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Optical sensor response towards hydrogen peroxide in low fat and full cream milk

Fiber Optic Displacement Sensor (FODS) categorized as one of the optical sensor based reflective intensity modulation. An intensity based sensor have been widely used in detecting various substances due to their simplicity structures. Generally for sensing principle, a pair of fiber is used to construct FODS which one of optical fiber is the transmitting fiber and another one is receiving fiber. The objective of this current work is to introduce FODS to evaluate the optical response in terms of voltage reading at different concentration of hydrogen peroxide in two different types of milk. A real-time measurement, low cost, stability, high sensitivity and simplicity of design promote a well-developed sensor in providing useful parameters in detecting hydrogen peroxide in milk. Hydrogen peroxide is an adulterated agent added in milk that can harm the consumers. Transmitive optical sensor as a function of displacement technique was developed to study the hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the range of 0 %-10 % as consuming more than 3-10 % of hydrogen peroxide can cause mild allergies reactions, stomach upset and vomiting. The output from the receiving fiber in this designated system was measured in terms of voltage reading through multimeter. The sensor shows outstanding performances of delivering 0.0007 V/% sensitivity for low fat milk and with linearity of >98 %. Whereas, the sensitivity achieved for full cream milk was 0.0005 V/% with a good linearity >97 %. The simplicity and credibility of this system offer a good opportunity in this project and also foods industry applications.

Experimental Limit on Nonlinear State-Dependent Terms in Quantum Theory.

Linear time evolution is one of the fundamental postulates of quantum theory. Past theoretical attempts to introduce nonlinearity into quantum evolution have violated causality. However, a recent theory has introduced nonlinear state-dependent terms in quantum field theory, preserving causality [D. E. Kaplan and S. Rajendran, Phys. Rev. D 105, 055002 (2022)PRVDAQ2470-001010.1103/PhysRevD.105.055002]. We report the results of an experiment that searches for such terms. Our approach, inspired by the Everett many-worlds interpretation of quantum theory, correlates a binary macroscopic classical voltage with the outcome of a projective measurement of a quantum bit, prepared in a coherent superposition state. Measurement results are recorded in a bit string, which is used to control a voltage switch. Presence of a nonzero voltage reading in cases of no applied voltage is the experimental signature of a nonlinear state-dependent shift of the electromagnetic field operator. We implement blinded measurement and data analysis with three control bit strings. Control of systematic effects is realized by producing one of the control bit strings with a classical random-bit generator. The other two bit strings are generated by measurements performed on a superconducting qubit in an IBM Quantum processor and on a ^{15}N nuclear spin in a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Our measurements find no evidence for electromagnetic quantum state-dependent nonlinearity. We set a bound on the parameter that quantifies this nonlinearity |ε_{γ}|<4.7×10^{-11}, at 90%confidence level.

Improvement of Resistance Change Memory Characteristics in Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric (like) Parallel Structures.

Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the development of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, and high-density, high-speed storage devices are being extensively studied to realize the technology. Ferroelectrics are promising non-volatile memory materials because of their ability to maintain polarization, even when an external electric field is removed. Recently, it has been reported that HfO2 thin films compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes exhibit ferroelectricity even at a thickness of less than 10 nm. Among the ferroelectric-based memories, ferroelectric tunnel junctions are attracting attention as ideal devices for improving integration and miniaturization due to the advantages of a simple metal-ferroelectric-metal two-terminal structure and low ultra-low power driving through tunneling. The FTJs are driven by adjusting the tunneling electrical resistance through partial polarization switching. Theoretically and experimentally, a large memory window in a broad coercive field and/or read voltage is required to induce sophisticated partial-polarization switching. Notably, antiferroelectrics (like) have different switching properties than ferroelectrics, which are generally applied to ferroelectric tunnel junctions. The memory features of ferroelectric tunnel junctions are expected to be improved through a broad coercive field when the switching characteristics of the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric (like) are utilized concurrently. In this study, the implementation of multiresistance states was improved by driving the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric (like) devices in parallel. Additionally, by modulating the area ratio of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric (like), the memory window size was increased, and controllability was enhanced by increasing the switchable voltage region. In conclusion, we suggest that ferroelectric and antiferroelectric (like) parallel structures may overcome the limitations of the multiresistance state implementation of existing ferroelectrics.

