Volatile Essential Oils Research Articles

Chemical Variation and Biological Properties of the Essential Oil and Main Volatiles of Pimenta dioica Harvested in the Northern Highlands of Puebla, Mexico.

The chemical variation of the annual essential oils from Pimenta dioca (PdEOs) grown in the Northern Highlands of Puebla, Mexico, and their biological activities were determined. Eugenol (>50%) and beta-myrcene (>16%) were the main volatiles contained in the annual PdEOs (2022-2024) extracted from fruit and leaves. PdEOs showed inhibitory properties on human pancreatic lipase (IC50, 33-44 µg/mL) through mixed type inhibition with clear eugenol involvement (IC50, 47 µg/mL). The oral administration of PdEOs and eugenol combined with corn oil on ICR mice (p < 0.01), confirmed a strong anti-hypertriglyceridemic activity at 3 and 4.5 h post-treatment. PdEOs showed low toxicity in 3T3 fibroblasts and probiotics (IC50 >500 µg/mL), whereas high lethal dose in ICR mice (LD50 >8000 mg/kg BW). Eugenol, beta-myrcene and PdEOs decreased Helicobacter pylori viability acting as mixed inhibitors on urease. Results of anti-lipase and anti-H.pylori urease assays were endorsed by docking calculations.

Irrigation Effects on Volatile Profile and Essential Oil Yield of Guayule During Flowering

Irrigation Effects on Volatile Profile and Essential Oil Yield of Guayule During Flowering

Overcoming Challenges in Scented Geranium Cultivation, Processing, and Marketing: Study from Northern Karnataka, India

Medicinal and aromatic crops play a pivotal role in the socio-cultural, economic, spiritual and health dimensions of India's rural population and have become an integral part of our culture and rituals. Karnataka is a major repository of aromatic and medicinal treasures of the country. The demand for aromatic plants in India surpasses the available supply, prompting the widespread commercial cultivation of major aromatic crops in various regions. Among these, scented geranium emerges as a vital perennial aromatic, cultivated for its leaves imbued with a captivating rose fragrance. The aromatic oil of scented geranium is increasingly replacing traditional rose oil and identified as one of the top 20 essential oils traded globally. The present study aims to identify challenges in cultivation, processing and marketing aspects of scented geranium in Northern Karnataka. Considering the area and concentration of scented geranium in the state, Belagavi district is purposively selected for the study. Primary data was collected through personnel interview of randomly selected geranium growers. The major challenges faced by the farmers in the production, processing and marketing aspects of scented geranium were analysed and prioritized through Garett ranking technique. Analysis of the data revealed that in production, high cost of planting material, lack of high yielding varieties and high wage rates, high cost of inputs and sensitivity of crop to heavy rains were identified as top five constraints. Whereas, in processing, significant hurdles were high working capital requirement, high capital investment in installation distillation unit and insufficient knowledge on operation of distillation units, low oil recovery and lack of efficient processing equipment. In marketing aspects, high price fluctuation, lack of marketing information and lack of competition in the market, non-existence of local market and lack of adequate demand in nearby area were identified as major challenges in the study area. Educating farmers in nursery management and implementing mechanization techniques, particularly for harvesting, are crucial for enhancing productivity and profitability. Additionally, training on proper storage and transportation practices is essential to maintain the quality of volatile essential oils. This comprehensive strategy promotes sustainable and economically viable cultivation of scented geraniums in the region.

EVALUATION OF THE PROXIMATE, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF CLOVE (SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM) AS PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVE

Potential of clove as a phytogenic feed additive lies in its reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Clove buds contain approximately 15 to 20% volatile essential oils dominated by eugenol. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate proximate, phytochemical and essential oil composition of Syzygium aromaticum as potential source of phytogenic feed additive in poultry diet. Samples of Syzygium aromaticum was obtained, processed and subjected to laboratory analyses to determine proximate, phytochemical and quantitative essential oil (EO) composition using steam distillation procedure. Result showed that Syzygium aromaticum contained crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and ash content of 4.96, 31.20, 6.13, 61.57 and 5.24 %, respectively. Additionally, the phytochemical analysis showed that Syzygium aromaticum contained 1.74, 2.68, 1.37, 5.16 and 2.10 % alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. The quantitative determination of the EO content of Syzygium aromaticum showed it contain 10.68 % EO. In conclusion, ztudy showed that Syzygium aromaticum contains an appreciable levels of nutrients which may supply certain nutrients to diets in addition to their health promoting properties. Hence, Syzygium aromaticum can be included in livestock diet for balanced microbiota and possibly to improve growth performance.

