Volleyball Match Research Articles

Intra-Positional and Inter-Positional Differences in Agility Tests among Youth Female Volleyball Players

In their structure, indoor sports require quick changes of movement direction. Players should possess a high level of ability to change the direction and speed of movement in response to a stimulus, which is one of the major prerequisites for a high level of performance. During a volleyball match, players are involved in different defensive and offensive activities in which agility plays an important role. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between less successful and more successful youth female volleyball players, as well as their inter-positional and intra-positional differences in agility. The study was conducted on a sample of 204 youth female volleyball players whose mean chronological age was 14.11±0.84 years. The players were divided into 5 subgroups according to their playing position (setters, opposite players, passer-hitters, middle blockers, and libero players). The variable sample used to assess agility consisted of 3 tests: Side steps, 9-3-6-3-9 test, and Step-hop test. Methods of data analysis included the determination of metric characteristics for all three agility tests. The analysis of covariance revealed a significant impact of biological age indicators on all agility tests. Furthermore, discriminant analysis of differences showed that more successful volleyball players achieved better results in all three agility tests. High reliability of the test was determined by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (0.87-0.96). The results of this study showed a positive effect of agility tests in differentiating less successful and more successful players regardless of their position. More successful players achieved better results than less successful players in all tests. Greater biological maturity and training experience represent great competitive advantage in this age group. The obtained inter-positional and intra-positional differences and the influence of the biological age indicator on inter-positional and intra-positional differences in agility tests imply that higher biological maturity and training experience are great competitive advantages in this age group. The primary goal of training in younger age groups should not be the current success in the competition, but rather the preparation for achieving the best possible results in senior competition.

PENDAMPINGAN ATLET BOLA VOLLY DALAM PENANGANAN KASUS CIDERA MUSKULOSKELETAL DI TURNAMENT TABANAN OPEN CUP

Background: Physical fitness is essential for all sports. The state of one's physical health greatly influences other factors like strength, strategy, and mentality. In order for athletes to perform at their best during competitions and physical duties, physical circumstances might have an impact. Muscleball competitions like the Tabanan Cup's are a crucial opportunity to handle situations that arise on-site.The purpose of this exercise is to help athletes manage musculoskeletal issues that may occur during volleyball matches. The implementation strategy is: Each participant in the activity has their vital signs checked before the game, and if they have an injury, they will receive quick medical attention. Results: Several incidences of musculoskeletal injuries were discovered while watching volleyball tournaments

“VOLLEYBALL IS A GAME THAT IS SLOWLY REPLACING FOOTBALL”. FORMATION OF UKRAINIAN VOLLEYBALL TERMINOLOGY IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD IN GALICIA

In the interwar period, the active creation of Ukrainian volleyball terminology took place, the main principle of which in Galicia was the selection of specific equivalents for foreign names or the formation of neologism terms from the resources of the Ukrainian language. Stepan Haiduchok in the textbook “Vidbyvanka [Volleyball]ˮ presented the attempts of the people of Galicia to create a national term system of volleyball with a minimal share of borrowed terms. In all groups of volleyball terminology analyzed in this article, actually Ukrainian names prevail. There are no foreign language terms among the nominations from the thematic groups – the names of the regulations (pravyla / prypysy hry), names of the match, its parts and results of the match (zmahannia, stricha, hraika, pivhraika, vyhrana, tochka), team name (druzhyna, muzheska / zhinocha / khlopiacha druzhyna, protyvna druzhyna, protyvnyk, pobidna / pobidzhena druzhyna), names of the playground, its parts and markings (hryshche, pole, vlasne / protyvne pole, muzheske / zhinoche hryshche, polovyna hryshcha, pole podavachiv / pryimachiv, linii hryshcha, bichna liniia, pobochyna, cholova liniia / hranytsia, seredynna liniia, seredynna, pravyi / livyi kut hryshcha, mistse podachi), inventory names (pryladdia, stoiak, stovp, stovpchyk, sitka, miach), names of equipment (sorochka, shtantsiata, kaptsi), names of actions of players in volleyball (hraty pivhraiku, hraty v linii napadu / pomochi, vyhraty, prohraty, vidbyvaty miach livoiu / pravoiu rukoiu / kulakom / doloneiu, pidbyvaty miach kulakom / oboma rukamy / ponad sitku, vdariaty miach zverkha / do protyvnyka, vybyty miach poza hryshche / na protyvne pole, perebyty miach na chuzhe pole, pidbyty miach dva razy pidriad, dobyvaty miach do svoioho napadu). Several foreign language borrowings were recorded in thematic groups: the name of the game – volley-ball, the name of the participants in a volleyball match – trener (among the rest of the specific nominations of this group – hrach, napadach, pomichnyk, podavach, pryimach, spivhrach, zapasnyk, providnyk, suddia) and as part of hybrid terms individualna hra, reprezentatsiina druzhyna, rukhankova salia. So, the volleyball terminology analyzed in the article has a distinctly national character: it is dominated by Ukrainian proper names and the share of loans is insignificant.

