Voids In Mix Research Articles

Tinjauan Durabilitas Campuran Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course Menggunakan Aspal Tua Dengan Berbagai Bahan Peremaja

Asphalt concrete wearing course is laid on the top of road pavement so that directly exposed to ultra violet light and other environment impact. The higher temperature at the pavement surface and exposure to atmospheric oxygen accelerated aging cause asphalt to stiffen and become brittle. This aging result decrease the binding of asphalt and aggregate leads various damage of pavement. The aged asphalt rejuvenated and recycled with rejuvenating agent has been developed to reduce the use of virgin material for road maintenance. This article aims to review durability of asphalt concrete wearing course using waste cooking oil, epoxy resin, kerosene and waste engine oil as asphalt rejuvenators. Aging asphalt was prepared by heating in an oven at 85 oC for 120 hours (long term oven aging). Durability was assessed from the value of Marshall immersion which represent the resistance of asphalt mixture at water immersion. Relation between Marshall immersion and voids in mix (VIM), voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA), voids filled with bitumen (VFB) and density are also evaluated. From the analysis, it can be concluded that the use of waste cooking oil, epoxy resin, kerosene and waste engine oil as asphalt rejuvenators increase the durability of asphalt mixture containing the aged asphalt.

PENGGUNAAN LIMBAH SERBUK BESI SEBAGAI MATERIAL PENGISI (FILLER) PADA CAMPURAN STRUKTUR PERKERASAN JALAN KOLEKTOR PONCO – JATIROGO (STA.130+200 – STA.138+700)

Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam usaha peningkatan kekuatan struktur jalan sekaligus untuk menangani limbah serbuk besi, yakni dengan memanfaatkannya sebagai material pengisi (filler) dalam perencanaan campuran pada struktur perkerasan di ruas Jalan Ponco – Jatirogo (STA.130+200 – STA.138+700). Penambahan filler serbuk besi pada penelitian ini diberikan dengan kadar variasi 0%, 12%, 17%, 22%, dan 27% dari berat total campuran berdasarkan persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga Divisi 6 Tahun 2010 (Revisi 3) tentang ketentuan penggunaan material pengisi (filler) pada campuran perkerasan jalan. Hasil pengujian Marshall pada campuran aspal dengan variasi material filler dari limbah serbuk besi paling baik dan memenuhi syarat Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga diperoleh pada kadar filler 22% dengan waktu rendaman 1 jam, yakni dengan nilai VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate) 67,93%, nilai VFA (Void Filled with Aggregate) 92,91%, nilai VIM (Void In Mix) 4,82%, nilai stabilitas 1371,6 kg, nilai Flow 4,77 mm dan nilai Marshall Quotient (MQ) 288,93 kg/mm.

DEVELOPMENT OF ASPHALT MIX STIFFNESS MODULUS MODEL USING SLAG MATERIALS AND RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT

One of the design parameters using mechanistic methods for structural evaluation of asphaltpavement is the modulus value obtained from the DSR test for asphalt modulus and UMATTA test for mixturemodulus. Tests were carried out on hot mix asphalt with sixteen combinations using reclaimed asphaltpavement, EAF slag and a combination of both with a percentage of up to 30%. The result of the mixturemodulus showed that the mixture with a combination of slag and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) gavebetter performance compared to the control mixture using asphalt pen 60/70 and natural aggregate. Thedevelopment of the mixture modulus model was analyzed statistically with the classical assumption test andthe determination of dependent variables based on the existing theoretical model. The asphalt stiffness moduluswas taken from the calibrated DSR test results, asphalt mix volumetric plus the variables of the RAP and slagpercentage in this study. Of the several models obtained, there were two different mixture volumetricparameters the void in mix and void filled with asphalt in the mixture both models were validated to thestiffness modulus of the mixture. From the test results obtained, the closest ratio range was the stiffnessmodulus of mixture model with the void in mix parameter.

