Voltage Doubler Research Articles

Switch Capacitor–Based High Step‐Up Three‐Port DC–DC Converter for Fuel Cell/Battery Integration

ABSTRACTAddressing issues of low input voltage in new energy generation systems such as fuel cells, a high step‐up three‐port DC–DC converter for fuel cell/battery hybrid power supply system is proposed. The proposed converter is evolved from Boost three‐port converter, and switch capacitor structure and diode capacitor voltage doubling unit are employed to achieve high voltage gain and low voltage stress. The three ports are connected to fuel cell, battery and load respectively, among which the flow of energy is realized. The steady state performance of this converter in various operating states and design of parameter are presented. Primary competitive advantages compared to similar converters include high voltage gain, continuous input current and its feature of common ground. Moreover, control strategy and compensators under three operating modes are designed to achieve stable output voltage and battery protection. Finally, a 100 W experimental prototype with 15 V input voltage and 24 V battery voltage is established to verify the stable and dynamic performance of the proposed converter.

A Single-Stage Dual-Output Regulating Voltage Doubler for Wireless Power Transfer

A Single-Stage Dual-Output Regulating Voltage Doubler for Wireless Power Transfer

Analysis, design, and optimization based on genetic algorithms of a highly efficient dual-band rectenna system for radiofrequency energy-harvesting applications

This paper gives an enhanced Rectenna design that operates at dual-band [2.45 and 5.8] GHz in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band and is printed on an FR4-Epoxy substrate. This Rectenna design includes two proposed sub-designs for the receiving antenna and rectifier circuit based on the microstrip technology. The first sub-design concerns the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) described by its radiating element as a pentagonal, its ground being affected by a defective ground structure technique, and its polarization manner as circular polarization. This MPA design is analyzed, designed, optimized using genetic algorithms (GAs), simulated under CST MWS (i.e., computer simulation technology microwave studio), and confirmed by another software named HFSS (high-frequency structure simulator). The second sub-design concerns the microstrip rectifier circuit (MRC) that contains an input matching network based on a coupled-line impedance transformer strategy to achieve good adaptation between MPA and MRC, voltage doubler converter using an SMS7630 Schottky diode thanks to its high sensitivity, microstrip interdigital capacitor to mitigate the intrinsic losses due to the lumped elements, harmonic rejection filter based on a stepped-impedance low-pass filter to reject the unwanted harmonics generated by the non-linear behavior of SMS7630, and the resistive load that models the consumption of the system to be fed. This MRC is analyzed, designed, optimized using GAs, and simulated under ADS (Advanced Design System). The effectiveness of the proposed MPA is proven in terms of gain equals 3.06 dBi and 4.683 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively, and efficiency equals 95.13 % and 96.552 % at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively. The proposed MRC is effective in terms of efficiency at a lower input power value of about 97.18 % and 67.93 % at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively.

Harmonic Self-Compensation Control for Bidirectional Grid Tied Inverter Based on Crown Porcupine Optimization Algorithm

A self-compensating control strategy for harmonic parameters based on the crown porcupine optimization algorithm is proposed for the single-phase rectifier and two-phase inverter operation mode of the bidirectional converter. In order to improve the response speed of the inverter voltage, the instantaneous expressions of the phase angle coefficient and amplitude coefficient of the dc-side voltage doubling fluctuation are derived, and the third harmonic is calculated based on the crown porcupine optimization algorithm according to the Proportional Integral (PI) + Quasi-Proportional Resonance (QPR) double closed-loop control method and injected into the input voltage of the inverter side to offset the influence of the bus-doubling fluctuation on the output voltage of the two-phase inverters of B and C so that the total harmonic content of the two-phase output voltages of the two-phase inverters of B and C can be reduced. The total harmonic content of the B and C inverter output voltages is reduced. The effective control of the control method for single-phase rectifier two-phase inverter mode is verified through simulation. Finally, the effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by experimenting with a 15 kW LCL-type bi-directional converter prototype.

