Volga Bulgaria Research Articles

A just personality as a component of humanistic utopian pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria of the late XII – early XV centuries

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the medieval utopian humanistic pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria, reflected in the poem «Kyyssai Yusuf» by the enlightener Kul Gali, has not yet been fully revealed. In this regard, the research problem is to reveal the personal characteristics of the ruler of a humane society, which interested people of all times, but found a solution only in the utopia of medieval enlighteners. The goal of the research is to reveal the humane personal qualities necessary for a ruler to organize a utopian humanistic society, which medieval educators dreamed of and described in their didactic works, including the Bulgar poet Kul Gali. The methodological basis of the study is represented by the use of methods of comparison, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization and abstraction.The research results: the study reveals the features of utopian humanistic pedagogical thought, at the center of which is the construction of a just society, which requires a person with a number of positive qualities, which were described in detail by the poet-educator Kul Gali in his poem «Kyyssai Yusuf».Key conclusions: the utopian humanistic pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria, described by the medieval poet-enlightener Kul Gali in the poem «Kyyssai Yusuf», is inextricably linked with the positive personal characteristics of the ruler, thanks to which justice, legality, equality, respect, love, mercy, sufficient food supply, etc., reign in society.

Минералого-геохимический анализ металлических украшений погребения № 59 Кокпомъягского могильника вымской культуры перми вычегодской* XI—XIV вв.

The article is devoted to the archaeological and mineralogical analysis of metal products from burial No. 59 from the Kokpomyag burial ground of the Vym culture in Vychegda Permian, dating from the mid-12th to the first half of the 13th century. The chronological framework of the burial is determined, a description of the grave goods is given, and imported silver jewelry from the Perm Kama region and Volga Bulgaria is found. Using analytical SEM, 13 artifacts of copper, bronze, brass and silver composition, the phase and chemical composition of the objects have been studied in detail. The results of the research indicate that Perm foundry workers from Vychegda possessed not only the technology of bronze foundry production, but also silver jewelry making.

New Results and Ideas of the Archaeological Research on Early Hungarian History in the Eurasian Context

As Early Hungarian history is a resource-poor research area, archaeology, a field of science with rapidly increasing resource material, is of paramount importance. It is important to emphasize that in the case of archaeology, there is also a significant expansion in research methods, mainly thanks to the bioarchaeological studies that have started with great momentum. In recent years, the most significant archaeological results of Early Hungarian history were the explosive increase in the number of Subbotsi-type sites associated with Etelköz accommodations in the region of the Dniester River. There are now 10–12 sites along the central flow of the Dnieper River. The relations with the neighbouring areas, mainly with the northern, Slavic regions, and with the Byzantine culture in Crimea are well reflected here. In addition to the chronology of the material, its nature is also explicitly consistent with the image drawn by Muslim sources of the 9th-century ancestors of the Hungarians. Further to the east, the Volga elbow in Samara and the wider area of the Southern Urals remain the ones that show the most connections regarding Hungarian ethnic genesis. As a working hypothesis, we can say that the earliest archaeological traces of the ancestors of the Hungarians can be assumed east of the Ural Mountains, in the eastern neighbourhood of the Ural region of Chelyabinsk. A group of people here presumably set off westwards in the early 9th century. In a short time, this community appeared on the left bank of the Volga, and its accommodation area extended to the border of Volga Bulgaria. After that, part of it remained along the Kama River. The other group migrated westwards before the 830s, and settled in the northern foreland of the Black Sea.