Studi Pemanfaatan Limbah Beton Mutu Tinggi pada Campuran Asphalt Concrete Binder Course (AC-BC)

The purpose of this research is to find out whether the modification of asphalt used with high quality of concrete waste as coarse substitute aggregate of Asphalt Concrete - Binder Course (AC – BC). In this study, the researcher used high quality of concrete waste fc’ 42, fc’ 47, fc’ 50, each waste concrete quality will be mixed with asphalt bitumen contents 5%, 5.5 %, 6 %, 6.5, and 7%. This research used the Marshall test method to determine stability value, flow value, Void In Mix (VIM), Void In Mineral Aggregate (VMA), Void Filled With Asphalt (VFA). AC - BC with high quality of concrete waste fc'42 obtained for the best bitumen content obtained is 7%, with a stability value of 1491.705 kg, flow 4.264 mm, MQ 343.465, VIM 9.190%, VFA 34.425%, VMA 15.067%. AC - BC with high quality of concrete waste fc'47 was obtained for the best asphalt content obtained was 7%, with stability values ​​1551.715 kg / mm, flow 4.587 mm, MQ 339.122, VIM 5.530%, VFA 63.308%, VMA 14.235%.The best results of the Marshall test were obtained at the high quality of concrete waste fc'50, asphalt content obtained is 7%, with the stability of 1616.145 kg, flow 4.859 mm, MQ 333.720, VIM 5.116%, VFA 55.597%, VMA 13.226%. Referring to the obtained research test, the values of stability match with Bina Marga standard value, namely 800 kg, but VFA value, VIM, and flow are not of Bina Marga standard values. In addition, VMA vales fulfilling Bina Marga standard values are concrete waste fc’42 and fc’47 with the scale 14%. The researcher hopes that this research will be the guideline in making a mixture of asphalt concrete binder courses with the replacement of coarse aggregate using concrete waste and to inspire people in utilizing concrete waste in technical aspects.

Effect of coconut-shell ash as filler and plastic bottle as substitution of porous asphalt mixture

Generally, porous asphalt mixtures are having low stability and highly dependent on the quality of asphalt as an aggregate binder, so the innovation of using additive needs to be examined to produce high quality asphalt. In this study, the additive used in asphalt mixtures is plastic bottle waste (Polyethylene Terephthalate/PET) and the use of coconut-shell ash (CS) as filler. This study aims to find out the influence of using PET waste and CS in asphalt porous mixtures which meets its parameter of Cantabro Loss (CL), Asphalt Flow Down (AFD), Marshall and permeability test on 60/70 asphalt penetration. Its benefit is to discover the influence of adding PET and ATK. In this research, the variation of asphalt content was made to obtain Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) of 4.5%, 5.0%, and 6.0%. Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) method was used to determine OAC including CL, AFD, and Void in Mix (WIM) test. After OAC was determined, OAC specimen with the variation of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% PET substitute on asphalt weight, and the use of 50% combination of CS and portland cement from the total weight of filler were made. At OAC value of 5.74%, it is obtained that the value of CL, AFD, Marshall and permeability which meet the AAPA specifications is in the addition of 2% and 4% PET in PA mixture.

Effect of Compaction Temperatures on Marshall Properties on Hot Rolled Sheet-Base mixture with the addition of plastic waste