Push-pull forward LLC resonant converter for low input voltage applications

A push-pull forward LLC resonant converter suitable for renewable energy power generation systems is proposed in this paper. The converter introduces the LLC resonant tank into the traditional push-pull forward converter and adopts pulse frequency modulation (PFM) control, which solves the problem of voltage spike of switches of the conventional push-pull converter, realizes the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the switches and has high conversion efficiency. In addition, the rectifier part of the structure adopts voltage doubling rectifier technology, which is beneficial to reduce the turn ratio and optimize the leakage inductance of the transformer. In this paper, the working principle of the converter is described in detail, and its gain characteristics and soft switching conditions are analyzed. Finally, an experimental prototype of 1 kW is built, and the output voltage of 380 V is achieved when the rated input voltage is 48–72 V, and its efficiency is up to 96.1 %.

High-Performance Multi-Level Inverter with Symmetry and Simplification.

This paper presents a high-performance, multilevel inverter with symmetry and simplification. This inverter is a single-phase, seven-level symmetric switched-capacitor inverter based on the concept of the double voltage clamping circuit connected to the half-bridge circuit. Above all, only a single DC power supply is used to achieve a single-phase inverter with seven levels and a voltage gain of three. In addition to analyzing the operating principle of the proposed switched-capacitor multilevel inverter in detail, the stability analysis and controller design are carried out by the state-space averaging method. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed structure are validated by some simulated results based on the PSIM simulation tool and by some experiments using FPGA as a control kernel, respectively. However, in this study, the switches were implemented by MOSFETs to meet a high switching frequency. These MOSFETs can be replaced by IGBTs in the motor drive applications so that the used switching frequency can be reduced.

A compact broadband RF rectifier using two‐stage microstrip lines

AbstractThis paper simulates and measures a compact broadband rectifier for voltage doubler Schottky diode. Among them, a two‐stage microstrip line impedance matching network for voltage doubling circuits is used. The imaginary part of the diode impedance is limited by the short‐circuit branch. The impedance conversion transmission line matches the impedance to 50 Ω. The impedance matching in the circuit is only realized by two‐stage microstrip lines, which reduces the physical size of the rectifier and makes the rectifier more compact. Judging the measurement results from 0.8 to 2.5 GHz, the conversion efficiency is greater than 30% at 0 dBm, the bandwidth is 103%, and the maximum conversion efficiency reaches 66.3% at 8 dBm. In addition, the compact size of the rectifier is 23 × 20 mm2.

Battery‐free ultra‐low‐power radio‐frequency receiver for mm‐wave applications using 130‐nm CMOS technology with harvested DC supplies

SummaryThis paper presents a battery‐free ultra‐low‐power (ULP), highly integrated, and wide‐bandwidth low‐IF radio‐frequency (RF) receiver designed for millimeter‐wave (mm‐Wave) applications, utilizing 130‐nm CMOS technology. The suggested RF receiver is suitable for K‐band (n258) at 26 GHz, Ka‐band (n261 and n257) at 28 GHz, and the LMDS band at 28 GHz in fifth‐generation applications. The proposed radio receiver consists of a low‐noise driver stage implemented using a complementary current‐reuse common gate with an active shunt feedback configuration and an in‐phase/quadrature‐phase (I/Q) demodulator. The proposed RF receiver employs transformer coupling to isolate the DC path between the transconductance stage (RF stage) and the switching stage (IF stage). The driver stage expands the RF input impedance while maintaining acceptable linearity and gain with ultra‐low DC power dissipation. The DC supplies for the proposed mm‐Wave RF receiver are generated using two novel energy‐harvesting voltage doubler circuits to provide positive and negative voltages. The proposed mm‐Wave radio receiver consumes 0.475 mW from a 1.1 V DC supply and exhibits a power conversion gain (CG) of 6.3 dB, with a 3 dB frequency bandwidth extending from 22 to 32 GHz. The input 1‐dB compression point (P1dB) of the RF receiver is −2.65 dBm, and the input third‐order intercept point (IIP3) is 7.35 dBm. With a sensitivity of −66.5 dBm at a 100 MHz channel bandwidth and a dynamic range of 63.85 dB, the suggested receiver demonstrates notable performance characteristics. The proposed radio receiver boasts an excellent figure of merit (FoM) at 215 dB, surpassing published works by a margin of 8–31 dB. The primary positive supply voltage is derived from a double‐band positive voltage doubler with series resonance feedback and parallel resonance networks, efficiently achieving the desired DC voltage and output current (1.1 V and 450 μA). Meanwhile, the negative gate bias is provided by a negative voltage doubler, ensuring the necessary negative voltage (−0.5 V) without any current conditions.