MeterGPX: A Smart Multimeter Embedded with Multigene Genetic Programming Model for Multiarray Antenna Transmitter

Genetic programming (GP) is an evolutionary algorithm used to produce high-quality solutions to various problems. It has seen few claims in circuitry and the development of antenna designs. The application of GP in the model of embedded digital systems on multi-channel antenna arrays of subsurface imaging equipment has not yet been investigated. This study focuses on designing and developing a digital multimeter embedded with a multigene genetic programming (MGGP) model for multi-array transmitter antenna used for subsurface imaging operating at a low frequency of 3.5 kHz to 18.5 kHz using Arduino microcontroller for prototyping. The electrical outputs of a transmitter antenna system employed in a subsurface imaging device require live measurement and monitoring during operation for data logging purposes. The amount of transmitted voltage, produced current, and operating frequency are significant parameters for mapping the underground resistivity, thus the produced GP models are functions of the three parameters. GP fitness function was determined through MATLAB software. The output current signal from the transmitter were imitated in Proteus simulation software using a current source in the designed current measuring circuit. This produced linear and nonlinear relationships of the electrical outputs where GP modeling was beneficially applied. The application of GP in with the microcontroller provided an accurate reading of frequency, current and voltage produced by the multi-array transmitter antenna. These measurements were displayed using LM016L LCD display. Moreover, this embedded digital multimeter on transmitter antenna avoids utilizing costly high voltage measuring devices.

Resistive switching characteristics of interfacial device based on Bi2Ti2O7 film

To solve the problem of information storage and explore a new generation of memory, Au/Bi2Ti2O7/NiO/ITO (Indium tin oxide semiconductor) resistive variable memory is fabricated and its resistive switching characteristics are studied. The device has diode-like rectifier characteristics and shows good durability and stability under 100 cycles of read−and−write tests. At the reading voltage of 0.44 V, the resistive switching ratio of the device reaches 102. Combining the O 1 s spectrum of XPS and further analyzing the I − V double logarithmic curve, it is found that the conduction mechanism of the device is mainly related to the ohmic conduction mechanism and the space charge limiting current mechanism, and its resistive switching behavior is related to the migration of oxygen vacancies to change the interface barrier.

Simulation of frequency selection for invasive approach of electrical capacitance tomography for conducting pipe application using oil-gas regimes

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a common imaging technique in process tomography that has been used in various applications especially in pipe applications. It works by measuring the dielectric permittivity distribution in the interior of pipe using capacitive sensors. Based on the principle of ECT, signals are generated from transmitter and delivered to the right receiver using certain frequency. Assuming random selection of frequency could affect the wanted signal at the receivers, this paper will analyse the frequency selection ranged from 100 to 500 kHz with increment of 50 kHz thoroughly. The objective of this paper is to select the right frequency for the invasive approach of ECT for the conducting pipe applications using common parameter in ECT and oil-gas regimes as a medium. The frequency selection is observed using the voltage reading at each of the receivers and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Based on the results, the optimal frequency selection is 400 kHz where the best coverage area of sensor is 90%. This selection has the highest value of electrical voltage among other range proposed while the least electrical voltage produce is at frequency 300 kHz and coverage area of 50%.