This paper studies the effect of compaction temperatures on Marshall properties on a Hot Rolled Sheet-Base (HRS-Base) mixture with the addition of plastic waste. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) type plastic waste from plastic bottle waste is used in this study as an additional material of HRS-Base mixture. The ‘wet method’ is used to mix the PET into HRS-Base mixture, in which the PET is pre-mixed with asphalt material at the temperatures between 160 °C to 170 °C to create modified asphalt before it is mixed with HRS-Base aggregates. The materials used in this study consist of PET from plastic bottle waste, 60/70 penetration asphalt, Portland cement, and aggregates. The aggregate composition used must meet HRS-Base specifications based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results showed that increasing the compaction temperature of the HRS-Base mixture had an impact on increasing density, Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA), Marshall stability, and Marshall Quotient (MQ), while the values of Voids in Mix (VIM), Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA), and Flow decreased. In addition, HRS-Base without the addition of PET plastic (conventional HRS-Base) and HRS-Base with the addition of PET plastic (modified HRS-Base) were compared. Conventional HRS-Base has a density value, Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA), and Flow higher than those of modified HRS-Base. While, the value of Voids in Mix (VIM), Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA), and Marshall stability of conventional HRS-Base are lower than those of modified HRS-Base.

Opportunity applying response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of performing butonic asphalt mixture using plastic waste modifier: a preliminary study

Non-biodegradable waste plastic made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based drinking bottles waste was used as additive in asphalt concrete mixture production. This paper used modified Buton asphalt (MBA) as base binder. The asphalt concrrete mixtures containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% of waste PET were prepared with one source of aggregates, filler and stone dust. The effect of waste PET and MBA to asphalt concrete mixture on volumetric properties namely specific gravity, void in mix (VIM), void mineral aggregate (VMA) and void filled bitumen (VFB) is studied. The results of volumetric evaluation indicated that waste PET and MBA could be incorporated in asphalt concrete mixture. After calculating specific gravity, VIM, VMA and VFB, a table was designed as a preliminary study based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that can be used as a basis of modelling for continuous improvement of asphalt concrete prepared with waste PET and MBA.

Effect of limestone and buton granular asphalt (BGA) on density of asphalt concrete wearing course (AC-WC) mixture

This research aims to examine feasibility of local material of limestone as asphalt pavement aggregate and also Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) was used for petroleum bitumen partial replacement in the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture. The research method used is a laboratory experimental. Density of asphalt mix determined by void in mix (VIM) referred to Bina Marga specification, i.e. minimum 2,5%. The results showed that all of the mixtures meet the standard density which compacted by 2 × 75 blows. The secondary density was evaluated by using the specimen compacted with 2 × 200 blows. The secondary density AC-WC mix used limestone and petroleum bitumen pen. 60/70 binder did not meet the Bina Marga requirements, while AC-WC mix used limestone, petroleum bitumen pen. 60/70 and 10,5% BGA satisfied the stipulade of Bina Marga requirements.

Utilization of Plastic Bottles Waste in Asphalt Concrete Mixture

This paper deals with the innovation of road construction materials by the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as asphalt mixtures. The PET was obtained from plastic bottles waste. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of the PET on Marshall parameters on asphalt concrete pavement. The wet method is used in this research. It means that PET plastic material is directly mixed into asphalt when the asphalt is heated, then aggregates are added. In this research, asphalt with penetration of 60/70 is used. Its optimum asphalt content (OAC) is 5.7 percent while The percentages of the added PET are 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, 6 percent, and 7 percent of the asphalt by weight. The results show that the addition of PET plastic waste into the mixture has a significant positive effect on the Marshall parameters of asphalt concrete pavement. The addition of PET waste has been able to increase the value of other Marshall parameters, including Voids in Mix (VIM), Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA), Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA), Flow, and Marshall Quotient (MQ). This research result will contribute to a significant outcome in emerging a sustainable material for road infrastructure.