A non-isolated extended voltage gain quadratic boost converter with reduced device voltage stress and continuous input current

ABSTRACT This article presents an improved model of a high voltage gain DC-DC converter topology. The voltage gain of the proposed topology is extended using a newly structured cascaded boost converter with voltage doubler cells along with the Super Luo structure in the network. The ultimate aim is to improve the output voltage gain of the proposed converter to a higher level with a lower duty cycle. Additionally, the design considerations minimize the voltage stress of the components (diodes, capacitors, and semiconductor switches) compared to the conventional topology. Moreover, the proposed topology ensures a continuous input current to the structure. Mathematical modeling is developed using steady-state analysis, and the results are analyzed using the MATLAB/Simulink. Finally, the proposed converter provides a high gain, that is, 10, at a lower duty cycle of 0.32 with reduced voltage stress on the components.

Design and optimization of a miniaturized dual band rectenna for wireless power transfer applications

This paper presents the design of a compact printed rectenna circuit suitable for wireless power transfer applications at frequencies 900 MHz and 1450 MHz. The rectenna circuit consists of a rectangular patch antenna measuring 17.7 x 8.85 mm2, printed on a Rogers RO4003 substrate. It also includes a voltage doubler (VD) circuit comprising Schottky diodes (SMS7631) and an impedance-matching circuit. The design and optimization of the antenna are performed using Ansys HFSS software, while the DC and RF features of the VD circuit are analyzed using the Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The circuit design is presented in two stages: one for single-frequency operation at 900 MHz and another for dual-band operation at 900 and 1450 MHz. The design of single-stage and double-stage VD for dual-band operation is also discussed in this paper. The rectenna's Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) is evaluated under various load and input power conditions. The maximum DC output voltage measured is 5.318 V at 900 MHz and 5.52 V at 1450 MHz. Furthermore, the maximum PCE achieved is 53% and 54% for 900 MHz and 1450 MHz respectively. These values are obtained with a RF input power level of 20 dBm and a load resistance of 10 KΩ.

Low-Power Energy Harvesting Voltage Doubler Using CTLs Based on Inverse Class-F Configuration Compatible with Fifth Generation

This paper introduces a highly efficient and low-power inverse class-F voltage doubler (VD) designed for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting systems. Specifically tailored for mid-band 5G technology, the VD is designed for operation within the 1240–1300 MHz satellite band. The innovative design employs an inverse class-F architecture, incorporating a λ/8\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\lambda /8$$\\end{document} short-ended transmission line (TL) connected to the diode anode and a (λ/12\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\lambda /12$$\\end{document}) open-ended transmission line linked to the input of the voltage doubler. This configuration aims to reshape voltage and current waveforms, effectively reducing losses and series resistance in the diode. Dual-coupled transmission lines (CTLs) are utilized to provide passive voltage boosting at low-input power levels. The suggested voltage doubler is implemented using RO4003C substrate material with a dielectric relative permittivity (εr\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\upvarepsilon }_{r}$$\\end{document}) of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.81 mm. Measured results demonstrate a minimum input return loss of − 29.3 dB at 1.25 GHz, operating seamlessly within a frequency band from 1.18 to 1.32 GHz. The measured conversion efficiency is 45.2% at an input power (Pin) of − 4dBm. Furthermore, the peak RF–DC efficiency reaches 50% at an input power of 0dBm. Simulated results predict a remarkable conversion efficiency of 60% and 68.7% at − 4dBm and 0 dBm, respectively. In addition to its exceptional performance, the suggested voltage doubler exhibits an experimental DC output voltage of 0.53 V at Pin=-10dBm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P_{{{\ ext{in}}}} = - 10{\ ext{dBm}}$$\\end{document} and a saturated DC voltage of 3.4 V at an input power of 10dBm under a load terminal resistance of 8 KΩ. Finally, the dimensions of the proposed voltage doubler are 25.3×10.5mm2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$25.3 \ imes 10.5 {\ ext{mm}}^{{2}}$$\\end{document}.

