Volitional Activity Research Articles

Гендерный аспект субъективного благополучия обучающихся образовательной организации МВД России

The article considers the gender aspect of the relationship between the subjective well-being of students of the educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with the basic beliefs of the individual and satisfaction with educational activities.
 The relevance of the study lies in the fact that timely diagnosis and correction of the level of subjective well-being of students of departmental educational organizations contributes to the preservation of somatic and psychological health, thereby prolonging the professional longevity of future police officers.
 The empirical study involved 240 respondents (n = 109 males; n =131 females), average age – 20.09 ± 1.1 years: cadets of the second and third courses of the Faculty of Police Training for Public Order Protection Units.
 Research methods: anonymous questionnaire, «Scale of subjective well-being» (M. V. Sokolova), «Scale of basic beliefs of the individual» (M. A. Padun, A. V. Kotelnikova).
 As a result of the study, it was found that male cadets go in for sports more often, are more satisfied with their educational activities and their emotional state. Girls demonstrate a higher level of subjective well-being, satisfaction with daily activities, positively assess the social environment, but they are more likely than boys to have mood changes and negative emotional states. More often, pessimistic cadets who do not believe in luck, goodwill, fairness of the world around and in the ability to control their lives get sick more often. Frequent morbidity during the year and professional sports activities reduce satisfaction with educational activities.
 The «targets» of psychological correction can be: irrational attitudes and ways to replace them with rational, reflective abilities, awareness of the negative impact of «automatic thoughts», acceptance of responsibility, development of volitional activity, positive emotions, thinking and behavior.

Getting Real: Ockham on the Human Contribution to the Nature and Production of Artifacts

Given his known predilection for ontological parsimony, Ockham’s ontology of artifacts is unsurprisingly reductionist: artifacts are nothing over and above their existing and appropriately ordered parts. However, the case of artifacts is notable in that they are real objects that human artisans produce by bringing about a real change: they spatially rearrange existing natural thing(s) or their parts for the sake of some end. This article argues that the human contribution to the nature and production of artifacts is two-fold: (1) the artisan’s cognitive grasp of her expertise and her decision to deploy that expertise are the two efficient causes necessary to explain the existence of an artifact, and (2) the purpose that the artisan had in mind when she decided to make an artifact fixes the function(s) of the artifact such that an artisan’s purpose is the final cause necessary to explain what an artifact is. Artifacts indeed exist, owing what they are and that they are to intelligent and volitional human activity, which Ockham never denies. The article submits that a myopic focus on Ockham’s indisputable reductionism does not exhaust what is metaphysically interesting and relevant about artifacts.

Laryngeal electromyography, a useful tool in difficult cases of pediatric laryngeal mobility disorders

IntroductionPediatric laryngeal mobility disorders constitute a challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment, especially in small children and those complex patients with prior history of prolonged intubation or surgery. Laryngeal electromyography (L-EMG) may help to distinguish vocal fold paralysis from fixation. Material and methodsTen children with laryngeal mobility disorders (including bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) or unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) with contralateral hypomobility) underwent suspension laryngoscopy and L-EMG between July 2019 and March 2021. The EMG data were acquired simultaneously in both thyroarytenoid muscles. Anesthesia was lightened until volitional activity appeared like cough, cry or spontaneous Valsalva maneuver. ResultsWe found secondary airway lesions in 2 patients and 3 vocal fold fixation. L-EMG recordings were pathologic in 4 patients (3 moderate and 1 severe nerve lesion). No recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was found in congenital BVFI cases. The data from both suspension laryngoscopy and L-EMG recordings influenced clinical decision-making. ConclusionsL-EMG adds value to suspension laryngoscopy in the management of pediatric patients with laryngeal mobility disorders. Selected cases such as patients with iatrogenic BVFI, UVFI with associated contralateral hypomobility or patients with combined pathologies may obtain the greatest benefit.