Filamentary Resistive Switching in an SrTiO3/TiO2 Heterostructured Nanotube Array

In the current study, the resistive switching phenomenon was measured in an SrTiO3/TiO2 heterostructured nanotube array. A highly aligned TiO2 nanotube array was grown by the anodic oxidation method and an SrTiO3 layer was grown by hydrothermal treatment of the TiO2 nanotubes in an Sr(OH)2 precursor of different molarities varying from 0.25 to 25 mM. The morphology and defect density of the nanotubes were altered significantly due the growth of SrTiO3 on the TiO2 nanotubes. The morphology, structure, crystallinity, defects distribution etc. of the SrTiO3/TiO2 heterostructured nanotube array were extensively characterized in the current study. The line profile measurement by energy dispersive spectroscopy envisaged the gradual decrease of the growth of SrTiO3 from the top to the bottom of the nanotube. The Au/SrTiO3–TiO2 heterostructured nanotube/Ti devices were tested for the resistive switching study and electroforming free filamentary-type switching was observed. The SrTiO3/TiO2 heterostructured nanotube synthesized with the 2.5 mM precursor was considered as the best-performing material, exhibiting an ROFF/RON ratio of ∼12 (read voltage: 0.5 V) with excellent retention (106 s) and endurance characteristics. The overall switching study was carried out at below ±2 V. The resistive switching mechanism was explained with a conducting filament formation/rapture model, which was implemented on an individual nanotube and eventually established the multiple-filament approach. The SrTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction also played a significant role by modulating the transport barrier under SET and RESET operations.

Enhanced Resistive Switching in Flexible Hybrid RRAM Devices With PVK:MoS2/TiO2 Bilayer

High-performance flexible resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices were demonstrated by engineering the switching layer with PVK:MoS2 composite and TiO2 bilayer. These flexible RRAM devices exhibited excellent switching with low SET (1.2 V) and RESET (−1.5 V) voltages, a high repeatability of 1000 cycles, and an excellent retention time of 5000 s with an ON/OFF current ratio more than 102 at a read voltage of 0.2 V, significantly better than neat PVK/TiO2 devices. Moreover, devices with PVK:MoS2/TiO2 bilayer exhibited high stability upon bending with radii up to 7 mm for 100 cycles. Our results indicate that PVK:MoS2/TiO2 composite bilayer can be a promising switching layer candidate for high-performance flexible RRAM devices.

Evaluation of battery performance for solar mobile phone charger for rural dweller usage

This research is an initiative to improve the standard of living of rural dwellers and deprived settlements in a semi-urban location where epileptic power supply is predominant. The study is aimed at evaluating battery performance for the construction of a solar-powered mobile charger aimed at improving a steady power supply for electronic devices (phones, tablets, etc.), given the high and increased dependence on such devices in recent times. The solar-powered mobile charger was tested using various batteries available in the Nigerian market to determine the cheapest and most effective device to help rural dwellers. The constructed device was tested via its output voltage, current, time, and temperature. The results were subjected to further analysis by using Matlab and PVeducaction software for presentation and interpretation. The results of the analysis showed an efficiency value of seventy percent (70%) and a standard nominal voltage reading between 3.7 and 4.2 volts (V). The performance of the four batteries used affirmed its basic findings, however, Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries and Lithium-ion (Li-ion) metal (Ni-MH) batteries showed stability among the batterires used. The study recommends the commercialization phase of the construction to improve the living standards of rural dwellers and deprived settlements in a semi-urban location.

A low-cost optofluidic platform for the colorimetric assessment of bacterial activity in domestic wastewater.

Optofluidic chips represent a cost-effective platform for the development of miniaturized devices to perform biochemical reactions at a microscale. The dye reduction-based electron-transfer activity monitoring (DREAM) assay is a colorimetric approach that has been adopted for the rapid assessment of bacterial activity in bioreactors used in bioremediation and industrial biotechnology. A three-layered PMMA-based optofluidic chip having laser-machined microchannels coupled with a detection system comprising an LED source and a photodiode interfaced with a microcontroller for automation constituted the experimental setup. Data acquisition was executed using a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) that enabled real-time monitoring of bacterial activity. A performance comparison study was performed to assess the viability of replacing expensive spectrophotometers with an inexpensive photodiode for optoelectronic automation. Bacterial activity across different growth phases of a bacterial culture, initiated using untreated domestic wastewater, was assessed by the detector on the basis of voltage readings corresponding to the rate of decrease in the blue color intensity. The highest activity observed corresponded to the log phase of the growth curve. The optimal time for measurement of bacterial activity within the log phase of the growth curve was identified using different dilutions of untreated domestic wastewater. Furthermore, the device showed comparable sensitivities for samples from different time points in a bacterial growth curve and for different dilutions of untreated domestic wastewater samples. The device also demonstrated a linear response in the assessment of bacterial activity as a function of the change in strength of untreated domestic wastewater. This is the first report on colorimetric assessment of bacterial activity using a low-cost photodiode-based device at the microscale constructed using off-the-shelf components.