EFFECT OF INDIGENOUS YOGA PRACTICES ON RELAXATION AND SERVING ACCURACY OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

Usually, volleyball matches and training sessions are reported with muscular fatigue, overload, and serving errors because of their repetitive explosive actions. Keeping in view the needs for relaxation and serving accuracy of players, the present study was designed to see the effects of selected indigenous yoga practices such as Suryanamaskar ‘yogic stretches’ and Sudarshan Kriya ‘pranayama’ on relaxation and serving accuracy of women volleyball players. The experiment was conducted on 14 university-level volleyball players of BPS Women’s University, India. During the pretest-posttest experiment, a quasi-experimental design was used. Players were exposed to five-week Suryanamaskar and Sudarshan Kriya yoga sessions after regular training. Pre-intervention and post-intervention results were compared and it was revealed that Suryanamaskar ‘yogic stretches’ and Sudarshan Kriya Yoga ‘pranayama’ have positive effects on relaxation and serving accuracy of women volleyball players. Therefore, it is recommended that the yogic stretches and pranayama be combined with volleyball training sessions. The present paper has practical implications and operatives for all the stakeholders concerned with volleyball, especially for physical education teachers, volleyball coaches and players.

Serve capability level: float serve, jump float serve and jump serve top spin in the proliga final four female players

<em>This research is based on observations in the form of an analysis of the level of difficulty of the service performed by each player depending on the type of service used, such as floating service, jump float, and jumping service top spin. A good service is the direction of the ball to the empty side of the field or between two players. It is intended for when the opponent receives a service in a moving position or creates a misunderstanding between two players because the ball is between the two players. The service above is the type of service that is often done by players from the beginner level to the professional level. However, there are still many professional players who competed in the 2019 proliga, the first round of the women's sector, not all of them know what type of service is most productive. In accordance with the problem formulation, the purpose of this research is to determine the level of ability of floating service, jump float service and jumping service top spin in the final four proliga 2019 women's volleyball. This study uses a survey method with data collection techniques using observations (observations) by judges and document analysis (video). The conclusion from the overall final four women's volleyball matches in the 2019 proliga has a percentage result from each team regarding service ability, namely Service Floating ability with an average number of 38.83 and if presented in the form of a percentage that is 45.24%, Jump Float ability with an average number of 28.88 and if presented in the form of a percentage that is 33.64% and the ability of Jumping service Top Spin with an average number of 18.13 and if presented in the form of a percentage that is 21.12%</em>

Spectators’ threat and coping appraisals and intentions to re-attend a match during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Research question: Due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, various restrictions have been imposed on sport organisations in terms of organising events. However, it is unclear how spectators perceive the threat of the COVID-19 and cope with it and whether they intend to attend matches again. Therefore, this study used the protection motivation theory to explore the relationships between spectators’ threat and coping appraisals and intentions to re-attend a match during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research methods: Data were collected from live spectators (n = 347) attending a Japanese professional volleyball match. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the research hypotheses. Results and Findings: The study indicated that threat appraisal (i.e. perceived severity and susceptibility) and coping appraisal (i.e. self-efficacy and venue response efficacy) were significantly associated with protection motivation. Venue response efficacy and protection motivation were significantly related to spectators’ intention to re-attend matches, while threat appraisal and self-efficacy were unrelated. Furthermore, protection motivation mediated both threat and coping appraisal and the intention to re-attend. Implications: This study contributes to theorising the decision-making process of spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to extending the protection motivation theory, the findings show what sport organisations need to be aware of in holding matches and games during the pandemic.

The Effect of Learning Media on Learning Outcomes of Volleyball Bottom Passing on Deaf Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of using instructional media on the courage to learn volleyball underarm pass in Sekolah Luar biasa Citeureuo Cimahi. The method used is experimental research. The present study involved 12 students consisting 6 students in the experimental group and 6 students in the control group. To measure students’ was used while learning output is measured by a volleyball underarm pass test. Data analysis is conducted by paired test or t-test. There is an influence of the use of parachute as media on the courage in volleyball underarm pass. These findings showed that the use of parachute as media in volleyball match revealed to be effective in increasing deaf students’ courage.