Конституционное правообразование как самостоятельная категория конституционного права: дискуссия о новизне

Scientific research is the main form of the process of cognition of objective reality by means and methods of science, and discussion about the results of such research is one of the forms of verification of the knowledge obtained, which integrates them into a single scientific discourse, and also subordinates the general principles and rules of development. The purpose of this article is to determine the criteria for the novelty of the results of scientific research on the example of a specific dissertation study on constitutional law education as an independent category of constitutional law and the essence of the comments on the novelty of the results of this work and the terminology used, consistently stated in two scientific publications. Based on the results of consideration of these comments, the author comes to the conclusion that a comprehensive scientific and practical study of the process of constitutional legal education, which includes the entire spectrum of public relations related to the formation of objective needs for constitutional and legal regulation of public relations and their satisfaction through the conscious and volitional activity of competent subjects (by adopting, revising the Constitution of the Russian Federation and constitutional amendments, interpretation and law-making activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation) is justified, has scientific novelty and can serve as a basis for further scientific research.

Dynamics of Psychopathological Disorders and Changes in the Functional Activity of Neutrophils in Mercury Intoxication

IntroductionThe overall goal was to determine the degree of mental, neuromuscular and statodynamic functions disorders resulting from toxic effect of mercury and its compounds, to study relationship between the degree of loss of professional ability to work as a result of occupational disease with the presence of complications due to concomitant diseases.ObjectivesThe relevance of studying the degree of violations of the main indicators of vital activity due to the toxic effect of mercury and its compounds is due to the persisting high level of loss of professional ability to work, and in some cases, and disability of this contingent. Analysis of indicators of primary and repeated disability due to occupational diseases showed that a sufficiently high number of persons recognized as disabledюMethodsWe studied the dynamics of psychopathological disorders: violation of the emotional sphere, thinking, perception, attention, volitional activity and cognitive functions. The functional and metabolic activity of segmented neutrophils in the peripheral blood of 42 patients, men and women aged 43 to 64 years, and 22 healthy donors were studied.ResultsLong-term exposure to chronic industrial mercury intoxication led to persistent disorders of mental functions, suppression of phagocytic activity of neutrophils up to 42.3+-4.7 per cent and inhibition of the reaction with nitro blue cytosol 4.2+-0.1 per cent..ConclusionsThe revealed violations of the emotional-volitional sphere and cognitive mental functions are possibly associated with the suppression of nonspecific cellular reactions of microphages. Violations of neuroimmune interactions in mercury intoxication require further study.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

INDICATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF MILITARY SERVANTS

The article presents the theoretical and empirical levels of mental state of military men. It presented the terms of positive and negative mental states in psychology. The main positive mental state of military men are the state of confidence, the state of readiness for activity, the state of restraint, volitional activity etc. The main negative state of military man are depressive trends, increased anxiety, and decreased self-esteem. The article presents the results of the psychological assessment, using to study the mental state of military men with the help of the self-assessment test of mental state by Hans Eysenck. According to the psychological assessment it is noted that military men tend to be confident in themselves and their forces, but they are not always ready to innovate and have problems with adaptation to these changes, trying to independently control the situation in life. It is established that the military men are dominated by the average level of manifestation of such psychological states as anxiety, frustration, aggressiveness and rigidity, which gives rise to certain peculiarities in the structure of personality and its functioning in society.

Factors influencing forming foresters' professionalismng foresters' professionalism

The article reveals the factors of formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity. The purpose of the study is to reveal the factors influencing the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, in particular its criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Materials and methods: theoretical – analysis of psychological and pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature to reveal the factors influencing the formation of readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, justification of their importance for the formation of readiness criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. External, internal and accidental factors contributing to the formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity are singled out. The group of external determinants includes: the dynamics of market development; the nature of the projected social order for higher professional education; change of educational paradigms; increasing the complexity of professional activity; development of management as a strategic management culture and professional field of activity, etc. The internal determinants that contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities include: subject-subject relations in the system "teacher-applicant"; value perception and development of applicants' orientation on their training; the presence of the need for professional activity in the course of training and the motives for its implementation; the desire of applicants to show their own internal (volitional) activity in the process of professional activity; level of readiness for professional activity; intention for creative professional activity in the context of formation of readiness for professional activity. Manifestation and use of random factors contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, which depends on the teacher's ability to see a favorable case, a unique situation. The influence of internal factors on the formation of criteria for the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists allowed to obtain objective information about the state of formation of motivational and personal criteria, outline the main directions of work, determine methods and technologies for forming professional values of future professionals. Such diagnostics allowed to trace in dynamics the real efficiency of influence of various subjects of professional training on personal development of future experts, change of their attitude to realities of social and professional life. Carrying out diagnostic sections in the framework of research and experimental work allowed to obtain the necessary objective information about the state of information and cognitive criteria of readiness for professional activity, outline the main directions and content of this work, determine methods and technologies to provide emotional background for future forestry professionals. This diagnosis allowed us to trace the gradual dynamics of the evolution of information and cognitive criteria for the readiness of future professionals to work, to assess the real effectiveness of the influence of various factors on its development. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists as a factor in the formation of their readiness for professional activity allowed to obtain the necessary information on the status of effective and practical criteria of professional readiness, outline main directions of work, identify methods and technologies activities. We see the prospect of further research in the studied influences of selected factors on the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals to work.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FORMING FORESTERS' PROFESSIONALISM