THE SHARUKANIDS: HISTORY OF ONE KIPCHAK DYNASTY

Many issues on the history of the Sharukanid dynasty, which led the Donetsk Kipchaks, among whom the Sharukanid clan and the Toksoba tribe dominated, are reflected in the Rus' chronicles. This research paper aims to give a detailed overview on the Sharukanid dynasty of Kipchaks, based on the Rus' chronicles and "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Relations with the Sharukanids were so important for Rus' that the chronicler recorded the complete genealogy of the representatives of this clan, from Sharukan to Yuri Konchakovich. Periods of peace alternated with periods of confrontation. Under Otrok (Atrak) and Yuri Konchakovich, the Kipchaks did not bother Rus', as they were busy with wars in Dashti-Kipchak. Confrontation with Rus' occurred during the reign of Sharukan and Konchak. Subsequently the Sharukanid clan was divided into smaller clans, and one of them was Eltukovo, near the borders of the Ryazan principality and Volga Bulgaria. The succession to the throne in the Donetsk union was ordered by Otrok, who secured it for his descendants, using experience borrowed from Georgia. During the reign of Otrok, the Sharukanids fought with the Kaepichis (rulers from the Kai clan), rivals of the Sharukanids. Yuri Konchakovich fought with other chiefdoms, the khanate of the Durut tribe and the confederation of Derbent Kipchaks. The stay of Otrok (Atrak) in Georgia can be dated back to 1118 - 1125, and the return to the Kipchak steppes was due to Syrchan’s request to help in the war with the Kaepichi, which lasted until 1160. Taking advantage, the Kaepichi seized dominance in the Don region at the beginning of the 12th century.

Мавзолеи восточных районов Золотой Орды

The purpose of the study: To consider the composition of architecture in the eastern regions of the Golden Horde, using the example of monuments of memorial architecture. As well, to trace regional differences and the influence of various architectural schools and building traditions on the emergence and development of mausoleum forms. Research materials: Mausoleums which are the most numerous type of monumental architecture explored throughout the territory of the Golden Horde. The paper considers both archaeological sites and various images of mausoleums: drawings of the 18th–19th centuries and photographs of the early 20th century. Results and scientific novelty: The work collects and examines all the mausoleums of the eastern regions of the Golden Horde. The review shows that among all the buildings, based on construction technology, two directions of architecture can be distinguished – construction from stone and construction from brick (burnt and adobe). An analysis of the types of planning, construction techniques, and architectural details of mausoleums and construction equipment leads to the conclusion that several directions can be traced in the composition of memorial architecture. In their architectonics, the stone mausoleums of the Urals are closely related to the architecture of Volga Bulgaria which, in turn, arose under the strong influence of Seljuk Asia Minor and to some extent Transcaucasia. Most of the mausoleums are built of baked and mud bricks. Among them, a group of cubic mausoleums with a hipped dome on a drum and a massive portal stands out. These buildings find direct analogies among the monuments of Central Asia, primarily Khorezm. A group of tower or pyramidal mausoleums are buildings of an archaic appearance that replicate the memorial monuments of the Turks. Also in the eastern regions, two-chamber mausoleums were built, consisting of a room for rituals (ziyarat-khane) and a tomb (gur-khane). Mausoleums of this type have no direct analogues outside the Golden Horde and are a creative reworking of already known schemes.

Дары и придворные церемониалы в «Записке» (Рисала) Ибн Фадлана

The article shows the role and importance of gifts by the embassy of Ibn Fadlan, prepared for the nobility of the Oghuz and the ruler of the Volga Bulgars Almysh. The delegation considered necessity, the importance and value of gifts for the Oghuz. Attention was paid to cases of gift exchange. The nature of presents and their mutual exchange, common to all medieval societies, is also revealed. Тhe schedule of reception of Ibn Fadlan’s embassy corresponded to the ceremonial of meetings and preparation for them for delegations of foreign states by the court of the Samanid states. The rules of etiquette were borrowed by the Samanids from the Abbasids, going back to the traditions of the Sassanids. The similarity of the ritual of the meeting of the delegation by the ruler of the Volga Bulgaria Almysh with the etiquette of the Samanids is noted. The described regulation corresponds to the practice adopted in the Caliphate and among the Samanids, which means a long and deep acquaintance of the king of the Volga Bulgaria with palace traditions accepted in the Islamic world.