The influence of jumping performance and coordination on the spike ability of young volleyball athletes

Background and Study Aim. Spike is the most important techniques to be mastered due to its big impacts to volleyball match. There is still lack of study to evaluate and discusses how the role of jumping performance and coordination in volleyball could affect spike ability. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of these variables on spike ability.
 Material and Methods. This study used a quantitative descriptive method, involved 42 participants (20 men and 22 women). The jump performance was measured using MyJump 2 application which can measure flight time, force, jump height, jumping power and speed based on free-arm jumping method. Then, the measurement of coordination was done using an alternative hand wall test. Spike ability is shown by the results of the hit and spike performance. Spike performance was based on The Volleyball Test Skills for Smasher. For spike performance, data collection is based on observations from five phases of spike movement; i) Initial posture; ii) Initial Motion; iii) Motion of Appeal; iv) Advanced Motion; v) Placement of the ball, using the scoring points 1-4. All the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation. 
 Results. The results of the study show that in the perspective of gender differences, almost all variables had significant difference between men and women on flight time (0.028 < 0.05), force (0.001 < 0.01), jump height (0.040 < 0). 0.05), strength (0.001 < 0.01), and speed (0.028 < 0.05), coupled with coordination (0.003 < 0.01), hit results (0.181 > 0.05), and spike performance (0.216 > 0.05). Meanwhile, the relationship between variables were found to be significant (p-value < 0.01) on the five jumping performance variables. Another significant correlation obtained from the results of calculations between coordination and jump height (0.033 < 0.05), coordination with strength (0.044 < 0.05), coordination with spike hitting results was significant (0.003 < 0.01). Instead of them, relationship between one and another was not found significant relationship (p-value > 0.05).
 Conclusions. Coaches can use the information in this study as a guideline to develop training program to improve their athletes effectiveness in spiking.

Heart rate and blood lactate responses during the volleyball match

This study aimed to examine the heart rate and blood lactate responses of female volleyball players during the match according to the player positions. A total of 24 senior female volleyball players (middle blocker (n = 6), setter (n = 6), spiker (n = 6), and libero (n = 6)) were monitored for heart rate and blood lactate before, during and after a volleyball match. The mean heart rate and blood lactate level of volleyball players were determined 117.2 ± 13.9 bpm, 2.7 ± 1.2 mmol/L during the match. Heart rate was statistically different between all playing positions except middle blockers vs. spikers (p < 0.05). The blood lactate levels between the groups were not statistically different. The setters have the lowest heart rate and the libero players have the highest during the match. All subjects have a heart rate 50–60% and below 50% of their heart rate maximum during more than half of the match duration. These current results can be used by coaches to determine a specific training load based on the heart rate and blood lactate differences between playing positions.

Salivary hormone concentrations and technical-tactical performance indicators in beach volleyball: Preliminary evidence

The present study aimed to investigate (i) differences in salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations before, during, and after simulated beach volleyball match, depending on match outcome (winning vs. losing); (ii) the relationship between technical-tactical performance indicators in beach volleyball and salivary hormonal concentrations (i.e., testosterone, cortisol). We hypothesized (i) salivary testosterone concentrations would be greater in winners and salivary cortisol would be lower; (ii) testosterone would associate with positive technical-tactical performance and cortisol would associate with negative technical-tactical performance. Sixteen athletes participated in the study and were grouped according to the result of a simulated game (winners: n = 8; losers: n = 8). Salivary hormone concentration of testosterone and cortisol were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pre-match, post first set, and post-match), and the coefficient of performance and efficiency were used as technical-tactical performance indicators. Regarding testosterone, there was a large effect size for match outcome after the first set (i.e., Winner vs. Losers) and a moderate effect size for the time in winners (pre-match vs. post-match). Regarding cortisol, there was a moderate effect size of time in losers only (pre-match vs. post-match). Moreover, cortisol pre-match was negatively correlated with the offensive performance (attack performance coefficient: r = −0.541; p = 0.030; attack efficiency: r = −0.568; p = 0.022). In conclusion, the effect of match outcome on testosterone and cortisol levels was moderate in winners and losers, respectively. Moreover, resting cortisol concentration appears to be related to a diminished attack technical-tactical performance. However, larger confirmatory studies are required to confirm these data to corroborate winning increases testosterone levels and/or reduces cortisol in a sporting setting.

