Voltage Amplitude Research Articles

Correlation between lifetime model of BOPP film and rise rate under nanosecond pulse voltage

This paper aims to study the effect of rise rate (dV/dt) on the cumulative breakdown characteristics of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film under nanosecond pulse voltage. The lifetime (N L) of BOPP film under nanosecond pulse voltage with different pulse voltage amplitude and dV/dt were carried out, respectively. It is found that the N L decreases with the increase of the pulse voltage amplitude, and the N L decreases with the increase of the dV/dt. Meanwhile, the quantitative mathematical relationship between N L and dV/dt, and pulse voltage amplitude are established, respectively, and it is concluded that both the rise rate and pulse voltage amplitude on the lifetime of BOPP film by the inverse power model. The results of the study are expected to provide the experimental basis and mechanistic explanation for the evaluation of film capacitor lifetime under extreme conditions.

The heat dissipation by the multi-needle electrode structure ionic wind generator

Ionic wind generated by atmospheric pressure discharge can be used for propulsion, heat dissipation, food drying, which shows the unique advantages of no mechanical parts and fast response. However, the wind speed and the energy efficiency of ionic wind generator are very low, which limit its application. In this paper, an ionic wind generator, constructed with needle-net electrode structure and powered by high-voltage positive dielectric current (DC) power supply, is built for cooling of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The energy efficiency and wind speed of the ionic wind generator are optimized by adjusting the electrode structure and applied voltage amplitude. The results show that when the discharge spacing is fixed at 10 mm and the optimal needle spacing is 17.5 mm with 6 needles at 14 kV, the ionic wind velocity can reach a maximum value 3.20 m s−1 and the energy efficiency is 1.90%. Under optimal experimental conditions, the heat dissipation performance of MOSFET is significantly enhanced compared to using only a heat sink. With cooling by the ionic wind generator, the MOSFET junction temperature can be lowered by about 29 °C after 240 s operation.

Quasi-analog operation for low photon flux detection with SiPM's standard and fast outputs

In this paper, we characterize the quasi-analog detection performance of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photodetector for optical wireless communications (OWC) at low photon flux signal intensity. In addition to analyzing the specificities of conventional anode-cathode standard output, it also highlights the unique capacitively coupled fast output feature of the off-the-shelf SiPM devices introduced by SensL, now ON Semiconductor (onsemi). Furthermore, the potential advantages of fast output are analyzed, and first propose the combined output model of standard and fast outputs. This combined output can be used to suppress ambient noise utilizing the bipolar characteristics of the fast output amplitude, e.g., the amplitude of the fast output can be up to ±30 mV under a useful signal light intensity of 94.1 nW, which can suppress the ambient noise amplitude of 30 mV and effectively improves signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, an approximate linear quantitative relationship between the standard output voltage amplitude and the SiPM chip received incident optical power was obtained, e.g., at different intensities of dark current and ambient current (1 nA and 2 nA), standard output voltage amplitudes of 90 mV and 50 mV correspond to optical powers of 50.5 nW and 21.3 nW or 34.7 nW and 5.7 nW. Finally, the potential performance of the proposed combined output schemes is confirmed by experimental and the measured Q-factor of the eye diagrams was optimised from 13.03 to 15.08. The proposed onsemi SiPM combined output schemes of standard and fast outputs can be selected to detection analog low-light link.

Parasitic-Based Model for Characterizing False Turn-On and Switching-Based Voltage Oscillation in Hybrid T-Type Converter

High frequency and high voltage switching converters utilizing wide bandgap semiconductors are gaining popularity thanks to their compactness and improved efficiency. However, the faster switching requirements gives rise to new challenges. A key issue is the increased oscillation of the drain–source voltage caused by the switching action of the complementary switch in the same phase or change of state of the other phase switches. The voltage stress caused by these oscillations can damage the switch. Furthermore, the high dv/dt during turning-on of one switch might result in false turn-on of the complementary switch due to the miller effect. In this paper, these issues are investigated in a T-type converter through analytical and experimental analysis. Based on the proposed analytical approach, simple and cost-wise solutions utilizing an optimum design of gate driver circuits and circuit layout modifications can be developed to cope with the aforementioned issues. A comprehensive analytical model of the converter with consideration of parasitic capacitances and inductances is developed. By performing sensitivity analysis on the model, the effect of the parasitic parameters on the drain–source voltage oscillation and gate–source voltage amplitude in case of false turn-on is studied. The validity of the model is then assessed through numerical simulations and experimental results.

Ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 for Analog Memory and In‐Memory Computing Applications Down to Deep Cryogenic Temperatures

AbstractLow‐power nonvolatile memories operating down to deep cryogenic temperatures are important for a large spectrum of applications from high‐performance computing, electronics interfacing quantum computing hardware to space‐based electronics. Despite the potential of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO), thanks to its compatibility with complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) back‐end‐of‐line processing, only few studies of HZO‐based memory devices down to cryogenic operation temperatures exist. Here, analog ferroelectric memory stack fabrication with 10 nm HZO and their detailed characterization under wide range of pulse amplitudes and frequencies down to 4 K are reported. When operated at temperatures below 100 K, HZO devices can support high amplitude voltage pulses, yielding record high Pr of up to 75µC cm−2 at ±7 Vp (14 Vpp) pulse amplitudes accompanied with frequency‐dependent memory window between 6 and 8 V. Devices show excellent endurance exceeding 109 cycles of ±5 Vp (10 Vpp) and Pr of 30 µC cm−2 without significant degradation of coercive voltages or loss of polarization at cryogenic temperatures. At least 20 reproducible analog states for temperatures below 100 K with almost ideal linearity of intermediate polarization states in both pulse directions is observed, demonstrating the high potential of analog cryogenic ferroelectric memories, essential for on‐line training in in‐memory‐computing architecture.

Accurately estimating the scanning angle of an electrostatic MEMS mirror with a novel damping model

A novel damping model to accurately analyze the scanning angle of electrostatic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirrors is proposed in this article. The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are used to calculate the aerodynamic moment of the MEMS mirror oscillating in air. The simulation results demonstrate the linear dependence of the equivalent damping coefficient of the MEMS mirror on the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Then the equivalent damping expression of the MEMS mirror is established. The damping model is applied to the dynamic equation of the MEMS mirror for numerical solution. The frequency responses of the electrostatic MEMS mirror under square wave excitation with different voltage amplitudes and duty cycles are obtained. The measurement results provide good accuracy verification for numerical results. This verifies the accuracy of the proposed damping model, which can be used to accurately estimate the scanning angle in the design and parameter optimization process of electrostatic MEMS mirrors.

Strength–duration curves for left bundle branch area pacing

BackgroundDespite growing clinical use of left bundle branch pacing (LBBP), data regarding the fundamentals of this pacing modality, including chronaxie and rheobase, are scarce. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to calculate strength–duration curves with chronaxie and rheobase values for LBBP and left ventricular septal pacing (LVSP), and to analyze battery current drain and presence of selective LBBP at very short pulse duration (PD). MethodsA group of 141 patients with permanent LBBP were studied. LBBP and LVSP capture thresholds were assessed at 6 different PDs to calculate the strength–duration curves. Battery current drain at these PDs and presence of selective LBBP were determined. For comparison of strength–duration curves between His-bundle pacing (HBP) and LBBP, source data from our previous work based on 127 patients with HBP were obtained. ResultsThe chronaxies for LBBP and LVSP were very similar (0.38 vs 0.39 ms), and the rheobases were identical (0.27 V). The chronaxie for LBBP was lower than for HBP (0.38 vs 0.53 ms; P <.001), whereas rheobases were similar (0.27 vs 0.26 V). A narrow zone of selective capture was present in 19% and 41% of patients at PD of 0.06 and 0.03 ms, respectively. When pacing with the safety margin of +1 V, the lowest battery current drain was achieved with PD of 0.2 ms. ConclusionThe obtained strength–duration curves for LBBP and LVSP provide insights to optimal programming of left bundle branch area pacing devices with regard to PD, voltage amplitude, battery longevity, and selective capture.