Некоторые особенности исламской культуры Хорезма в эпоху Золотой Орды

Research objective: To analyze the features of the Islamic culture of Khwarezm and the role of the Turkic languages in the dissemination of Islamic knowledge. Research materials: The article is based on information from various written sources and publications of Russian, Kazakh, Turkish source scholars and historians that shed light on the role of the Turkic languages in the religious culture of Khwarezm in the Golden Horde period. Results and scientific novelty: As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in Khwarezm, Islam was represented by various practices manifested in the organization of rituals, Mutazilism, Sufi teachings, and the cult of saints. In the pre-Golden Horde period, the Muslim written culture of the region was dominated by the Arabic, Persian, and Khwarezmian languages. From the middle of the 13th century, Turkic writings appeared in dictionaries, and from the 14th century, religious literature appeared in the Turkic language. The main settled centers of the Turkic languages of the Ulus Jochi were Volga Bulgaria, Khwarezm, and the Syrdarya territories. The close interaction of the Turkic-speaking peoples of these territories, coupled with the policy of a certain part of the political elite to support the use of Turkic languages, manifested itself in the growth in the number of works in Turkic languages and the beginning of the formation of a single Turkic literary language. In this complex process, Khwarezm played the role of repeating the Arab-Persian cultural traditions with the participation of a certain local Turkic component. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, based on the analysis of sources and existing research, one can assume the development of the religious culture of Khwarezm based on the Arabic, Persian, and Turkic languages, which is confirmed by the increase in the number of works of a religious nature, the translation of the Holy Quran into the Turkic language, and the deve­lopment of Turkic religious terminology.

«Черная смерть» в Золотой Орде: поле для исследований по истории и археологии Казахстана в XIII–XIV веках

The Black Death (the pandemic of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis) is critical for understanding the collapse of the Golden Horde and its aftermath in the 14th century. Recent historical and aDNA research argues that the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau is the point of origin for the rise of new highly virulent strains of the bacterium. It has been argued recently that this disease was present in the region during the lifetime of Chinggis Khan. The pandemic spread through Kyrgyzstan and the cities of Central Asia to Khorezm. The disease reached Kaffa simultaneously via the northern route in 1346 and spread to the rest of the Mediterranean world and beyond in 1347. Recent research has identified the southern course of the disease via Iran to Azerbaijan as well. aDNA research has shown that the same bacterium was responsible for the mass burials in Burana (near Issıq Köl, Kyrgyzstan) and Volga Bulgaria as in medieval Europe. This has implications for the study of the history of the entire territory of Kazakhstan. This study concludes that archeologists should be looking for evidence of mass burials in depopulated urban centers dating from the late 1330s-1340s to corroborate this research and to find ancient samples of the bacterium Yersinia pestis

Still – these are Heeltaps (on the topic of heeled footwear in the Middle Ages)

Among materials from the Volga Bulgaria of the 11th–13th centuries, as well as the territories under Bulgarian rule, forged oval-shaped articles reminiscent of shoe heel section can be found. There is no unanimous opinion concerning these finds among researchers. A considerable assortment of these items was excavated at the Rozhdestvensky settlement in the Perm Region. Analysis showed that they were made of raw steel, with the base a half-oval plate with folded edges and with three apertures for little cylinder-capped nails, the cap standing out on the item’s surface.Cylinder nuts were put on the nails from the inner side and were forged when heated. The nuts held a leather plate in place, which was thought to be a lower lift of the built-up heel. Thus the items under scrutiny served as heeltaps. It is recognized that first heels appeared in the 9th century as a feature of Persian riders’ footwear. They helped to hold the feet firmly in the stirrups when the warrior stood on the stirrups to shoot with a bow or to slash with a sabre more efficiently. Volga Bulgaria had close relations with Iran, therefore Bulgar riders may well have adopted a new kind of footwear. Even though there is no other evidence save the iron heeltaps, it may be assumed that heeled footwear was adopted in Volga Bulgaria sooner than in Rus and European countries, where it happened in the 16th century. This fact is essential for both studying the footwear of the Middle Ages and tactics of fighting on horseback.

New Discoveries of Tatar Gravestones of the 15th–16th Centuries: their classification and specific features

The article presents new findings of Tatar tombstones from the period of the Kazan Khanate, discovered during epigraphic expeditions in the regions of Trans-Kama area in 2019 and 2022, as well as identified through archaeological research in Kazan over the last decade. A total of eleven stones of varying preservation, dated to the 15th–16th centuries, are presented. The paper includes the deciphering of the epitaph texts with translations into Russian, as well as the physical parameters and geocoordinates of the monuments. Preliminary analysis indicates that during the specified period, the traditions of manufacturing and installing burial monuments, characteristic of the Volga Bulgaria era, continued, thereby maintaining continuity. Certain details and pattern elements suggest that in the territory of the Kazan Khanate during the specified period, a distinct, independent school of stone-carving art had emerged.