Performance indicators in women’s volleyball Olympics and World Championships (2014–2021)

The aim of this study was to explore the match and technical indicators between winning and losing women's teams in the Olympics and World Championships (2016–2021) depending on the final score of the matches and to compare the winners’ technical indicators in 3-set matches to those of men in the respective competitions. A total of 281 volleyball matches were analyzed from the Women's Olympics (2016 and 2021) and World Championships (2014 and 2018). Discriminant function analysis determined which skill(s) contributed significantly to winning matches in every type of score. This study showed that the teams that won 3-0 and 3-1 matches had better performance in all scoring skills (serve, attack, block, and opponent errors) compared to their opponents, while the opponents’ errors did not affect the result. In 5-set matches, block points were the main predictor of a team's success. In conclusion, the results of the women's teams at the highest level of volleyball matches, show that different performance indicators determine the match outcome. The attack is not the only skill that increases the probability of winning a match, since block and serve to contribute equally significantly. Furthermore, in 5-set matches, blocking is the technical skill that differentiates the winning from the losing teams. Finally, in 3-set matches, it seems that the performance indicators differ between women and men in attack efficiency, block, and opponent error points.

Analysis of match report indicators in men's volleyball Olympics and world championships (2014–2021) depending on the type of final score

The purpose of this study was to explore the match and technical indicators between winning and losing teams in the Olympics and World Championships (2016–2021) depending on the final score of the matches. A total of 273 volleyball match reports were analyzed from the Men's Olympics (2016 and 2021) and World Championships (2014–2018). Discriminant function analysis determined which skill(s) contributed significantly to winning in matches with various score types. This study showed that for 3- and 4-set matches attack was the best predictor for team's success, while block and serve had also meaningful contribution. In 5-set matches serve and block points were the main predictors of a team's success. The results on the importance of scoring skills highlight the necessity of sustained trainability of all match actions, not favoring one, such as attack, too much. The essential for this balance is confirmed by the fact that teams do not increase their probability of winning a match by success only in attack, but also in the other terminal actions such as serve and block.

A Self-Powered Wearable Motion Sensor for Monitoring Volleyball Skill and Building Big Sports Data.

A novel self-powered wearable motion sensor for monitoring the spiking gesture of volleyball athletes has been manufactured from piezoelectric PVDF film. The PVDF film can convert body mechanical energy into electricity through the piezoelectric effect, and the flexible device can be conformably attached on the hand or arm. The sensor can work independently without power supply and actively output piezoelectric signals as the sports information. The sensor can detect the tiny and fine motion of spiking movement in playing volleyball, reflecting the skill. Additionally, the sensor can also real-time monitor the pulse changes and language during a volleyball match. The self-powered sensors can link to a wireless transmitter for uploading the sports information and building big sports data. This work can provoke a new direction for real-time sports monitoring and promote the development of big sports data.

Game technique in the sport of volleyball and its classification

Volleyball is distinct from other sports in terms of its purpose, nature, and features. The volleyball match is played on a square that is divided in half down the middle and has a width of 18 by 9 meters, which is a relatively small size. Modern volleyball is very diverse in terms of game skills, tactical combinations, and intense, quick passes. Because of the aforementioned volleyball features, players must have perfectly enhanced technical skills. There are more winning chances the more diverse the technical competence in competition games is and the more ideally constructed in respect to external forces. This article will provide input on the volleyball sport's categorization as well as feedback on the game's technique.

The application of Computer Information Technology in the analysis system of volleyball game technique and tactics

Volleyball is a very strong confrontation, with a series of basic techniques, complex tactical routines of the collective project. In order to improve the technical and tactical level of volleyball match, it is necessary to study the basic situation, law and development trend of the game. As the technical and tactical analysis of volleyball matches requires high professionalism and relatively complex data, it is necessary to actively explore the computer-aided application strategy. Through the establishment of volleyball game skills, tactics analysis system, provide more comprehensive and effective after the game for the learners of the skills and tactics evaluation model, in order to make up for and improve the level of volleyball game.

Postactivation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Increases Vertical Jump in Elite Female Volleyball Players.

The purpose of this study was to verify if a conditioning activity was effective to elicit postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) and to increase the performance in vertical jump (VJ) in elite female volleyball players. Eleven national Superliga-2 volleyball players (22.6 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed on eight occasions: before (Pre-PAPE) and after activation (Post-PAPE), after the match (Pre-Match), and after each of the five-match sets (Set 1 to 5). ANOVA showed significantly increased jump performance for the experiment between baseline (Pre-PAPE) and all the following tests: +1.3 cm (Post-PAPE), +3.0 cm (Pre-Match), +4.8 cm (Set 1), +7.3 cm (Set 2), +5.1 cm (Set 3), +3.6 cm (Set 4), and +4.0 cm (Set 5), all showing medium to large effect size (0.7 < ES < 2.4). The performance of the control group did not show significant increases until Set 3 (+3.2 cm) and Set 5 (+2.9 cm), although jump heights were always lower for the control group than the experimental. The use of conditioning activity generates increased VJ performance in Post-PAPE tests and elicited larger PAPE effects that remain until the second set of a volleyball match.