HIGHLY-PRODUCTIVE ADC WITH COMBINED BALANCING

Today analog-to-digital converters are used in computing and control systems which have greatly expanded in the era of the digital revolution. Increasing the accuracy, speed, energy efficiency, and reliability of analog-to-digital converters is extremely important. One of the most classic types of analog-to-digital converters is the sequential approximation and tracking type ADCs. The conversion time of the tracking type ADC is variable and is determined by the difference between the two readings of the input voltage. Therefore, combining the tracking approach and the method of successive approximation in the case of sharp jumps in the input signal allows you to significantly improve the conversion characteristic. Also the use of redundant counting systems for the weights of the ADC digits has significant advantages, which makes it possible to significantly increase the linearity of the conversion characteristic. The methods of construction of ADCs working on the principle of successive approximation and analog-digital converters whose operation algorithm is tracking are considered. A method of constructing a combined type ADC is proposed, which combines a follow-up conversion algorithm and a sequential approximation algorithm, which allows to improve the characteristics of ADC conversion. The expediency of using a combined type of redundant positional counting systems in ADCs has been proven. The analyzed property of redundant positional counting systems, which is inherent in them when the real weights of the digits deviate from their theoretical values, ensures the absence of “gaps” in the conversion characteristic, as well as the ability to perform the procedure of self-calibration of the weights of the ADC digits, thereby significantly improving the linearity of the conversion characteristic. It is indicated that even with the lengthening of the bit grid for ADCs built on the basis of redundant positional counting systems, their performance does not decrease.

Two-Terminal Nonvolatile Write-Once-Read-Many-Times Memory Based on All-Inorganic Halide Perovskite.

Write-once-read-many-times (WORM) memory belonging to an important non-volatile memory type achieves the read-only state after the write operation and is used in the fields of data security storage widely. WORM memory has been developed based on a variety of materials. In recent years, halide perovskites have become the research hotspot material for this memory due to its excellent properties. Here, the all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite thin film was prepared on a FTO substrate by using a two-step method. The prepared CsPbBr3 thin films have the characteristics of densely packed crystal grains and smooth surface. The device, having the FTO/CsPbBr3/Al sandwich structure by evaporating the Al electrode onto the CsPbBr3 thin film, represents the typical WORM behavior, with long data retention time (104 s), a low operation voltage (2.1 V) and a low reading voltage (0.1 V). Additionally, the resistance transition mechanism of the resulting WORM devices was analyzed.

Electrical Machine Breakdown Monitoring System Using IoT

Nowadays, electrical machines of different types and designs are used in hybrid production systems. Electrical machines are needed to control and implement various mechanisms to produce final products. However, sometimes, electrical machines stop working and cause downtime. This affects workers’ productivity during peak hours and reduces business profits. To overcome this problem, a suitable machine-monitoring system is required so that the problem can be addressed and rectified immediately. In this paper, an IoT prototype for an electrical machine failure monitoring system using Heltec LoRa ESP32 as the microcontroller to communicate with the Blynk IoT platform server was proposed and developed. The monitored parameter values are voltage, current and motion sensor readings. A ZMPT101b voltage sensor is used to measure the AC voltage, while an ACS712 current sensor is used to measure the AC current flowing through the machine. In addition, a tilt sensor is used to detect the vibrating motion of the motor. The measured values indicate machine health and are monitored using the developed Blynk IoT GUI platform, which is accessible from mobile phones and the web. A notification from Blynk application will be sent to users to alert them about a specific condition when a value measured and uploaded to the Blynk cloud exceeds the configured average. Three tests were performed using the serial monitor, the Blynk application and the multimeter, and the results showed that the lowest percentage of error between the voltage sensor readings extracted from the serial monitor and the multimeter was 1.19% and the lowest percentage of error between the current sensor readings extracted from the serial monitor and the multimeter was 17.63%. Overall, all parameter values were successfully displayed on the IoT platform. In future works, the accuracy of the current sensor can be improved by integrating a signal conditioning circuit to filter out noise.