Археологические исследования ИГИ УрО РАН

The article describes the results of field and desk research of the Department of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Humanitarian Research Institute of PFRC UB RAS at the present stage, it analyzes the directions and topics of the conducted research. Of special interest is the study of the Rozhdestvenskiy archaeological complex - the city of Afkul dating back tothe X–XIV centuries, which is a part of the social and economic zone of Volga Bulgaria. The high level of development of metallurgical craft in the spheres of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is noted. The most important and exciting discovery of recent years has been the study of a coppersmith’s workshop, which is the only one found in the archaeological sites of medieval times in the Volga-Kama region. Brief results are given of the Plotnikovo burial ground studies reflecting the process of ethnogenesis of Komi-Permyaks. The archaeological materials reveal direct links with the region of Novgorodchina. The results of the Ugorian epoch studies in Prikamye region are considered, the main results of the Bayanovo burial ground studies are described. The conclusions are drawn about the originality of medieval Prikamye jewellery working.The research has been carried out on the period of Russian colonization. The results are presented of complex historical and linguistic studies aimed at identifying the ancient water-drawn system in Perm Prikamye and the ways of penetration of the old Russian population into the region

Восточные и западные венгры в улусах Чагатая и Джучи

The purpose of the study is to identify the links between the groups referred to in the sources of the XIII—XV centuries as “Magyars” or “Hungarians” with nomadic Hungarians or subjects of the Hungarian king who were taken to the east after the Mongol invasion. Traditionally, the first recorded contact between Catholic missionaries and Eastern Hungarians dates back to 1235. However, there is a reason to date the first journey of Julian not to 1234—1235, but to 1221—1222. Julian described two groups of Eastern Hungarians. The first on was located on the territory of the Volga Bulgaria. Those people have already moved to a settled way of life, but have retained the language. The second group — nomadic Hungarians, bordered on the Bulgars from the east. At the time of Julian’s visit to them, they entered into a military alliance with the Jochi Mongols. A year after Julian’s departure in the second half of 1223, the Mongols began a war with the Hungarians and the Eastern Kypchaks. Apparently, it began on the orders of Chagatai, whom Genghis Khan sent to the west along with Jochi. The confrontation between the Eastern Hungarians and the Mongols ended with the subjugation of Greater Hungary in 1236. Part of the Eastern Hungarians moved west to the borders of Rus’, where they lived in the second half of the 15th century. Another group of Hungarians is recorded in the 14th century in the Chagatai ulus. This was an aristocratic group that included someone from the Arpad dynasty, while circumstantial evidence suggests their stable relationship with the Jochids.

Development of the Culture of Dissertation Research in Archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR during the 1910s–1940s

This article discusses the development of the culture of dissertation research in archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR between the 1910s and 1940s. The central role in this process was played by A.P. Smirnov and N.F. Kalinin, two prominent archaeologists, as well as by V.F. Smolin and M.G. Khudyakov, their predecessors. A.P. Smirnov developed a research passion for studying the archaeology and history of the Volga Bulgaria in the early 1930s, and N.F. Kalinin became interested in exploring the primitive era during the second half of the 1940s. The large-scale excavations of the Suvar and Bolghar (since 1938) settlements offered a solid methodological background for A.P. Smirnov’s doctoral dissertation. In his work, he introduced a new approach to addressing a number of controversial issues, such as the dating of the emergence of the Bolghar settlement, by using archeological data. The outbreak of the war forced A.P. Smirnov to change his plans: he defended his dissertation in Moscow as early as 1944. N.F. Kalinin’s dissertation was based on the archaeological collections of the Neolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron Ages stored at the Kazan Museum; these were the well-known materials with a historiographical tradition. The problems of academic communication during the period before these two dissertations had been defended are addressed. The early stages of institutionalization of this process are analyzed.