The Application of Deep Convolution Neural Network in Volleyball Video Behavior Recognition

The purpose is to solve the problems of solid subjectivity in the traditional manual analysis of volleyball game videos and the traditional Human Behavior Recognition (HBR) algorithm, such as excessive calculation, high hardware conditions, and poor long-stream video modeling ability. Firstly, this paper expounds on the relevant theories. Secondly, a fusion Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based HBR model is implemented by combining two-stream CNN (TSCNN), Three-Dimensional (3D) CNN, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. Notably, the LSTM has an excellent long-term Dynamic Information Extraction (DIE) ability. Finally, the public dataset is selected to verify the model’s volleyball-game-video-oriented HBR performance. The experimental results corroborate that: (1) The parameters of the proposed fusion-CNN-based HBR model are determined as follows: the number of video segments is three, the average method is used for feature fusion, and then the HBR accuracy is the highest when the fusion ratio of spatial feature map and temporal feature map is 4:6, and the learning rate is 0.0014. (2) The average HBR accuracy of the proposed fusion-CNN-based HBR model on three different datasets is 4%, 2.7%, and 3% higher than that of other popular networks, respectively. The improvement effect of the model is remarkable, and it is suitable for the study of Human Behavior Analysis (HBA) in volleyball match videos. Finally, the proposed HBR model can provide more accurate results for volleyball video-based HBR, which is significant in promoting the rapid development of volleyball sports.

Besucher aus der DDR bei den Olympischen Spielen 1972 in München

Despite the possibility to watch the Olympic Games on TV, millions of people want to attend the Games live on site. Experience shows that this desire increases when the Games are held within the vicinity of where you reside. This was also the case in 1972 in Munich. However, the inner German division led to a particular situation: People in the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR) often only lived a few hundred kilometres from the venue of the Games. They spoke the language of the hosts, and many loved sports. The hosts repeatedly indicated how welcome the guests were, particularly those from the “other Germany”. Yet, here was a substantial political issue: Germany had been separated since 1949, and the division was cemented in 1961. The GDR citizens were hardly able to enter the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD). The GDR’s ruling party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) opted for dissociation, which means that, according to their doctrine, there should be “no special relationships”. – Since the beginning of the New Eastern Policy (Neue Ostpolitik) in Bonn, the relationships should not be inferior either. Thus, the GDR was, so to speak, compelled to send tourists to the Munich Games, although the GDR leaders enormously struggled with that decision. The study describes the process leading to two groups of 1,000 GDR citizens being hand-picked and representing their state at the Games. Furthermore, it depicts the misunderstandings between the two sides during the negotiations and how the delegation was prepared and monitored. It also describes the objectives of both sides connected to the sending and receiving of the visitors. In all of that, including the haggling over a few dozen tickets for a volleyball match, it becomes apparent that not only the Olympic competitions can be of extreme political importance but also Olympic tourism.

Effects of Congested Fixture on Men's Volleyball Load Demands: Interactions with Sets Played.

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating factor. An observational analytic research design was adopted. Data from official volleyball matches were collected during the first competitive period of the championship, comprising 14 competitive games within 10 weeks. Ten male elite volleyball athletes (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external load (number of jumps and height of jumps) and internal load (using the rate of perceived exertion—RPE). Additionally, notational analysis collected information about attack efficacy and receptions made during matches. The mixed ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time (M1 vs. M2) and number of sets for number of jumps per minute (p = 0.235; = 0.114), mean jump height (p = 0.076; = 0.193), RPE (p = 0.261; = 0.106), attack efficacy (p = 0.346; = 0.085), Positive reception (p = 0.980; = 0.002) and Perfect reception (p = 0.762; = 0.022). In conclusion, congested fixtures do not seem to affect the performance of volleyball players negatively.

Enhancing Emotional Experience by Building Emotional Virtual Characters in VR Volleyball Games

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) volleyball games can provide an immersive entertainment experience and facilitate users to get familiar with game rules. In real world, players often experience emotions from scores, strokes, passes, and the influence from their teammates or opponents, and so forth. However, seldom studies are carried out for this emotional experience in a virtual environment, as most VR volleyball games mainly concentrate on the game playing, such as body movements. In this article, we propose to enhance emotional experience by building emotional virtual characters in VR volleyball games. The virtual characters cannot only arouse their emotions but also express their facial expressions according to the game situation. Emotion patterns are learned from real‐world volleyball matches. The results demonstrate that our framework has great potential to enhance the user's emotional experience and engagement.