PENELITIAN CAMPURAN ASPAL BETON DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN FILLER BUNGA PINUS

AbstractThis study aims to determine the mixture of Pine Flowers using the Marshall method, and to determine the optimum asphalt content produced in concrete asphalt mixture with Pine Flower fillers, reviewed from the Marshall reserves, flow, VIM (voids In Mix), VMA (Void In Mineral ) Aggregate), VFB (Void Filled Bitumen), and Marshall quotient (MQ).The concrete asphalt mixture method in this study used AC 60/70 oil asphalt. This study consisted of 5 samples, each using different asphalt levels, namely: 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%. With each sample consisting of 3 variants of sample specimens. This research was conducted at the Technical Laboratory, the university attended. The stages of the study included coarse aggregate of the solid rock held by filter no. 8 (2.36mm), fine aggregate with brantas river sand passes the no. 8 (2.36mm), and fillers use pine ashes by passing filter no. 200 (0.075mm).The results of this study about Marshall characteristics obtained Optimal Asphalt levels of 6.5% with a mean Stability value of 1417, a mean Flow value of 3.6 mm, a mean value of VIM (voids In Mix) 4.11%, a mean value of VMA (Void In Mineral Aggregate 16.69%, VFB (Void Filled Bitumen) mean value 73.57%, and Marshall quotient (MQ) mean value 314 kg / mm. Keywords: Concrete Asphalt, Marshall Method, Pine Flowers

The influence of reclaimed asphalt pavement in warm mix asphalt on asphalt concrete binder course with Retona Blend 55

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) comprises removed pavement materials containing high-quality aggregates and asphalt which can be recycled as materials for new pavement construction. It is removed continually for reconstruction, resurfacing, and maintenance purposes, and if not recycled will become waste. This paper determines the influence of using different RAP percentages and asphalt content in warm mix asphalt on the Marshall test results for asphalt concrete binder course (AC-BC) using Retona Blend 55. The percentages of RAP are determined by analyzing the gradation of the existing aggregates in RAP and adding virgin aggregates so that it meets the standard gradation for AC-BC specified by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. The RAP percentages in the asphalt mixes in this study are 35%, 45%, and 51.55% of total aggregates, while the asphalt contents are 5%, 6%, and 7% of the total mix. To determine the influence of RAP percentage and asphalt content, and to discover if there is any influence from the interaction between these two factors, the analysis is performed using a factorial design. The results of this study show that variation in RAP percentages in the mix has no significant influence on stability, flow, and Marshall quotient, but there is significant influence on void in mineral aggregates (VMA), void in mix (VIM), and void filled with asphalt (VFA). Correlations of 97.5%, 80%, and 95.1%, respectively show that increase in RAP percentage increases VMA and VIM and decreases VFA. The interaction between RAP percentage and asphalt content has no significant influence on Marshall test results.

Performance of Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) Utilizing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement from Cold Milling Bound with 80/100 Pen Asphalt

Demands on natural aggregate materials for road pavement can be reduced by utilizing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). This research was aimed at evaluating the performance of AC-WC mixture using RAP materials from cold milling, bound with 80/100 pen asphalt. The RAP aggregate gradation was adjusted by adding the required amount of natural aggregates to meet the specification in Indonesia. The RAP and added aggregates were hotmixed and compacted with Marshall hummer at 2×75 blows. The asphalt content were varied. It was found that the optimum asphalt content was 6.05 % with the following Marshall characteristics: stability 1237.08 kg; flow 3.36 mm; Marshall quotient 324,73kg/mm; void in mix (VIM) 3,360%; void in mineral aggregate (VMA) 15.103; and void filled with bitumen (VFB) 77.759% and residual stability 91.04; all met the Indonesian specification. The cantabro abration loss (CAL) at 30°C was 9,02%. The indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) at 20 °C was 7961.4 MPa; dynamic creep with 100 kPa pressure at 40°C gave slope 0.0112 microsstrain/pulse which is suitable for heavy load traffic. The fatigue test results was obtained at increased stress level, i.e. at 900, 1100, and 1300 kPa. Based on the equation derived from the fatigue strain and repeated loading relationship, at 100 microstrain (με) the repeated load was 434,661.58 times, and at one million (106) repeated loading, the samples could withstand strain of 92,38 microstrain. The performance of the samples were overall better than AC-WC mixture using virgin aggregates bound with 60/70 pen asphalt.