Optical reading of multistate nonvolatile oxide memories based on the switchable ferroelectric photovoltaic effect

Intensive research into functional oxides has been triggered by the quest for a solid-state universal memory with high-storage density, non-volatility, high read/write speed, and random access. The ferroelectric random-access memory (FeRAM), in which the information is stored in the spontaneous ferroelectric polarization of the material, offers great promise as nonvolatile and multistate memory, but its destructive electrical reading step requires a rewrite step after each reading, increasing energy consumption. As an alternative, optical nondestructive readout is based on the ferroelectric polarization dependence of the photovoltaic response in materials and has been reported in two-states ferroelectric memories and multistate devices with limited photocurrent switchability due to asymmetric interfacial effects. In this work, we report a nonvolatile oxide memory device based on a symmetric heterostructure with eight stable and well-controlled remanent polarization (Pr) states, written electrically by voltage pulse and read optically through polarization-dependent short-circuit photocurrent Isc or open circuit photovoltage Voc. This symmetric capacitor demonstrates a clear proportionality between Isc (Voc) and Pr, allowing to achieve a 100% switchability of the photovoltaic response. The memory devices based on 3-bit data storage show good performance in terms of data retention, fatigue behavior, and repeatability of writing and reading cycles. Thanks to the very high sensitivity of the optical reading method, the number of states could largely exceed eight, being limited only by the electrical writing step precision. These results are particularly exciting for the development of next-generation ferroelectric memory devices with increased memory storage density and lower power consumption.

Selective Release of Excitatory‐Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Emulated by Unipolar Synaptic Transistors via Gate Voltage Amplitude Modulation

AbstractOrganic field‐effect transistor (OFET) memory devices are benefiting from their independent gate modulation advantages for hardware implementation of synaptic functionalities. However, the imitation of selective release of excitatory–inhibitory neurotransmitters in a unipolar synaptic OFET is challenging due to the unbalanced mobile carrier concentration. Here, a p‐type synaptic OFET memory with CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) as nano‐floating gates (NFGs) is developed, which can emulate both the excitatory–inhibitory responses of the biological synapse and their reconfigurable nature. By controlling the offset difference between stimulus voltage and reading voltage, the concomitant and independently expressed excitatory and inhibitory responses are successfully implemented in a negative gate modulation manner, but without introducing an ambipolar semiconductor or additional optical terminal. This reconfigurable modulation is ascribed to the dynamic competition between external electric field and built‐in electric field assisted by charge trapping in shallow traps. The proposed gate voltage‐offset method can be generally adapted to other unipolar synaptic OFETs. These results provide insight into OFET memory devices for building neuromorphic hardware elements with tailorable synaptic plasticity.

Prototipe Sistem Pemantauan Tegangan Drop pada Sel Baterai 110 Vdc berbasis Aplikasi Telegram

Batteries are electrochemical devices as a source of DC voltage that is quite reliable and has high stability, so that the 110 Vdc Battery has a very important role at the substation (GI) to operate the driving motors at the voltage breaker (PMT), disconecting switch (PMS), supply PLC and telecommunication equipment in the SCADA system, as well as protection relays. If the 110 Vdc battery does not work properly, it can result in a major interference with the GI. So to help optimize battery maintenance, it needs an indication tool so that the battery can last a long time and can prevent damage to the battery prematurely. In this study, a voltage drop monitoring and detection system will be designed on 110 Vdc battery cells. The data will be forwarded to the database via the NodeMCU device to be sent to the Telegram application on the smartphone. The test was carried out by compiling 80 battery cells with a voltage of 1.5 volts in series to produce a voltage of 110 Vdc. Test results of the accuracy level of voltage readings achieved an average accuracy of 99.58% with an average difference of 0.42% while the test results of sending voltage data for each group were successfully carried out with excellent response and were able to display data / information on voltage values and conditions in telegram applications.