The article reveals the factors of formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity. The purpose of the study is to reveal the factors influencing the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, in particular its criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Materials and methods: theoretical – analysis of psychological and pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature to reveal the factors influencing the formation of readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, justification of their importance for the formation of readiness criteria: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. External, internal and accidental factors contributing to the formation of readiness of future forestry specialists for professional activity are singled out. The group of external determinants includes: the dynamics of market development; the nature of the projected social order for higher professional education; change of educational paradigms; increasing the complexity of professional activity; development of management as a strategic management culture and professional field of activity, etc. The internal determinants that contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities include: subject-subject relations in the system "teacher-applicant"; value perception and development of applicants' orientation on their training; the presence of the need for professional activity in the course of training and the motives for its implementation; the desire of applicants to show their own internal (volitional) activity in the process of professional activity; level of readiness for professional activity; intention for creative professional activity in the context of formation of readiness for professional activity. Manifestation and use of random factors contribute to the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities, which depends on the teacher's ability to see a favorable case, a unique situation. The influence of internal factors on the formation of criteria for the readiness of future forestry professionals for professional activities: motivational-personal, information-cognitive, effective-practical. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists allowed to obtain objective information about the state of formation of motivational and personal criteria, outline the main directions of work, determine methods and technologies for forming professional values of future professionals. Such diagnostics allowed to trace in dynamics the real efficiency of influence of various subjects of professional training on personal development of future experts, change of their attitude to realities of social and professional life. Carrying out diagnostic sections in the framework of research and experimental work allowed to obtain the necessary objective information about the state of information and cognitive criteria of readiness for professional activity, outline the main directions and content of this work, determine methods and technologies to provide emotional background for future forestry professionals. This diagnosis allowed us to trace the gradual dynamics of the evolution of information and cognitive criteria for the readiness of future professionals to work, to assess the real effectiveness of the influence of various factors on its development. Effective diagnosis of professional and personal development of future forestry specialists as a factor in the formation of their readiness for professional activity allowed to obtain the necessary information on the status of effective and practical criteria of professional readiness, outline main directions of work, identify methods and technologies activities. We see the prospect of further research in the studied influences of selected factors on the formation of the readiness of future forestry professionals to work.

Языковая репрезентация отрицательных эмоциональных состояний в творчестве Л. Петрушевской