Experimental study on use of reclaimed asphalt pavement as aggregate substitution for flexible pavement

This study is to assess the suitability of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a coarse aggregate substitution for flexible pavement mixture. The RAP in this investigation was taken from roads in Padang, Indonesia. There were three types of flexible pavement chosen to be tested for RAP substitution, i.e. Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC), Asphalt Concrete-Binder Course (AC-BC), and Hot Rolled Sheet-Wearing Course (HRS-WC). Laboratory studies have been carried out on flexible pavement mixes with RAP material and their performance has been compared with flexible pavement without RAP substitution. Marshall tests were carried out in laboratory as per 2010 specification 6th division from Indonesia Public Work Department standard. The effects of RAP on physical and rheological properties of the final bituminous blend were investigated. The research aims to find out the effect of RAP as coarse aggregate substitution to the flexible pavement characteristics, i.e. Stability, Flow, Marshall Quotient (MQ), Void in Mix (VIM) and Void in Mineral Aggregate (VMA). The percentage of RAP substitution is 35%, 55%, and 60%. From the results of the tests in the laboratory, it was concluded that the AC-WC pavement was more appropriate due to, it has achieved the highest Marshall stability, with VIM, VMA, and VFB were in the standard.

Analysing Properties of Asphalt Concrete Modified with Crumb Rubber Compare to Other Mixture

Several researchers have been undertake in finding alternative materials in order to be used as a modifier in asphalt mixture for the purpose of improving its properties. This research presents a study of laboratory evaluation on the performance of hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) using crumb rubber as an additive. It is noted that crumb rubber was identified to have potency as a modifier in HMA due to the elastic behavior exposed by the rubber particles, especially in reducing the rutting potential. This study fine crumb rubber Shred (2.36-0.85 mm) obtained by ambient-temperature grinding process from discarded truck tires, was used to modify asphalt concert. The fine crumb rubber with different contents, i.e. 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, was incorporated into the mixture by using dry and wet process method in differentent temperatures. The Marshal properties, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Indirect Tensile Strength test (ITS) and Indirect Tensile Strength Modulus (ITSM), Permeability were conducted. The result showed that marshal stability, Marshal Quotient, Voids in Mix (VIM) and Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) decreased with the increasing crumb rubber modifier. However, Marshal Flow and Void filled with asphalt (VFWA) increased when crumb rubber modifier was increased. The crumb rubber asphalt mixture result indicated has increased amount of crumb rubber in asphalt concrete mixture will decrease the Marshall Stability and permeability test shows that asphalt concrete without crumb rubber lower than AC with crumb rubber strength compare to other mixture.

Pengaruh Agregat Gabungan Terhadap Hasil Marshall Untuk HRS-WC Dan HRS-Base

The cause of the failure and damage to the roughness of the road is because the use of asphalt with high penetration value concurent with low levels mixture asphalt and the implementation of which has not been in compliance with the existing requirements, thus reduce the age of the road plan. The most commont asphalt roughness layer failure is permanent deformation AS a result of less stability and crack due to fatigue. One of the main consideration in determe the quality of asphalt mixture is the strength of the aggregate in order to endure in compliance with road planning. The issues discussed in this research is how the combined aggregate influence towards optimum levels of asphalt and asphalt mixture stability value. The research sample is asphalt penetration 60/70, coarse aggregate Awang Bangkal and Katunun-Banjarbaru Pelaihari, fine aggregate is Barito sand, filler Awang Bangkal rock burst and Tiga Roda Cement, witch total of 48 samples with levels 5-7% asphalt. Parameters of mix are stability , flow of air cavities, Voids in Mix (VIM), Void in Mineral aggeggate (VMA), Void Filled with Asphalt (VFA), Marshall Quotient (MQ), and VIM refusal to AC-WC determined from analysis of Marshall. The result achieved is the reduction in consumption levels of optimum asphalt of 0.5% for combined aggregate Awang Bangkal and Katunun Lataston mixed HRS-WC and a reduction in consumption levels of optimum asphalt of 0.2% on the mix HRS-Base on the minimum spesification 800 kg.