Placement Optimization of Infrared Sensors as Non-Invasive Blood Sugar Measurements

In the light of the increasing prevalence of diabetes, research on non-invasive blood sugar measuring devices have begun to be developed, one of which utilizes infrared spectroscopy methods. This method uses a pair of IR LED and photodiode placed in line. In doing so, the location of its placement in the human body has to be considered, thereby enabling the photodiode to capture the light emitted by the IR LED. Therefore, the voltage data generated by the photodiode circuit in several parts of the body is taken as the representation of the ability of the photodiode to absorb infrared light. A higher voltage value is captured in the range of 1 Volt when the sensor is on the finger. Meanwhile, there is no voltage read on the wrist. The results of this study will be used as a reference to determine the location of the sensor placement in the designed blood glucose monitoring device.

Development of a wind turbine for a hybrid solar-wind power system

Conventional energy supply has not been able to meet the energy needs of most developing nations. This calls for the need to invest in renewable energy systems which are not only sustainable but clean, abundant, and easily assessable. This research presents a study of wind variability by using wind data got from a weather station to design and fabricate a small-scale horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). This was done by using locally sourced materials for a Hybrid Solar-Wind power system for irrigation purposes, as a performance evaluation of the turbine. The materials used in the fabrication of the turbine include wood, polyvinyl chloride plastic, acrylic glass, Teflon, and steel all sourced locally. From the evaluation, the power capacity of the wind turbine was derived to be 40 W, 41 W and 43 W from the voltage and current output reading on the multi-meter from three average wind speed variations of 5 m/s, 10 m/s and 15 m/s measured from handheld digital anemometers respectively. A regression analysis of the relationship between the turbine's power capacity and the wind speed showed that the turbine operates best at low speed of 5 m/s, with an R2 value of 0.9602. The fabricated wind turbine was connected to a hybrid power system with the second energy source consisting of a 40 W solar tracking system to give a more stable power supply. The system was used for soil monitoring irrigation purposes. The design of the HAWT indicates a cheap, alternative and sustainable energy source that is more stable and suitable for smart solar panel irrigation system.

Visualizing water inside an operating proton exchange membrane fuel cell with video‐rate terahertz imaging

AbstractSuccessful water management is critical to achieving high performance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The relatively high sensitivity of terahertz radiation to liquid water is promising as a complementary alternative for flooding detection in PEMFCs. Using a novel, commercially available terahertz source and camera, this paper investigates the feasibility of a compact and low‐cost terahertz imaging system for visualizing water build‐up inside an operating PEMFC, supported by simultaneous high‐resolution optical imaging. Several phenomena of water accumulation and transport, such as membrane hydration, main droplet appearance, water pool formation, growth, and eventual flush out by gases are imaged by terahertz imaging. These results agree with optical imaging and cell voltage readings. The proposed setup is also able to distinguish the effect of different air flow rates.

Unipolar Arc Ignited Partial Discharge for 650-V AlGaN/GaN HEMTs during the DC Breakdown Voltage Measurement

Without the Fluorinert solution and proper pad design, the high–voltage (HV) transistor used during the DC breakdown voltage (Vbk) measurement might be damaged by the partial discharge (PD) in the air if its Vbk is close to one thousand volts or more. From the waveform measurement, the PD in the air occurred at 650 V HV GaN HEMTs during the Vbk measurement, it is ignited by the unipolar arc, and it is not ignited by the avalanche breakdown. This is based on the fact that the current falls below zero ampere to become a negative current, and the voltage rises so that it is higher than the setting voltage of the DC meter at the onset of the PD, thus corresponding with the electrons, leaving the plasma to cathode, and enabling a build–in potential to exist in the plasma. Then, the PD ignites because the current starts to rise in order to allow for a positive spike current; the voltage level subsequently falls and a lower voltage reading is obtained.