Influence of the RF voltage amplitude on the space- and time-resolved properties of RF–LF dielectric barrier discharges in α–γ mode

This work reports the results of an experimental and modeling study on dual-frequency Ar–NH3 dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) exhibiting the α–γ transition. A combination of space- and time-resolved optical absorption and emission spectroscopy is used to record spatio-temporal mappings of the Ar metastable number density, Ar 750.4 nm line emission intensity, and electron–Ar bremsstrahlung continuum emission intensity. With the increase of the radio frequency (RF) voltage amplitude in a 50 kHz–5 MHz DBD, maximum populations of Ar excited species (1s and 2p states, linked to the population of high-energy electrons) observed in the γ mode decrease and appear earlier in the low-frequency cycle. On the other hand, the density of the bulk electrons, monitored from the continuum emission intensity, increases, with a more prominent rise in the RF-α mode than in the γ regime. Such behaviors are consistent with the predictions of 1D fluid model and results from a decrease of the gas voltage required for self-maintenance of the cathode sheath in the γ breakdown.

Wideband Measurement Approach for EIS of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Low-Frequency Concentrated Disturbance

Precise and rapid measurement for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is conducive to the working state monitoring and fault diagnosis of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Although using a wideband signal can effectively reduce measurement time, it will deteriorate the measurement precision due to the insufficient Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Considering this issue, this paper proposes a wideband measurement approach using low-frequency concentrated disturbance for the EIS of LIBs. This approach can obtain high measurement accuracy and a wide measurement bandwidth under a small current disturbance. Besides, it effectively reduces the measurement time. First, LIBs are stimulated by a low-frequency concentrated binary sequence signal to enhance measurement precision in a low-frequency region. Then, in the entire frequency region, an accurate EIS can be obtained by a fast Morlet wavelet transform and covariance-based impedance calculation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified on a buck-boost converter-based EIS measurement platform, and comparative analyses with literature methods are conducted. The experimental results illustrate that the maximum Normalized Root Square Error of the two types of LIBs at different state-of-charge is 0.37% under the response voltage amplitude of less than 10mV. Moreover, this approach is approximately 20 times faster than commercial electrochemical workstations in measurement time.

Review on a Power Quality Issues of a Distribution Transformer with Connected Load

In this paper a Voltage control system for power distribution which can solve the power quality problem in distribution. the proposed system consists of a frequency transformer connected to a power transformer receiving connection from both sides. this automatic connection is achieved using high or medium frequency transformers. The input of the converter is single-phase alternating current and the output is single-phase alternating current with different voltage amplitudes. the output voltage is stabilized by a closed-loop controller that controls the voltage at one level. The proposed system meets the smart distribution in terms of improved ability, protection of equipment and efficiency

Influence of Heart Rate and Change in Wavefront Direction through Pacing on Conduction Velocity and Voltage Amplitude in a Porcine Model: A High-Density Mapping Study.

Understanding the dynamics of conduction velocity (CV) and voltage amplitude (VA) is crucial in cardiac electrophysiology, particularly for substrate-based catheter ablations targeting slow conduction zones and low voltage areas. This study utilizes ultra-high-density mapping to investigate the impact of heart rate and pacing location on changes in the wavefront direction, CV, and VA of healthy pig hearts. We conducted in vivo electrophysiological studies on four healthy juvenile pigs, involving various pacing locations and heart rates. High-resolution electroanatomic mapping was performed during intrinsic normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and electrical pacing. The study encompassed detailed analyses at three levels: entire heart cavities, subregions, and localized 5-mm-diameter circular areas. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the influence of heart rate and pacing location on CV and VA in different regions. An increase in heart rate correlated with an increase in conduction velocity and a decrease in voltage amplitude. Pacing influenced conduction velocity and voltage amplitude. Pacing also influenced conduction velocity and voltage amplitude, with varying effects observed based on the pacing location within different heart cavities. Pacing from the right atrium (RA) decreased CV in all heart cavities. The overall CV and VA changes in the whole heart cavities were not uniformly reflected in all subregions and subregional CV and VA changes were not always reflected in the overall analysis. Overall, there was a notable variability in absolute CV and VA changes attributed to pacing. Heart rate and pacing location influence CV and VA within healthy juvenile pig hearts. Subregion analysis suggests that specific regions of the heart cavities are more susceptible to pacing. High-resolution mapping aids in detecting regional changes, emphasizing the substantial physiological variations in CV and VA.