The article presents an interpretation of the linguistic means of expressing negative emotional states in Lyudmila Petrushevskaya’s works included in the collections Don’t Get in a Car with Two People and Wanderings About Death. The aim of this research is to identify the features of the language representation of negative emotional states in Petrushevskaya’s stories. Approximately 400 statements with the semantics of an emotional state were revealed in the collections; 90% of them describe the characters’ negative experiences. The main research methods are descriptive, linguo-stylistic text analysis, and linguistic modeling. The analysis shows that the semantic model of an emotional state is represented by a wide range of language means that express the characters’ negative emotions and experiences: fear, anger, annoyance, grief, sadness, aggression, longing, resentment, despair, etc. The linguistic model of the situation of an emotional state represented in Petrushevskaya’s stories includes three main components – the predicate of the state, the subject and the causator, and two optional components – the locative and the temporative. The peculiarity of an emotional state is that it belongs to unobservable phenomena, limited in time, possessing a static feature and lacking volitional activity of the subject (carrier) of the state. The author describes the linguistic means of representing the main components of the proposition of the state: the predicate, the subject (or carrier) of the state, and the causator; emphasizes the importance of local and temporal characteristics that actualize a particular emotional state; reveals the expressive ways of nominating emotions, which verbalize the writer’s worldview. The author also notes that intensifiers (standard and specific) and various stylistic means promote the linguistic expression of negative emotions: parcellation, rhetorical questions, addresses, lexical repetitions, etc. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that negative emotional states, among which fear prevails (127 statements), are characteristic for Petrushevskaya’s works. The representation of basic emotions (fear, anger, sadness, etc.) shows the writer’s perception of reality: the world is dangerous and cruel. The characters who find themselves in difficult and hopeless situations are on the verge of despair; therefore, in the works, both men and women suffer equally with “anguish”. The linguistic representation of negative emotions in the analyzed stories reflects the general specifics of the writer’s style of narration. Statements with the semantics of an emotional state are full of neologisms, substandard vocabulary, complex constructions, contradictions and oppositions, inappropriate detailing and abrupt transitions.

Synonymous Means of Objectification of the Concepts of Persistence and Stubbornness in the Russian Language

Modern cognitive linguistics considers synonyms as one of the most important means of linguistic categorization and conceptualization of the world. The article features the synonymous paradigm of the implementation of the concepts of persistence and stubbornness in the Russian language. Dictionaries of synonyms contain 65 synonyms of the words persistence and stubbornness (perseverance, firmness, willpower, self-will, intractability, intransigence, etc.). An analysis of their semantic features revealed the composition of the synonymic microfields of persistence and stubbornness, as well as various semantic aspects of these concepts. Both concepts proved to belong to the thematic category of character traits and the volitional activity of a person. Both concepts can express the property of being resistant to external influences. The difference lies in the fact that the concept of persistence emphasizes one’s desire to achieve a certain goal, labor efforts, and ability not to retreat in the face of difficulties, while the concept of stubbornness expresses the defense of one’s position, refusal to make concessions, tendency to act on one's own, not to succumb to someone else's influence, management, regulation, leadership, discipline requirements, etc. In the evaluative aspect, the concept of persistence mainly emphasizes positive properties, such as patience, endurance, self-control, etc., while the concept of stubbornness represents such negative-evaluative components as stupidity, cockiness, and meaninglessness.

In vivo electrophysiological mechanisms underlying cervical epidural stimulation in adult rats.

To electrophysiologically determine the predominant neural structures activated with cervical epidural stimulation (ES), well-established electrophysiological protocols (single-pulse, paired-pulse and multiple frequency stimulation) were delivered at rest, during motor activity and under anaesthesia in adult rats. Cervical ES resulted in spinal evoked motor responses with three different waveforms - early response (ER), middle response (MR) and late response (LR). ERs remained unmodulated by repeated stimulation protocols. In contrast, MRs and LRs were modulated by repeated stimulation protocols and volitional motor activity. ERs are consequential to the direct activation of motor efferents; MRs are secondary to type-I sensory afferent activation and LRs result from the engagement of wider spinal interneuronal circuitry with potential influence from supraspinal pathways. Evidence from this work is fundamental in enhancing our understanding of cervical ES, and critical in refining the design of neuromodulation-based rehabilitative strategies and in the construction of neuroprosthetics. Epidural stimulation (ES) of the lumbar spinal cord has demonstrated significant improvements in various physiological functions after a traumatic spinal cord injury in humans. Electrophysiological evidence from rodent, human and computational studies collectively suggest that the functional recovery following lumbar ES is mediated via direct activation of sensory afferent fibres. However, the mechanisms underlying cervical ES have not been comprehensively studied, which greatly limits our understanding of its effectiveness in restoring upper limb function. In this work, we determined the predominant neural structures that are activated with cervical ES using in vivo cervical spinal evoked motor responses (SEMRs). Standard electrophysiological protocols (single-pulse, paired-pulse and multiple frequency stimulation) were implemented in 11 awake and anaesthetized rats in four experimental stages. Three distinct types of cervical SEMRs were identified based on latency of their appearance: early response (ER), middle response (MR) and late response (LR). ERs remained unmodulated by repeated stimulation protocols. MRs and LRs were modulated by repeated stimulation protocols and volitional motor activity. Except for LRs being completely abolished under urethane, ketamine or urethane anaesthesia did not affect the appearance of cervical SEMRs. Our data, backed by literature, suggest that ERs are secondary to the direct activation of motor efferents, MRs are elicited by activation of type-I sensory afferents and LRs result from the engagement of interneuronal circuitry with potential influence from supraspinal pathways. The gathered information paves the way to designing motor rehabilitation strategies that can utilize cervical ES to recover upper limb function following neurological deficits.