Fuzzy Optimized Quadratic Boost Converter for Photovoltaic Application

To enhance the Inverter and Quadratic Boost Converter utilizing Fuzzy Logic Control for the Solar Panels. The quadratic boost converter is the intermediate stage between the solar panel and the Voltage Source Inverter. In normal boost converter produces a medium level of output voltage, but a quadratic boost converter produces double voltage gain for example if you give the supply voltage 20V and duty cycle 0.7 it will be output voltage 220V produced. Key Words: Quadratic boost converter, Single phase Voltage source inverter, Fuzzy logic control,

A Stacked Symmetrical Non-Isolated High Step-Up Voltage Gain Converter with High Efficiency and Low Voltage Stress on Components

This paper introduces a cascaded symmetrical non-isolated high step-up voltage gain converter with high efficiency and low voltage stress on components combining a non-isolated buck-boost converter and voltage doubler structure. In the proposed converter, the input source is connected in series to the output load; hence, a part of the source energy is directly delivered from source to load, not through the switching branch, improving efficiency. Furthermore, the appropriately stacked voltage doubler stage not only amplifies the high step-up voltage gain ratio but also considerably diminishes the voltage stress on all semiconductor devices and capacitors. As a result, the costless low internal resistance and low voltage components can be employed for higher efficiency, higher power density, and lower cost. To demonstrate the practicality of the proposed topology, the operating principle is outlined, and the steady-state characteristics are thoroughly analyzed. Furthermore, a 360 W prototype converter has been fabricated to confirm the efficiency of the proposed converter.

Dual Circularly Polarized Ultrawideband Rectenna with High Efficiency for Wireless Energy Harvesting

This paper presents an ultrawideband dual circularly polarized (CP) rectenna for wireless energy harvesting (WEH) applications. It is mainly composed of a dual CP antenna and an ultrawideband rectifier. The receiving antenna is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and it has two input ports. The proposed ultrawideband rectifier has a two-cascaded voltage doubler configuration. This configuration means the proposed rectifier’s input impedance has less sensitivity to frequency variation. Thus, a wide bandwidth can be achieved. For validation, a prototype is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the proposed rectenna is from 1.35 to 3.10 GHz (for AR <3 dB). In this frequency range, the rectenna’s power conversion efficiency (PCE) is higher than 55%. These results indicate that the proposed rectenna is highly efficient and suitable for wideband high-efficiency WEH systems.

Vibration Energy Harvesting with Printed P(VDF:TrFE) Transducers to Power Condition Monitoring Sensors for Industrial and Manufacturing Equipment

A vibration energy harvesting system based on fully printed piezoelectric transducers is realized. The transducers have a butterfly‐like architecture based on two single‐optimized cantilevers with a resonance frequency tuned to 49.5 Hz and can be easily mounted to an industrial engine. By comparing single‐ and multistack configurations of the piezoelectric layers combined with full‐wave or voltage doubler rectifiers, the power transfer characteristics and impedance can be matched to the electrical requirements of the sensing circuitry. A single stack with 21 μm thickness results in the maximum power output of 14.4 μW at a vibration velocity of 11.5 mm s−1, typical for industrial engines. The system is used to power a wireless sensor node on a 1 kW rotary pump in normal operation. The system can harvest up to 138 mJ within 24 h, sufficient for daily remote monitoring of the engine's vibration spectrum and temperature state. The system is thus suitable as a low‐cost, ecofriendly power source for industrial IoT applications.

Impact of on-chip gate voltage on the electric properties of NbTiN superconducting nanowire transistor

In this work, the gate modulation characteristics of superconducting nanowire transistors (SNTs) were investigated under different on-chip gate voltage configurations. By fabricating NbTiN-SNTs with symmetric side gate, we studied the critical current suppression of SNTs under single, opposite, and double voltage gate. We figure out that the gate voltage and leakage current can be adjusted by the gate configuration. Moreover, it revealed an approximately twofold increase in modulation voltage for the opposite gate configuration as compared to the single gate configuration, implying a possible electric field tuned superconductivity. When simultaneously apply voltage on both gates, the onset and offset voltages kept unchanged, but the leakage current is then two times higher than that of single gate. In addition, under all these three types of gate configuration, the suppression of superconductivity coincided with the onset of leakage current, suggesting a potential charge injection mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that both the electric field and charge injection play important roles on the suppression of superconductivity in SNTs, which also contributes to the further optimization and applications of SNT.