Chemometric analysis of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes of conifers.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and essential oils of conifers are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. This work aimed to analyze the VOCs of 30 conifer species representing the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae families. Samples were collected from arboreta in Hungary, and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography (SPME-GC/MS); then, chemometric analyses were performed using multivariate methods to identify characteristic VOCs of conifers. Here, we present results for monoterpene and sesquiterpene profiles of the examined conifer samples. The most abundant compounds detected were α-pinene, bornyl acetate, limonene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-myrcene, δ-3-carene, and β-phellandrene. The results showed that the following volatiles were characteristic of the conifer groups: sabinene (RRT=6.0) for the cupressoid group (which includes the Cupressaceae species), longifolene (RRT=15.0) and β-pinene (RRT=6.1) were characteristic of the pinoid group (including Picea, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga species), and camphene (RRT=5.5) and bornyl acetate (RRT=12.6) were characteristic of the abietoid group (including Abies, Cedrus, and Tsuga species). Our results on VOCs in the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae families contribute to the elucidation of biodiversity patterns of conifer species and, in addition, may support the industrial application of terpenes.

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Essential Oil Profile of Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton Cultivated in Tunisia.

The chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) of roots, young and old leaves and stems, and flowers of Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton cultivated in Tunisia and of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the powder of each organ were identified. The EOs are extracted from fresh material by hydrodistillation, whereas the VOCs are obtained by head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) from the powdered dry tissues. Fifty-eight VOCs are identified, while, 105 components are detected for the EOs. The main EOs compounds are α-neoclovene, β-caryophyllene and limonene in roots (22.56, 12.52, and 8.59 %, respectively), viridiflorol in young stems, flowers and young leaves (34.90, 31.60, and 24.60 %, respectively), α-cadinol in young stems and leaves, and flowers (13.80, 10.40, and 9.10 %, respectively), (E)-nerolidol in flowers (13.30 %), and germacrene D in old stems (9.06 %). The major detected VOCs are n-undecane, mainly in young and old leaves (71.40 and 40.90 %, respectively), n-nonane in young leaves and flowers (31.80 and 27.10 %, respectively), α-cubebene in old stems and flowers (22.60 and 15.50 %, respectively), and α-gurjunene and β-gurjunene in roots (14.20 and 12.20 %, respectively). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) carried out on the 26 main volatile compounds (relative content exceeding 6 %) identified both by HS and in the EOs allowed their classification into two groups; compounds specific to roots and those specific to aerial parts. The later are subdivided in to two subgroups; old leaves and stems compounds subgroup, and young leaves and stems, and flowers one. We can notice that the two methods used to extract P. tobira volatile compounds and identify them are complementary. This study defines and differentiates, for the first time, the specific aroma profile of P. tobira from Tunisia. In addition to its ornamental value, all the organs of this species, could be valued as a source of volatile compounds useful in perfume, cosmetics and as food flavoring products.

Green Lacewing Chrysoperla externa Is Attracted to Volatile Organic Compounds and Essential Oils Extracted from Eucalyptus urograndis Leaves.

Plant herbivore interactions have long been recognized as a complex interplay influenced by various factors, including plant volatile emissions. Understanding the role of these volatiles in mediating plant predator interactions is crucial for developing sustainable pest management strategies. This study investigated the olfactory preferences of Chrysoperla externa larvae for volatiles emitted by Eucalyptus urograndis leaves, focusing on both seedlings and essential oils (EOs). We used Y-tube olfactometry to compare larval preferences between the clean air and various plant treatments, including undamaged and herbivore-damaged leaves. Chemical analysis of EOs revealed higher concentrations of oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in young and damaged leaves, particularly linalool, which has been implicated in insect attraction. Our results showed a significant preference for volatiles emitted by young damaged leaves over clean air for both seedlings (χ2 = 11.03, p = 0.001) and EOs (χ2 = 9.76, p = 0.002). Chrysoperla externa larvae are significantly attracted to specific volatiles from damaged E. urograndis leaves, suggesting these compounds could serve as cues for natural enemy foraging. Our findings enhance the understanding of plant-predator dynamics and suggest potential applications of eucalyptus plantations to sustain C. externa populations for biocontrol purposes.