Российский ислам и актуальные вызовы современности

The article highlights the results of the work of the International Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the celebration of the 1100th anniversary of the adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgaria "Russian Islam as a factor in strengthening inter-ethnic and inter-faith peace and harmony", held on November 24–25, 2022 in Kazan. The main thematic areas of the conference are revealed: Islam as a significant factor in the Eurasian space, its historical retrospective, the Soviet legacy, post-Soviet transformation, current challenges of our time, Russian Islamic education, faith-based institutions, identification processes among Muslims in Russia and the CIS countries, the risks of religious radicalisation and extremism, their social grounds, search for ways of anticipating and preventing conflicts. The participants came to the conclusion about the importance of preserving and updating the historical heritage of Russian Islam, taking into account the contribution of religious organizations to consolidation of spiritual and moral values and public service and to strengthening inter-faith harmony and civil solidarity in Russia and the CIS countries.

Kh. Faizhanov’s Historical Heritage

The article, which continues the cycle of works timed to the 200th anniversary of Khusain Faizkhanov (1823-1866), considers the evo lution of methods of historical research of the scientist. It shows the stag es of Kh. Faizkhanov’s formation as a historian and reveals the factors of transformation of his views and approaches. The fi rst experience of prepa ration of independent research work was received by Kh. Faizkhanov ap proximately in 1859–1860 when he was writing the general history of the population of the Middle Volga Region. Under the infl uence of his own fur ther discoveries in source study and in-depth research methods, Kh. Faiz khanov, probably, started preparing special scientifi c works on the history of Volga Bulgaria, Kazan, and Kasimov Khanates in 1862. The fi rst of them is considered lost, the other two were not fi nished but were found in the form of manuscripts, the analysis of which made it possible to claim that they were defi nitely included in the later work of Sh. Marjani “Mustafād al- ʼaḫbār fī aḥvāl Ḳazān va Bulg̣ār”. The contradictions within the work of Sh. Marjani itself lead to the idea that Kh. Faizkhanov’s work on Volga Bulgar ia suff ered the same fate.

Trade Contacts of Volga Bulgaria with the Mordvins in the 10th – Beginning of the 15th Century

The author publishes the results of studies of trade contacts between the Volga Bоlgars and Mordvins in the 10th – early 15th centuries. First of all, coin hoards are investigated, the number of coins found in burial grounds, as well as household items and inscriptions indicating the presence of trade contacts between the Bulgars, Tatars and Mordvins are analyzed. The findings of metal boilers and kettles among the Finno-Ugric peoples, primarily the Mordvins, who performed a sacred function, and their place in trade are analyzed. In addition, some data from written monuments are given, for example, "Tale of Bygone Years". Based on these sources, a comprehensive analysis of the changes in trade contacts between the Bulgars and Mordvins during the times of Volga Bоlgaria and the Golden Horde is carried out, data on their evolution, an increase in trade volumes and the reasons that led to this are given, a general description of the processes is given.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE ISLAM BY TURKS AND THE FIRST TRANSLATIONS OF THE QUR’AN IN TURKIC

After Turks had accepted Islam as the official state religion, the Qur’an was translated into Turkic as a whole. The emergence of the Islamic religion in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to the VI-VII centuries. The adoption of Islam as the official state religion among the Turks corresponds to circa three centuries after the birth of Islam. Suppose some Turkic tribes and small communities are exempted. In that case, Idil (Volga), the first independent Muslim Turkic state accepting Islam as the official state religion, is the state of Volga (Idyll) Bulgaria. Thus, Volga (Idyll) Bulgarian Khanate, the first independent Turkic-Islamic state, was completely far from Islamic countries, Bulgarian territory joined the Islamic geography with the acceptance of this religion, and the Bulgarian nation also accepted the spiritual authority of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Qarakhanid Khanate, the Ghaznavid dynasty, and the Seljuq dynasty emerged as the Turkic-Islamic state in later periods. With the acceptance of Islam as the state religion, the translation of the Qur’an into Turkic accelerated. As the patron of the religion was a state institution in this way, translation activities gained an official quality. The first translations of the Qur’an into Turkic were made using the word-for-word translation technique, which is often referred to as interlinear translation. Turkic equivalents were given to each Arabic word mentioned in the Qur’an. This method called interlinear translation is the translation technique seen in the first early Qur’an translations. Bilingualism was taken as the basis in the translations of the Qur’an, which are supposed to be made in the region of Transoxiana. In other words, both Turkic and Persian equivalents were given to Arabic words in the Qur’an translations made in this region. In the 10th century, Persian and Turkic were common languages of culture in the regions of Samarkand and Bukhara. Today, Persian domination is discussed in this geography.