Features of Willed Self-Regulation of Students In the Conditions of Distance Learning

Problem and purpose. The article actualizes the problem of the features of volitional self-regulation of girls studying in the specialties of secondary professional education in the context of distance learning. The purpose of the article is to study the psychological characteristics of volitional self-regulation in students in conditions of distance learning using information technologies. Methodology. Methods of empirical research of psychological characteristics of volitional self-regulation of personality, statistical and comparative methods of analysis were used in the work. The study of the problem of volitional self-regulation of the personality allows to solve the problems of correcting the psycho-functional structure of the personality on the basis of which students build an algorithm for the upcoming information, technical and educational activities. In the context of distance learning, volitional self-regulation becomes a decisive condition for the successful mastering of knowledge in solving educational problems and improving professional skills. The results of the study show that most of the students in the specialties of secondary professional education consciously relate to the distance learning mode, show persistence, active independent initiative in mastering the educational material. A low level of volitional self-regulation, self-control, psychological activity and reflection of students causes a decrease in working capacity, does not ensure the sustainability of interest in educational activities, interferes with the implementation of educational tasks, makes it difficult to independently control personal motives for learning, coordinate their actions in accordance with changing conditions. Conclusion. It was revealed that students in the process of adaptation to the conditions of distance learning, depending on the individual, psychophysiological characteristics of the body, use the possibilities of changing the level of volitional self-regulation and psychological activity, which allows them, first of all, to maintain the mental state of emotional comfort, reduce the level of psycho-emotional stress and respond adequately to new learning conditions.

Only the Fastest Corticospinal Fibers Contribute to β Corticomuscular Coherence.

Human corticospinal transmission is commonly studied using brain stimulation. However, this approach is biased to activity in the fastest conducting axons. It is unclear whether conclusions obtained in this context are representative of volitional activity in mild-to-moderate contractions. An alternative to overcome this limitation may be to study the corticospinal transmission of endogenously generated brain activity. Here, we investigate in humans (N = 19; of either sex), the transmission speeds of cortical β rhythms (∼20 Hz) traveling to arm (first dorsal interosseous) and leg (tibialis anterior; TA) muscles during tonic mild contractions. For this purpose, we propose two improvements for the estimation of corticomuscular β transmission delays. First, we show that the cumulant density (cross-covariance) is more accurate than the commonly-used directed coherence to estimate transmission delays in bidirectional systems transmitting band-limited signals. Second, we show that when spiking motor unit activity is used instead of interference electromyography, corticomuscular transmission delay estimates are unaffected by the shapes of the motor unit action potentials (MUAPs). Applying these improvements, we show that descending corticomuscular β transmission is only 1-2 ms slower than expected from the fastest corticospinal pathways. In the last part of our work, we show results from simulations using estimated distributions of the conduction velocities for descending axons projecting to lower motoneurons (from macaque histologic measurements) to suggest two scenarios that can explain fast corticomuscular transmission: either only the fastest corticospinal axons selectively transmit β activity, or else the entire pool does. The implications of these two scenarios for our understanding of corticomuscular interactions are discussed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We present and validate an improved methodology to measure the delay in the transmission of cortical β activity to tonically-active muscles. The estimated corticomuscular β transmission delays obtained with this approach are remarkably similar to those expected from transmission in the fastest corticospinal axons. A simulation of β transmission along a pool of corticospinal axons using an estimated distribution of fiber diameters suggests two possible mechanisms by which fast corticomuscular transmission is achieved: either a very small fraction of the fastest descending axons transmits β activity to the muscles or, alternatively, the entire population does and natural cancellation of slow channels occurs because of the distribution of axon diameters in the corticospinal tract.

