electrochemical cell. Finally, their morphology and electrochemical impedance spectra are similar to those reported for mesoporous electrodes.

Changes in the Optical and Electronic Properties of CdTe Quantum Dots By the Effect of Interaction with Free Radicals in Aqueous Solution

Quantum Dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanomaterials with interesting optical properties, which are dependent on the nanoparticle size, i.e., the quantization of the energy levels that lead to a confinement of the loaders. These nanoparticles exhibited a wide excitation spectrum along with a narrow emission (size-adjustable), high photostability and photobleaching resistance [1]. Generally, QDs consist of group II atoms (alkyls, metallic oxides or organic salts) and group VI (Se, S and Te). The luminescent properties present in this type of nanomaterials, in addition to an elevated area-volume relation, allow their application in the field of biological species sensors [2,3]. The physicochemical interaction QDs-molecule causes changes in the fluorescence emission intensity of the nanoparticle (quenching of the fluorescence), where such change is measurable. In the present work we studied the interaction of different sizes of CdTe QDs with 3 free radicals: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO), and hydroxyl radical (●OH). Emission intensity spectra and lifetime decay curve were obtained by UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. On the other hand, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), are used for the morphological and structural characterization of the CdTe nanoparticle. Finally, voltammetric profiles and impedance plots of QDs supported on electrodes were obtained before and after exposure to free radicals. The previous results have obtained important information about the interaction between QDs and free radicals, for which they constitute the fundamental bases for an eventual development of the sensors for these reactive species. Figure 1

Advanced electrochemical platform for determination of cytostatic drug flutamide in various matrices using a boron-doped diamond electrode

An innovative, rapid and simple electrochemical approach for the reliable quantification of cytostatic drug flutamide (FLU) in various matrices is herein proposed. This platform involves coupling of differential pulse (DPV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode as the working electrode and 0.1M sulphuric acid as the supporting electrolyte. For the first time, the voltammetric profile of FLU was manifested by three irreversible and diffusion-controlled oxidation peaks at +1.1 (P1), +1.4 (P2) and +1.9V (P3). The analytical performance evaluation was assessed for all three peaks, using both pulse voltammetric techniques with the optimized operating parameters and the highest sensitivity of 1.76nA/μM was accomplished for P2 using DPV and 3.54nA/μM for P3 using SWV. The corresponding linear concentration ranges were found to be 0.99–42.9 and 4.8–35.5μM with the detection limits of 0.42 and 0.18μM, respectively. The repeatability varied, depending on the oxidation peaks of FLU, with the relative standard deviations in the range of 3.3–8.8% and 2.9–9.3% for DPV and SWV, respectively. The proposed electrochemical platform was successfully applied in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations, spiked human urine and water samples with the significant mean recoveries. Using BDD electrode, the current work establishes an advanced, simple and rapid alternative platform to so far used toxic mercury-based electrodes and time demanding chemically modified electrodes in cytostatic sensing. Besides, BDD electrode represents a comfortable electrochemical sensor for routine analysis in pharmaceutical, clinical and environmental chemistry.

Determination of Trifluoperazine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations using Spectrophotometric method

Ionic liquids with discrete anions are deep eutectic solvents can be utilized formetals electroplating. In this investigation various types of deep eutecticsolvents have been utilized such as Reline, Ethaline and Hybrid as solvents forthe electrodeposition of Sn, Zn and Zn-Sn alloys. Ethaline and Reline displayedidentical voltammetric profiles for the reduction of Zn+2 and Sn+2. Relinepossess high viscosity which lead to decreasing the quality of electroplating,therefore the process needs higher temperature or longer electroplating time.The surface morphology and compositions have been characterized usingscanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis by energydispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). These techniques lead to detecting themetal alloy that have been added to the ionic liquids. Pure ionic liquidspreparation was another aim of this investigation, which utilized as a standardscale for comparison with the metal based liquids. Analysis of cyclicvoltammetry in all systems indicated differences in the reactivity and mobility ofspecies in solution which affected the growth mechanism and resulted inchanges in deposit morphology.