VII Международный Золотоордынский Форум «Цивилизационное значение принятия ислама Волжской Булгарией и Золотой Ордой: интеграционные процессы в средневековой истории России»

On December 14–16, 2022, Kazan traditionally became the venue for the VII International Golden Horde Forum, “The Civilizational Significance of the Adoption of Islam by Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde: Integration Processes in the Medieval History of Russia.” It was organized as part of the Republic’s plan of main events dedicated to the 1100th anniversary of the adoption of Islam by Volga Bulgaria. The organizers of the forum were the M.A. Usmanov Center for Research of the Golden Horde and the Tatar Khanates of Sh. Marjani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the International Public Organization, “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde.” The forum was the most important conference on the study of the history of the Golden Horde and its successors, and it brought together many leading domestic and foreign researchers. About 70 scientists from Russia, Turkey, Israel, Serbia, Belarus, the Czech Republic, and Kazakhstan took part in the forum. This time, the attention of historians was drawn to the following sets of questions: sources and source study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates, problems and prospects; the adoption and spread of Islam in Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde; Islam and the civilization of the Golden Horde; Muslims in Rus’ during the period of the Golden Horde, presence, perception, relations, and influence; post-Horde khanates as Islamic Wilayats, ethnocultural and social dimensions; Tatar khanates as Islamic yurts, ethnocultural and social dimensions; military culture of the Ulus of Jochi, weapons, wars, and battles. Within the framework of the VII International Golden Horde Forum, round tables were organized. Following the results of the conference, a general resolution of the forum was formed and approved.

Forming the urban planning traditions in the east of Europe: small towns of Volga Bulgaria

The article is devoted to the problem of originating towns in the east of medieval Europe. The authors particularly focus on the attributes of the medieval feudal town in the Volga-Kama region. The unclear criteria for the socio-historical interpretation of Bulgar hillforts present significant problems not only to distinguish towns from the total number of fortified settlements, but also to draw a line between large, medium-sized and small towns. To identify small towns, it is necessary to rely not only on such well-known criteria as the area of a fortified settlement, the features of topography, the layout of defensive fortifications, but also to consider the specific features of the origin, the structure of the population and the functions of towns. The main problem lies at the methodological level as due to the informative lack of the available written sources, such a historical and cultural phenomenon as the Bulgar town is mainly studied by using archaeological methods. As a rule, most small towns appeared much earlier than the settlements of the surrounding rural population. Almost all of them were located along rivers and land trade routes, so their main functions were to control those vital economic and military routes. Moreover, the small towns in the Kama region had served as land centers since the Pre-Mongol period. In contrast to the medium-sized towns, most small towns have preserved their historical names. The data given in the article have taken account of the number of Pre-Mongol towns in Volga Bulgaria.

VOLGA-BULGAR COIN HOARD OF THE BEGINNING OF THE X CENTURY (GORBUNOVO VILLAGE, CHERDYNSKY CITY DISTRICT, PERM KRAI)

The territory of the Perm Krai is a significant region in Eurasia in terms of the number, types and uniqueness of numismatic finds from the early Middle Ages of the pre-Mongol era; the specifics, geography and commodity groups entering the Kama region in exchange for numismatic material are revealed; facts on discovered treasures, finds, individual coins are given; the significance and uniqueness of the Volga-Kama hydrographic network, a priori determined the formation of ancient trade routes from the Kama region in the north, to Central Asia, the Middle East, the Black Sea region, etc. The role and importance of Volga Bulgaria in the formation of trade routes and medieval trade is shown. A description of a unique coin hoard in the village of Gorbunovo (village of Redikor, Cherdynsky city district, Perm Krai) is given; its primary attribution and refined definition in our days are described; the age, geography and dynastic affiliation of coins are established, a chronology in the form of diagrams and tables is compiled. The main conclusion is that previously unknown unique Bulgarian imitations of eastern dirhams, features of coinage and stamps have been discovered. The research is of great historical, numismatic and cultural interest.