Pediatric Brain Death.

1. Brooke T. McLaughlin, MD, MPH* 2. James J. Filiano, MD* 1. *Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH A 3-year-old boy was airlifted from a nearby hospital after a motor vehicle collision. At the scene he had a prolonged extraction and was not breathing. He was intubated and experienced cardiac arrest during transport. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed, with return of circulation. On arrival at the emergency department the patient exhibited complete loss of consciousness, vocalization, and volitional and reflex activity. Computed tomographic scans consistent with global cerebral infarction and laboratory results of multiorgan failure indicated little hope for meaningful recovery. The team waited 24 hours from the time of injury and prepared to initiate the brain death examination. The family was despondent and refused to believe that the damage could be irreversible. The team called the chaplain, social worker, and primary care physician to support the family in the subsequent hours. The initial brain death examination found the child unresponsive to painful stimuli, with fixed pupils and absent light, corneal, cough, gag, and oculovestibular reflexes. An apnea test demonstrated no spontaneous respiratory effort to PaCO2 greater than 60 mm Hg. A post–24-hour examination and apnea test confirmed that the child fulfilled the criteria for brain death. The family struggled to accept the news because their child appeared alive to them: his heart was beating and his chest was rising on the mechanical ventilator. Brain death is a legal definition of death recognized in every state in the United States. It is the irreversible cessation of all function of the entire brain, including the brain stem. There is medical, legal, and social consensus that loss of this function equates to death just as definitively as irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function. However, it remains a challenging issue because brain-dead patients often maintain the appearance of life while on a ventilator (or while receiving other assisted support). This …

THE CONCEPTS AND THE ESSENCE OF INTERPRETATION OF LAW

The purpose of the paper is to define the concept and essence of the interpretation of the rules of law based on the generalized analysis of scientific, journalistic, and regulatory sources. Results. It is established that the interpretation of the rules of law is an intellectual and volitional activity of an interpreter, which is carried out under the principles and by means of interpretations and aimed at clarifying and/or specifying the content of the rules of law to understand and apply them in practice correctly and uniformly. Value/originality. It may be enshrined in special acts of interpretation, scientific and practical commentary on legislation, doctrinal sources and other external forms of interpretation.

Judicial interpretation: features and practical significance

Judicial interpretation: features and practical significance

PRINCIPLES DEPARTMENTAL RULEMAKING

This scientific article reveals the system of principles of departmental rule-making. An analysis of scientific approaches to understanding the essence of lawmaking, which is a form of power and volitional activity of the state. Attention is focused on the fact that law-making is one of the stages lawformation. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature, the conclusion that rule-making and law-making are correlated as a part and a whole is substantiated. It is noted that rulemaking is a particular imperious state activity aimed at the implementation of the regulation of legal relations, providing proper conditions for realization of rights and freedoms. It is alleged that departmental rule-making is an integral part of rule-making. Based on the analysis of professional publications on the problems of understanding departmental rule-making, it is proposed to understand the latter as the activities of authorized government officials who, within their competence, create, change, supplement, repeal legal regulations aimed at regulating social relations. Emphasis is placed on the need to comply with the principles of law in the process of departmental rule-making. On the basis of the analysis of normative and scientific sources the general principles of departmental rule-making – legality, democracy, publicity, professionalism, scientificity, responsibility are allocated. Their analysis allowed us to conclude that the application of general principles in the process of departmental rule-making allows authorized entities to create the necessary, effective regulations. The necessity of allocating special principles of departmental rule-making is argued. Along with the special principles of departmental rule-making proposed by scientists, the latter are also proposed to include planning, forecasting, practical orientation. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in order to create proper legal regulation of public policy requires comprehensive compliance with both general and special principles in the implementation of departmental rule-making.