Influence of Void in Mix on Rutting Performance Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement with Crumb Rubber Additive

Pavement construction is expected to support vehicle loads and be weather- and water-resistant. In tropical regions with high temperatures and high rainfall intensity, pavement design and construction must consider the effects of temperature. The addition of crumb rubber (CR) can improve the performance of asphalt concrete in response to vehicle loads and ambient temperature. Fiber-shaped CR can be mixed with the aggregate and bitumen in asphalt concrete. In this study, CR was added to the aggregate in a type of asphalt concrete for wearing courses known as hot mix asphalt (HMA). A series of tests were conducted using the Marshall standard or immersion and wheel tracking machine (WTM). CR was added to the HMA at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in aggregate and further mixed with bitumen with 60/70 penetration grade. The additive materials increased the value of the Marshall stability compared to the virgin asphalt mixture. However, this result was not obtained in the WTM test; the addition of CR increased rutting compared to the asphalt mixture without additive. The addition of CR to HMA reduced the voids in the mix, and weakened the capacity of the asphalt concrete to support repeated vehicle wheel loading.

PENELITIAN CAMPURAN ASPAL BETON DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN FILLER BUNGA PINUS

AbstractThis study aims to determine the mixture of Pine Flowers using the Marshall method, and to determine the optimum asphalt content produced in concrete asphalt mixture with Pine Flower fillers, reviewed from the Marshall reserves, flow, VIM (voids In Mix), VMA (Void In Mineral ) Aggregate), VFB (Void Filled Bitumen), and Marshall quotient (MQ).The concrete asphalt mixture method in this study used AC 60/70 oil asphalt. This study consisted of 5 samples, each using different asphalt levels, namely: 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%. With each sample consisting of 3 variants of sample specimens. This research was conducted at the Technical Laboratory, the university attended. The stages of the study included coarse aggregate of the solid rock held by filter no. 8 (2.36mm), fine aggregate with brantas river sand passes the no. 8 (2.36mm), and fillers use pine ashes by passing filter no. 200 (0.075mm).The results of this study about Marshall characteristics obtained Optimal Asphalt levels of 6.5% with a mean Stability value of 1417, a mean Flow value of 3.6 mm, a mean value of VIM (voids In Mix) 4.11%, a mean value of VMA (Void In Mineral Aggregate 16.69%, VFB (Void Filled Bitumen) mean value 73.57%, and Marshall quotient (MQ) mean value 314 kg / mm. Keywords: Concrete Asphalt, Marshall Method, Pine Flowers

Marshall Characteristics in Asphalt Concrete –Wearing Corse (AC-WC) in Various Length and Temperature Submersion

Early damaged of road pavement in Indonesia is commonly caused by weather and water submersion. The road pavement performances, i.e. road strength and durability are affected by the existing of water submersion and the load through the road. By using Marshall Test, the research aims to find out the effect of submersion to the Asphalt Concrete–Wearing Corse (AC-WC) characteristics, i.e. stability, flow, Marshall Quotient (MQ), Void in Mix (VIM) and Void in Mixed Aggregate (VMA) with 60/70 asphalt penetration and 6.1% asphalt content while submerged in water bath. The durations of submersion are 1×24, 2×24, 4×24, 6×24 and 8×24 hours in various temperatures that are 32, 50, 60, 70 and 80°C. The mixing asphalt consists of Corse Aggregate (CA), Medium Aggregate (MA) and Fine Aggregate (FA). Moreover, this experiment is done under Bina Marga specification. As the result, this research shows that the length and temperature of submersion influenced the Marshall Strength of asphalt AC-WC. he duration of Asphalt AC-WC submerged in water have affected its strength and durability shown by the decreasing of Marshall Value. Also, it occurs when the temperature of submersion was increased.