Electrical control of the switching layer in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with atomically thin Ir dusting

The use of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)-based devices constitutes an important basis of modern spintronics. However, the switching layer of an MTJ is widely believed to be an unmodifiable setup, instead of a user-defined option, posing a restriction to the function of spintronic devices. In this study, we realized a reliable electrical control of the switching layer in perpendicular MTJs with 0.1 nm Ir dusting. Specifically, a voltage pulse with a higher amplitude drives the magnetization switching of the MTJ's bottom electrode, while a lower voltage amplitude switches its top electrode. We discussed the origin of this controllability and excluded the possibility of back-hopping. Given the established studies on enhancing the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy effect by adopting Ir, we attribute this switching behavior to the significant diffusion of Ir atoms into the top electrode, which is supported by scanning transmission electron microscopy with atomic resolution.

Piezoelectric performance of monolayer molybdenum disulfide carbon nanogenerator

Smart sensing devices with high reliability and self-powering features are critical for future-generation wearable applications. In this study, a MoS2–carbon nanofiber (CNF) piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) was fabricated using MoS2 nanocrystals. The fabricated MoS2–CNFs device was used as a sensor for harvesting diverse deformation energies, demonstrating its high potential as an actuating and sensing material. The microstructure and morphology of the MoS2–CNFs were examined via X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These investigations confirmed the successful synthesis of monolayer MoS2 nanocrystalline structure with a size of 6 nm and uniform distribution. Further, the presence of monolayer MoS2 nanocrystalline structure enhanced the conductivity of CNFs, thereby improving its self-powering functionality and piezoelectric properties. The MoS2–CNFs composite achieved a maximum output voltage amplitude of 850 mV under applied bending deformation. This research offers a new approach for developing piezoelectric nanofibrous devices and energy-harvesting systems.

Quasi Z-Source Direct Matrix Converter for Enhanced Resilience to Power Grid Faults in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Applications

In this paper, a voltage control system for a PMSM motor based on the QZSDMC converter is proposed, which allows operation in both buck and boost modes as a possible method to make the drive resistant to power grid voltage sags. The authors presented a method for measuring and transforming the output voltage from QZS, enabling the use of a PI controller to control the voltage supplied to the DMC converter. The publication includes simulation and experimental studies comparing the operation of a PMSM motor powered by DMC and the proposed QZSDMC with voltage regulation. Simulation studies confirm the drive with QZSDMC resistance to voltage sags up to 80% of the rated value. Experimental studies demonstrate the correct operation of PMSM even with a power grid voltage amplitude equal to 40% of the rated value.

Mechanisms of electroacupuncture relieves uterine smooth muscle spasm in dysmenorrhea rats based on Rho/ROCK signaling pathway.