Psychological Principles of Organization of the Deductive Process at the English Lessons at Secondary Schools

The aim of our article is: to characterize a phase character of the educational activity at secondary schools, to describe a cognitive sphere of the person, which has a fundamental load in terms of constructing a model of the world, modeling the stages of logical memorization, to distinguish some routes of cognitive process according to psychological principles of providing deductive techniques, to propose psychological principles, which are the basis of providing deductive models at the English lessons at secondary schools. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. The results of the research. Educational activity has a phase character. The first phase is characterized by awareness of the situation, the general conscious­ness increases to perform a long period of mental activity. In the measures of the second phase there is a process of unstable adaptation – the system of motives, needs and interests in close interaction with volitional activity having been created the preconditions for further adaptation to the whole process of educational activity. The third phase is a period of stable adaptation, when the goal is fully realized and conditions for its realization appear, the entire system of levels of the activity comes in line with the main goal of learning. It was shown that emphatic types of memory are motion, emotional, ver­bal-logical, sensory (visual, auditory, olfactory), figurative, mechanical, logical, long-term, short-term, involuntary, non-voluntary, etc. All of them, one this way or another one, are involved into the process of perception and processing the information. Sometimes the classification is used by different types of the analyzers: visual, auditory, motion, mixed, etc. It should be fixed in mind that the efficiency of logical memory is twenty times higher, better than mechanical one. In the article it was proposed the authors’ own vision of the stages of logical memorization. Conclusions. Cognitive motivation is recommended by us to be formed on the basis of the following psychological principles, which are the basis of pro­viding deductive models at the English lessons at secondary schools: with the help of specially organized didactic actions; by creation of problem situations; by introduction of special forms and methods of active learning, in which the prin­ciple of problem education is realized; by development of cognitive motivation in communication between a teacher and pupils, as well as schoolchildren with each other; by revitalization of teacher’s pedagogical skills, his / her ability to organize correctly the activities of pupils.

The Effects of Adding Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation (tSCS) to Sit-To-Stand Training in People with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study.

Spinal cord stimulation may enable recovery of volitional motor control in people with chronic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). In this study we explored the effects of adding SCS, applied transcutaneously (tSCS) at vertebral levels T10/11, to a sit-to-stand training intervention in people with motor complete and incomplete SCI. Nine people with chronic SCI (six motor complete; three motor incomplete) participated in an 8-week intervention, incorporating three training sessions per week. Participants received either tSCS combined with sit-to-stand training (STIM) or sit-to-stand training alone (NON-STIM). Outcome measures were carried out before and after the intervention. Seven participants completed the intervention (STIM N = 5; NON-STIM N = 2). Post training, improvements in International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) motor scores were noted in three STIM participants (range 1.0–7.0), with no change in NON-STIM participants. Recovery of volitional lower limb muscle activity and/or movement (with tSCS off) was noted in three STIM participants. Unassisted standing was not achieved in any participant, although standing with minimal assistance was achieved in one STIM participant. This pilot study has shown that the recruitment of participants, intervention and outcome measures were all feasible in this study design. However, some modifications are recommended for a larger trial.

A Virtual Reality Muscle-Computer Interface for Neurorehabilitation in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study.

Severe impairment of limb movement after stroke can be challenging to address in the chronic stage of stroke (e.g., greater than 6 months post stroke). Recent evidence suggests that physical therapy can still promote meaningful recovery after this stage, but the required high amount of therapy is difficult to deliver within the scope of standard clinical practice. Digital gaming technologies are now being combined with brain–computer interfaces to motivate engaging and frequent exercise and promote neural recovery. However, the complexity and expense of acquiring brain signals has held back widespread utilization of these rehabilitation systems. Furthermore, for people that have residual muscle activity, electromyography (EMG) might be a simpler and equally effective alternative. In this pilot study, we evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an EMG-based variant of our REINVENT virtual reality (VR) neurofeedback rehabilitation system to increase volitional muscle activity while reducing unintended co-contractions. We recruited four participants in the chronic stage of stroke recovery, all with severely restricted active wrist movement. They completed seven 1-hour training sessions during which our head-mounted VR system reinforced activation of the wrist extensor muscles without flexor activation. Before and after training, participants underwent a battery of clinical and neuromuscular assessments. We found that training improved scores on standardized clinical assessments, equivalent to those previously reported for brain–computer interfaces. Additionally, training may have induced changes in corticospinal communication, as indexed by an increase in 12–30 Hz corticomuscular coherence and by an improved ability to maintain a constant level of wrist muscle activity. Our data support the feasibility of using muscle–computer interfaces in severe chronic stroke, as well as their potential to promote functional recovery and trigger neural plasticity.