Formulation and evaluation of nanoemulgel loaded with essential oils with mosquito repellent activities

The mosquito repellent potential of plant materials, including essential oils, has been exploited for centuries. However, due to the volatility of essential oils, the protection against mosquitoes is short-lived. This study aimed to formulate citronella oil (CO) (Cymbopogon nardus) and palmarosa oil (PO) (C. martini) in the form of nanoemulgel (NEG) to delay their volatility and prolong protection time against mosquitoes. Nanoemulsions (NE) of both essential oils were prepared using ultrasonication after suitable hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) selection and phase diagram development. NEGs were formulated by mixing NEs and Carbopol 934 gel. Physicochemical characterizations, including in vitro release and permeation studies were conducted. Tween 80, Transcutol P and distilled water with 40 % glycerol were selected as surfactant, co-surfactant and aqueous components of the NEs, respectively. HLB values of 11 and 12 were found to be appropriate for CO and PO NEs preparation, respectively. The NEGs were kinetically stable and the formulation components were chemically compatible with each other. The NEG formulations prolonged the release of both essential oils for 24 h and significantly reduced the percentage permeation via cellulose acetate membrane as compared to NEs. Consequently, NEG could be a potential formulation to prolong the mosquito repellent activity of essential oils.

Analysis of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity of Essential Oil from Virola sebifera Aubl (Myristicaceae).

Volatile oils or essential oils (EOs) were extracted from three V. sebifera samples (labeled as A, B, and C) in September 2018 and February 2019; the extraction process involved hydrodistillation of the leaves. The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The volatile components were identified by comparing their retention indices and mass spectra with standard substances documented in the literature (ADAMS). The antioxidant activity of the EOs was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), while their toxicity was assessed using Artemia salina Leach. Molecular docking was utilized to examine the interaction between the major constituents of V. sebifera EO and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a molecular target linked to toxicity in A. salina models. The EO obtained from specimen A, collected in September 2018, was characterized by being primarily composed of (E,E)-α-farnesene (47.57%), (E)-caryophyllene (12.26%), and α-pinene (6.93%). Conversely, the EO from specimen A, collected in February 2019, was predominantly composed of (E,E)-α-farnesene (42.82%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.02%), and bicyclogermacrene (8.85%), the EO from specimen B, collected in September 2018, primarily contained (E,E)-α-farnesene (47.65%), (E)-caryophyllene (19.67%), and α-pinene (11.95%), and the EO from the leaves collected in February 2019 was characterized by (E,E)-α-farnesene (23.57%), (E)-caryophyllene (19.34%), and germacrene D (7.33%). The EO from the leaves collected in September 2018 contained (E,E)-α-farnesene (26.65%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.7%), and germacrene D (7.72%), while the EO from the leaves collected in February 2019 was primarily characterized by (E,E)-α-farnesene (37.43%), (E)-caryophyllene (21.4%), and α-pinene (16.91%). Among these EOs, sample B collected in February 2019 demonstrated the highest potential for inhibiting free radicals, with an inhibition rate of 34.74%. Conversely, the EOs from specimen A exhibited the highest toxic potentials, with an lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of 57.62 ± 1.53 µg/mL, while specimen B had an LC50 value of 74.72 ± 2.86 µg/mL. Molecular docking results suggested that hydrophobic interactions significantly contributed to the binding of the major compounds in the EO from sample B to the binding pocket of AChE.

Deciphering the Antibiofilm, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oil from Indian Garlic and its Phytocompounds Against Foodborne Pathogens.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), particularly its volatile essential oil, is widely recognized for medicinal properties. We have evaluated the efficacy of Indian Garlic Essential Oil (GEO) for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity and its bioactive constituents. Allyl sulfur-rich compounds were identified as predominant phytochemicals in GEO, constituting 96.51% of total volatile oils, with 38% Diallyl trisulphide (DTS) as most abundant. GEO exhibited significant antibacterial activity against eleven bacteria, including three drug-resistant strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 78 to 1250µg/mL. In bacterial growth kinetic assay GEO effectively inhibited growth of all tested strains at its ½ MIC. Antibiofilm activity was evident against two important human pathogens, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that GEO disrupts bacterial cell membranes, leading to the release of nucleic acids, proteins, and reactive oxygen species. Additionally, GEO demonstrated potent antioxidant activity at IC50 31.18mg/mL, while its isolated constituents, Diallyl disulphide (DDS) and Diallyl trisulphide (DTS), showed effective antibacterial activity ranging from 125 to 500µg/mL and 250-1000µg/mL respectively. Overall, GEO displayed promising antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against enteric bacteria, suggesting its potential application in the food industry.