To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinases (ROCK) signaling pathway of uterus tissue in rats with dysmenorrhea, so as to explore the underlying mechanism of EA treating primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and uterine smooth muscle spasm, and to observe whether there is a difference in the effect of meridian acupoints in Conception Vessel (CV) and Governer Vessel (GV). Sixty female SD rats were randomly divided into saline, model, CV, GV, and non-acupoint groups, with 12 rats in each group. The dysmenorrhea model was established by subcutaneous injection of estradiol diphenhydrate combined with intraperitoneal injection of oxytocin (OT). EA (2 Hz) was applied to "Qihai" (CV6) and "Zhongji" (CV3) for CV group, "Mingmen" (GV4) and "Yaoshu" (GV2) for GV group, "non-acupoint 1" and "non-acupoint 3" on the left side for non-acupoint group, and manual acupuncture was applied to "Guanyuan" (CV4) for CV group, "Yaoyangguan" (GV3) for GV group, "non-acupoint 2" on the left side for non-acupoint group. The treatment was conducted for 20 min each time, once daily for 10 days. The writhing score was evaluated. The smooth myoelectric signals of rats' uterus in vivo were recorded by multi-channel physiological recorder. The uterine histopathological changes were observed by HE staining. The contents of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), OT and calcium ion (Ca2+) in uterine tissue of rats were detected by ELISA. The protein and mRNA expression levels of smooth muscle 22-α (SM22-α), RhoA and ROCKⅡ in uterine tissue were detected by Western blot and fluorescence quantitative PCR, respectively. Compared with the saline group, the writhing score of rats in the model group was increased (P<0.01), the amplitude voltage of uterine smooth muscle in vivo was elevated (P<0.01), the contents of PGF2α, OT and Ca2+, the protein and mRNA expression of SM22-α, RhoA and ROCK Ⅱ in uterine tissue were all increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model and the non-acupoint groups, the writhing scores of the CV and the GV groups were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), the amplitude voltage of uterine smooth muscle was decreased (P<0.01), the contents of PGF2α, OT and Ca2+ in uterine tissue were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the protein expression and mRNA expression of SM22-α, RhoA and ROCKⅡ in uterine tissue were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05). HE staining showed extensive exfoliation of uterine intima with severe edema and increased glandular secretion in the model group, which was alleviated in the CV and GV groups. EA at acupoints of CV and GV can significantly reduce the writhing score, uterine smooth muscle amplitude voltage, pathological injury degree of uterus, and relieve spasm of uterine smooth muscle in dysmenorrhea rats, which may be related to its effect in regulating PGF2α and OT contents, inhibiting the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway, and reducing the SM22-α, RhoA, ROCKⅡ protein and mRNA expression, and Ca2+ content in uterine tissue.

Large amplitude voltage oscillations during plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of niobium and their correlation with the porous morphology

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a technique that has been widely studied to obtain thick anodic oxide coatings based on aluminum, titanium, niobium, and other valve metals. In the case of niobium oxides, they are attractive because of their properties as semiconductors, biocompatibility, and high corrosion resistance. The electrochemical behavior during this process can vary according to the PEO parameters and influence characteristics such as coating thickness, adherence, morphology, and crystalline structure of the oxide film. In this study, unusual voltage oscillation transients are observed during the anodization of niobium under a galvanostatic PEO regime. The niobium substrates were anodized in three different electrolytic solutions (H3PO4, KOH, and C2H2O4), and the influence of temperature on the oscillation aspects in each one was investigated. In addition, three different current densities were tested to check the effect of this parameter on voltage oscillations. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) are used to characterize the samples. The results indicate a relationship between the exposed surface area and the pore morphology during the film growth in the oscillatory regime. A simultaneous process of oxide dissolution/pore filling and the micro-discharges observed during the PEO process is proposed.

A new one-dimensional model of free-piston Stirling engine based on quasi-steady flow approximation and simi-implicit numerical method

Free-piston Stirling engine is a widely used device for thermal-to-electric conversion especially in aerospace applications. A dynamic model for free-piston Stirling engine is established in this paper for the purpose of modeling the free-piston Stirling engine more accurately and understanding its operation characteristics. This paper proposes a new one-dimension numerical model with quasi-steady flow approximation for free-piston Stirling engine with linear alternator, which can be categorized as third-order theoretical model for Stirling engine. The corresponding simi-implicit discretizationmethod is presented. In order to accurately obtain the thermal efficiency of the Stirling machine, various energy loss mechanisms are taken into consideration. A beta type free-piston Stirling engine, Component Test Power Convertor, is studied to demonstrate the correctness and accuracy of the numerical model established in this paper. The dynamic steady-state anticipated operation condition is simulated first. Then, the sensitivity analysis is carried out in which the effect of load resistance, heater temperature and cooler temperature, and charged pressure on the system operation parameter is studied. The predicted system parameters including frequency, displacer and piston amplitude, output power, and alternator output voltage and current agrees well with the designed value. Under the dynamic steady operation condition, the simulated indicated power is 15.51 kW and the electric power is 13.12 kW. The relative deviation between the predicted electric power and the measured output electric power of 12.78 kW is 2.66 %. The corresponding indicated efficiency and thermal-to-electric efficiency is 25.06 % and 21.20 % respectively. The amplitude of displacer and piston is 13.96 mm and 13.69 mm for this condition. Compared with the experimental data at different piston amplitude, the derivation of predicted engine parameters is within 10 %. The comparison with experimental results proves the accuracy of the proposed model in this paper. Compared with the previous model based on the adiabatic thermodynamic model, the third-order model presented in this paper shows higher accuracy on system parameter prediction for free-piston Stirling engine.