Collaborative Optimization Design of Self-Powered Sterilizer with Highly Efficient Synergistic Antibacterial Effect.

The development of self-powered sterilizers has garnered significant attention in the scientific and engineering fields. However, there remains an urgent need to improve their sterilization efficiency. In this study, we present a self-powered sterilizer with superior antibacterial capability by maximizing the utilization of breakdown discharge generated by a soft-contact freestanding rotary triboelectric nanogenerator (FR-TENG). To achieve this, a collaborative optimization strategy is proposed, encompassing the structural design of the FR-TENG, the implementation of double voltage rectification, and manipulation of the gaseous phase. Through a comprehensive analysis of antibacterial rates and microscopic images, the effectiveness of the self-powered sterilizer against various types of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, as well as mixed bacteria in natural seawater, is demonstrated. Further investigations into bacterial morphologies and solution compositions reveal that the synergistic effect between electroporation and the generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species contributes to efficient sterilization. Additionally, controlled trials and molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to quantitatively elucidate the synergistic antibacterial effect between electroporation and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. This study highlights the effectiveness of the collaborative optimization strategy in enhancing the sterilization efficiency of self-powered sterilizers while providing valuable insights into the synergistic antibacterial mechanisms of physical and chemical sterilization.

Analysis and design of voltage doubling rectifier circuit for power supply of neutron source device towards BNCT

With the rapid development of DC high voltage accelerator, higher requirements have been raised for the design of DC high voltage power supply, requiring more stable high voltage with lower output ripple. Therefore, it also puts forward higher requirements for the parameter design of the voltage doubling rectifier circuit, which is the core component of the DC high voltage power supply. In order to obtain output voltage with better performance, the effects of the working frequency, the stage capacitance and the load resistance on the output voltage of the voltage doubling rectifier circuit are studied in detail by simulation. It can be concluded that the higher the working frequency of the transformer, the larger the stage capacitance, the larger the load resistance and the better the output voltage performance in a certain range. Based on this, a 2.5 MV voltage doubling rectifier circuit driven by a 120 kHz frequency transformer is designed, developed and tested for the power supply of the neutron source device towards BNCT. Experimental results show that this voltage doubling rectifier circuit can satisfy the design requirements, laying a certain foundation for the engineering design of DC high voltage power supply of neutron source device.

Multiphase BHB-CLL Resonant Converter Based on Secondary-Side VDR With Automatic Current Sharing Characteristic

A multiphase bidirectional half-bridge (BHB) CLL resonant converter with automatic current sharing characteristics is proposed in this paper for high-power bidirectional energy storage applications. The CLL converter is obtained by placing the resonant inductor in the voltage doubling rectifier (VDR). Compared with LLC resonant converter, the circulating current related to the magnetizing current of the transformer is removed from the resonant inductor. Without extra components and control schemes, the excellent current sharing performance can be achieved only by connecting two wires in the two-phase resonant tanks even when the resonant parameters have 10% tolerance. The current sharing performance of the proposed converter is analyzed by FHA method, and a 1200W experimental prototype is built to verify the superiority of the proposed converter. Under the full load condition, the measured peak efficiency in forward and backward operation mode is 97.99% and 97.8%, the output current sharing error is 0.51% and 4.0%, respectively.

Supercapacitor Voltage Doubling Equalization Method Based on Adaptive Grouping

Abstract In order to improve the inconsistency of lithium-ion battery packs, an adaptive grouping supercapacitor voltage-doubling equalization circuit is proposed on the basis of capacitor equalization circuits, which combines switching arrays with clustering algorithms for grouping, and multiple batteries can be equalized at the same moment according to the energy state. The supercapacitor energy storage module can realize parallel energy storage and series energy release, which greatly improves the equalization speed and solves the problem of slowing down the equalization speed at the later stage of equalization. Building six series-connected battery simulation platforms for experiments, the experimental data results show that the scheme proposed in this paper compared with the control group program equalization time is shortened by about 50%, has a faster equalization speed, and can effectively improve the inconsistency of the battery pack, effectively verifying the feasibility of the equalization program and superiority.