The Evaluation of Toxicity Effects of Synthetic Volatile Compounds and Essential Oils on Callosbruchus maculatus L. and its Biology

The biology studies and contact toxicity of synthetic volatile compounds, namely Propionic acid and Benzaldehyde, and essential oils namely, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha piperita, and their different possible combinations evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus and were carried out at the Department of Entomology, Annamalai University to develop an economically viable and effective alternative to chemical insecticides to manage the stored product insect pests. In the biology study, the egg period was 5±0.07 days. The larval and pupal period together was 21.24±0.67. The total development period recorded from the day of oviposition to adult emergence was 35.03±0.35 days. The maximum contact toxicity was observed in Propionic acid + Benzaldehyde with 8.73 µl LC50. Therefore, in addition to being incorporated into the storage pest management to prevent the development of resistance, combinations of essential oils and synthetic volatiles, such as propionic acid and benzaldehyde, could be used as an alternative to the chemical fumigants that are mostly used to control pests of stored products.

Fabrication of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions with high antibacterial activities via microfluidization

The high volatility and hydrophobicity of cinnamon essential oils (CiEO) limited their practical application. To enhance their stability and antibacterial activity, nanoemulsions encapsulating CiEO were prepared using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/lauroyl arginate (HPCD/LAE) inclusion complexes through high-pressure microfluidization (HPM). Effects of HPM parameters on the stability and antibacterial properties of nanoemulsion were investigated. Results revealed that increased processing pressure and cycle numbers were associated with reduced droplet size and greater homogeneity in CiEO distribution. Storage and thermal stability were optimized at 100 MPa and seven cycles. Moreover, the nanoemulsions showed strong synergistic antibacterial against E. coli (19.79 mm) and S. aureus (23.61 mm) compared with LAE (11.52 mm and 12.82 mm, respectively) and CiEO alone (13.26 mm and 17.68 mm, respectively). This study provided new information for constructing CiEO nanoemulsion, which is suitable for use in the food industry.

Citral in lemon myrtle, lemongrass, litsea, and melissa essential oils suppress the growth and invasion of breast cancer cells

ObjectiveAlthough cancer therapy suppresses recurrence and prolongs life, it may be accompanied by strong side effects; thus, there is a strong demand for the development effective treatments with fewer side effects. Cancer therapy using plant-derived essential oils is attracting attention as one promising method. This study investigated the antitumor effects of essential oil volatiles on breast cancer cells and identifies four essential oils that display antitumor activity.MethodsBreast cancer cells were cultured in a 96-well plate, then one of twenty essential oils was added dropwise to the central well. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h and the effect of the volatile components of each essential oil on the surrounding breast cancer cell growth ability was examined using an MTT assay. Gas chromatography was used to investigate the concentration of the transpiration components that may affect cancer cells.ResultsOf the 20 essential oils, Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa displayed strong anti-tumor effects. These essential oils inhibited the growth of nearby breast cancer cells, even when diluted more than 500-fold. The transpiration component of lemon Myrtle showed the strongest antitumor effect, but was the least cytotoxic to mononuclear cells in normal peripheral blood (PBMC). Each of these essential oils contained a very large amount of citral. The IC50 against breast cancer cells when citral was volatilized from each essential oil was 1.67 µL/mL for geranial and 1.31 µL/mL for neral. Volatilized citral alone showed strong anti-proliferation and infiltration-inhibiting effects.ConclusionThe transpiration components of Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa are thought to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation due to their high levels of citral.

A pilot study on the antimicrobial efficacy of Coleus Aromaticus on Lactobacillus acidophilus – Comparative In-Vitro analysis of five samples on a single plate

Objectives: Coleus aromaticus, also known as Indian borage, is a plant recognized for its medicinal uses, including potential antimicrobial properties. Lactobacillus acidophilus, a bacterium commonly found in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in maintaining microbial balance but can lead to dental caries if imbalanced. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of C. aromaticus against L. acidophilus. Material and Methods: The study was performed by the utilization of homeopathic ethanolic and dry leaf extracts of C. aromaticus on Lactobacillus bacteria, with a control group treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine. For the preparation of the C. aromaticus extract, leaves were cleaned, dried, and ground into a paste. A 20 g portion of this paste was then weighed and used for extraction. In the assessment of inhibitory effects, the disc diffusion method was employed, and nutrient agar served as the growth medium. Discs loaded with the respective extracts were positioned on the agar, and the Petri dishes were subsequently incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Following the incubation period, the inhibitory zones surrounding the discs were measured using a measuring scale. Results: The study’s findings were determined by measuring the diameter of inhibition zones and assessing the mean values. It was observed that the aqueous extract derived from dried C. aromaticus leaves possesses antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus. Specifically, it exhibited inhibition zones with diameters of 24 mm and 27 mm when using 100 µL/disc and 200 µL/disc, respectively. In comparison, the control group (0.2% chlorhexidine) displayed an inhibitory zone with a 23 mm diameter. Conclusion: The reason for these findings could be attributed to the existence of phytochemicals and essential volatile oils within C. aromaticus, which possess antimicrobial properties against Lactobacillus. This natural component appears to be effective in reducing Lactobacillus growth when used as an oral rinse containing phytochemicals.

Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Selected Eucalyptus Species: Review

Many medicinal plants and their essential oils are used to treat or prevent diseases without the risk of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or teratogenicity. Eucalyptus essential oils are commonly used as preservatives, flavoring agents, and various consumer goods. Eucalyptus leaves are being widely studied due to their volatile essential oils, including 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, α- and β-pinene, limonene, citronellal, citral, eudesmol, terpinen-4-ol, terpineol, α–phellanderene, and 9β-sitosterol. Among these compounds, 1,8-cineole is the most abundant. Eucalyptus leaves are rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds and are thus a great source of antioxidants. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used to measure antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus essential oil is stronger than that of standard antibiotics such as erythromycin, cefixime, and gentamicin due to the presence of significant terpenoids in addition to phenolic chemicals and flavonoids. A lower IC50 indicates greater antioxidant potential. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are often associated with beneficial health outcomes, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, anticancer properties, reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, prevention of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Flavonoids also play essential roles in plants, including protecting against reduction, fertility, reproduction, and infection. Due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory properties, flavonoids are crucial for pharmacological, medical, and nutraceutical applications.

Bi-layered oil encapsulates formed by polydopamine-supported in situ complex coacervation: Investigation of structure formation and sustained release performance

In polydopamine (PDA)-supported in situ complex coacervation, PDA is pre-coated onto emulsion droplets, and further applied as an interlayer to support the interfacial immobilization of coacervates biopolymers. In the current research, the stepwise immobilization of gelatin (GE) and gum Arabic (GA) onto PDA layer is monitored to in-depth investigate the mechanism of PDA layer as coating material and functional substrates. GE and GA were applied as adsorbates, with different forms of PDA (spherical shell, planar solid, and nanoparticles) as substrates. Real-time observations of the binding steps were performed using quartz crystal monitor with dissipation (QCM-D) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Meanwhile, using PDA-supported coacervates as encapsulating material, sustained release of essential oil volatiles was also evaluated, either dispersed in detergent solution or freeze dried in open air. The anti-oxidation performance was determined by measuring the absorbance of lipid hydroperoxide using UV spectrophotometer. The results revealed that PDA enabled synergistic immobilization of biopolymers through chemical bonding and adhesive force during the processing of in situ complex coacervation, thus enhanced protection of core compounds with two-stage releasing kinetics and prevented hyperoxidation. Also, PDA-based colloids and substrates also exhibit controllable conformation characteristic, provide a promising prospect as versatile intermediate functional biomaterials for encapsulation.

In vitro cholinesterase, lipoxygenase inhibition evaluation of rosemary and coriander essential oil nanoemulsion and characterisation

IntroductionThe low water solubility, high volatility, and instability of essential oils limit the application of various formulations, which can be managed by essential oils nanoemulsions. In this present study, in vitro anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activities were evaluated by designing nanoemulsions of rosemary and coriander essential oils with their combinations. MethodsThe chemistry of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary, Lamiaceae) and Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander, Apiaceae) essential oils was confirmed by GC-FID and GC/MS methods. Oil-in-Water (O/W) emulsions of essential oils and their 1:1 (w:w) combination were prepared by water titration. The essential oil/tween 20 ratio of the emulsions were 1:9, 2:8, and 3:7 (w:w) respectively. Characterisation studies were performed by measuring the droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and viscosity of the emulsions. Also, resistance to centrifugation, freezing, and heating was determined as part of the stability tests. Anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils and emulsions were determined by in vitro 5-Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition. In addition, in vitro Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) effects were evaluated. ResultsThe rosemary (1,8-cineole; 44.1%), coriander (linalool; 74.9%) essential oils, and their nanoemulsion formulations prepared were observed as stable. The anti-inflammatory activity of coriander essential oil was relatively increased by nanoemulsion preparations. However, there was no significant difference in the cholinesterase inhibition effects, when compared. To the best of our knowledge this is the first combination study of bioactivity evaluation of rosemary and coriander nanoemulsion preparations. ConclusionRosemary and coriander essential oil nano emulsifications is a promising application for increasing stability and biological activity as well.