Effect of a negative DC bias on a capacitively coupled Ar plasma operated at different radiofrequency voltages and gas pressures

The effect of a negative DC bias, |V dc|, on the electrical parameters and discharge mode is investigated experimentally in a radiofrequency (RF) capacitively coupled Ar plasma operated at different RF voltage amplitudes and gas pressures. The electron density is measured using a hairpin probe and the spatio-temporal distribution of the electron-impact excitation rate is determined by phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy. The electrical parameters are obtained based on the waveforms of the electrode voltage and plasma current measured by a voltage probe and a current probe. It was found that at a low |V dc|, i.e. in α-mode, the electron density and RF current decline with increasing |V dc|; meanwhile, the plasma impedance becomes more capacitive due to a widened sheath. Therefore, RF power deposition is suppressed. When |V dc| exceeds a certain value, the plasma changes to α–γ hybrid mode (or the discharge becomes dominated by the γ-mode), manifesting a drastically growing electron density and a moderately increasing RF current. Meanwhile, the plasma impedance becomes more resistive, so RF power deposition is enhanced with |V dc|. We also found that the electrical parameters show similar dependence on |V dc| at different RF voltages, and α–γ mode transition occurs at a lower |V dc| at a higher RF voltage. By increasing the pressure, plasma impedance becomes more resistive, so RF power deposition and electron density are enhanced. In particular, the α–γ mode transition tends to occur at a lower |V dc| with increase in pressure.

Grid synchronization method based on three novel types of third-order generalized integrators

Phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used to estimate synchronous information such as amplitude and phase angle of grid voltage. It plays a crucial role in distributed renewable energy grid-connected power generation. However, the presence of grid harmonics and DC offset voltage (DCOV) can affect the accurate extraction of the fundamental voltage component, leading to phase-locked deviation. This paper introduces three novel or improved third-order generalized integrators (TOGI) with DCOV rejecting function to address this issue. A unified dual third-order generalized integrator (DTOGI) structure is designed based on the three TOGI structures. This DTOGI structure is further combined with a moving average filter (MAF) to propose three innovative three-phase PLLs. Unlike other PLL filtering methods that inadequately consider DCOV, the proposed PLL methods not only reject DCOV but also eliminate the fundamental voltage negative sequence component (FVNSC) and each order harmonic component. They demonstrate strong robustness and excellent filtering performance even under abnormal grid conditions. Among the three methods, the DII-TOGI based PLL exhibits superior dynamic performance compared to the other two methods, it can improve dynamic characteristics by about 10 % compared to the other two methods. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified through extensive Matlab/Simulink simulations and experiments.

Performance optimization of the transient thermoelectric cooling for the temperature control of the chip working under dynamic power

The thermoelectric cooler (TEC) operating under the transient mode showed a stronger short term cooling effect than that of the steady state mode. In this study, a chip cooling experimental setup with the chip modeled by a ceramic heater was constructed using a commercial Bi2Te3-based TEC. A transient three-dimensional numerical model was established for the system optimization. The impacts of the pulse voltage amplitude, pulse voltage trigger time, pulse voltage time span, and the power magnitude of the chip on the peak temperature of the chip were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the experimental and numerical simulations were in high agreement with an error of only 3.6 %. When a pulse voltage of 12 V was applied to the TEC, the experimental results showed that the peak temperature of the chip with a pulse power of 48 W was reduced by 15.3 °C, while the simulation results demonstrated a reduction of 15.6 °C. The increase in the pulse voltage width and the pulse thermal power resulted in a larger temperature reduction. The transient cooling effect of the TEC presented a promising solution for temperature regulation in modern chips operating under dynamic power conditions.