Volatiles of essential oils and yeast derivatives influence mating behaviour of Anastrepha fraterculus males under field cage conditions

AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) is used for the management of tephritid fruit fly pests. The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one potential pest to be targeted by means of SIT. The success of SIT depends, to a large extent, on the sexual performance of sterile males. Various approaches have been evaluated with the aim of improving their sexual performance. These include the exposure to plant‐derived compounds and/or the provision of protein sources in the adults' diet capable of stimulating male mating success. The present study aimed to determine whether exposure to volatiles of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. (Rutaceae) essential oil and limonene confers a mating advantage to A. fraterculus laboratory males fed two distinct dietary regimes when competing with wild males for wild females under field cage conditions. Dietary regimes were, one, with non‐hydrolysed brewer's yeast and sugar (1:3 ratio), and the other with brewer's yeast hydrolysate enzymatic and sugar (1:12 ratio). The effect was evaluated in four variables associated with mating success: number of copulas obtained, latency to mate, copula duration, and copula location. Exposure to volatiles did not affect the number of matings achieved, irrespective of the diet given to the males. When laboratory males were fed with brewer's yeast hydrolysate, the effect of volatile exposure was shown in latency to mate, copula duration, and copula location. When the laboratory males were fed with non‐hydrolysed brewer's yeast, the effect of volatile exposure was shown only in copula duration. Laboratory males fed brewer's yeast hydrolysate achieved the same number of matings as wild males, whereas laboratory males fed non‐hydrolysed brewer's yeast had lower performance.

Pharmacological activities of essential oils from some flowers, plants and aromatic seeds – A review

Volatile oils or essential oils are the secondary plant metabolites producing from different plant parts like flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, stem, roots and their barks. These are chemically classified as terpenoids, which are hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl or carbonyl group. These are having different organic exercises and utilized as cure in Gastrointestinal issues, cold, hack, skin illnesses and so forth. These oils revealed for their pharmacological impacts like enemy of oxidant, hostile to bacterial, mitigating exercises and as Carminative. Ayurveda's founding country is India. There are numerous plants in India that can produce essential oils, which are frequently used in our daily lives. In this review, we want to talk about the biological activities of essential oils that come from flowers (like rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold), plant leaves (like marjoram, coriander, and mentha), and aromatic seeds (like fennel, caraway, cumin, and coriander), all of which are consumed on a daily basis and contribute to the cleanliness of our environment and health.

Mechanism of β–cyclodextrin - thyme nanocomplex formation and release: In silico behavior, structural and functional properties

Nanoencapsulation of thyme essential oil (TEO) volatiles into β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and their release requires in-depth kinetic, structural and in silico studies for elucidating the mechanisms for attaining the equilibrium state. Monoclinic crystalline structures of β-CD/TEO with 5 –10 μm were formed by TEO encapsulation and visualized using SEM. The β-CD:TEO 8.5:1.5 (w/w) ratio ensures 71.66% TEO retention efficiency and a cumulative release in hexane after 7 h of 75%. Thymol molecule is the favourite candidate to occupy the inner cavity of β-CD, although competition by carvacrol, o-cymene, 2-carene and camphene against thymol was noticed by GC/MS when increasing the TEO concentration. The molecular mechanics calculations suggested that binding of thymol, carvacrol and o- cymene within the hydrophobic cavity of β-CD is thermodynamically achievable, having complexation energy between -18.48 ÷ -22.07 kcal/mol, nonetheless the most stable complex is formed with α- pinene, if energy input is provided, displaying the lowest complexation energy, -25.89 kcal/mol. All inclusion complex (IC) powders had similar antiradical activity against DPPH (40 - 43%). The IC2 β-CD/TEO 8.5:3.00 (w/w) powder displayed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, while IC3 β-CD:TEO 8.5:1.50 (w/w) exhibited the strongest antifungal activity of all powders against Geotrichum candidum and Rhodotorula glutinis. The ICs obtained suggest a competitive mechanism of TEO components in occupying the β-CD inner cavity that predispose each powder formulae for specific applications in food in relation with their functional properties.