Voices Of Protest Research Articles

Holy Day, Holiday: The American Sunday (review)

Reviewed by: The Protestant Voice in American Pluralism Edwin S. Gaustad The Protestant Voice in American Pluralism. By Martin E. Marty. [George H. Shriver Lecture Series in Religion in American History, No. 2.] (Athens: University of Georgia Press. 2004. Pp. xii, 84. $22.95.) This well-written study of Sunday in the United States provides a fascinating cultural history of rest in America. Historically most Americans have ceased working on Sunday, but as Alexis McCrossen demonstrates, the meaning of this day of rest has been constantly contested by differing groups with conflicting theologies, social visions, and political agendas. This text excels in showing how these battles reflect broader changes in American society from the early nineteenth century to the present. [End Page 572] The first seven chapters of McCrossen's study focus upon evolving public policies concerning Sunday. She probes in depth the efforts of early republican sabbatarians to institutionalize Sunday as the biblically mandated Sabbath, and the countervailing forces that encouraged broader understandings of rest and leisure that supported a wider range of acceptable diversions on Sunday. Subsequent chapters probe the influence of the frontier and of war upon Sunday customs, Sunday in the industrial city, and the impact of consumerism in the late nineteenth century. McCrossen shows how battles over the meaning of Sunday reflected perceived differences "between holy day and holidays, between secular and sacred, between rest and work" (p. 110), but makes it clear that the move away from the once dominant evangelical sabbatarian construction of the Sabbath was never a simple matter of secularization. Nineteenth-century Protestant liberals and Catholic immigrants, for example, advanced theological rationales for broadening the meaning of Sunday. For them, holy day and holiday were not opposed but mutually reinforcing categories. In her final two chapters McCrossen moves from public policy to private experience, probing how shifting patterns of race, class, and gender as well as changes in institutional practices shaped the Sundays of individuals and families. The history of Sunday revolves around "the tremendous struggles for control over time—between parents and children, employers and employees, clerics and co-religionists, politicians and citizens, and many others" (p. 154), and McCrossen tells the story of these struggles in compelling prose. Although McCrossen's book is clearly the best starting point for anyone interested in the history of Sunday in America, she would have done well to explore more fully the way that Americans and early modern Europeans contended over the meaning of rest and the Sabbath before 1800. She notes that Puritans and Anglicans often disputed the proper way of keeping Sunday during the colonial era, and that antebellum evangelicals created a "traditional Puritan Sabbath" that was more myth than reality; yet she chooses to begin her story with nineteenth-century controversies over Sunday mail delivery. The reader is left to wonder what disputes over Sunday emerged from the particular constellation of forces triggered by industrialism and demographic expansion, and what conflicts had more ancient roots? Nonetheless, what McCrossen has done is superb. This book will richly reward students of American religion and culture, gender, and family. Gracefully written and well illustrated, it will also appeal to a broader general audience. Edwin S. Gaustad University of California Riverside (Emeritus) Copyright © 2004 The Catholic University of America Press

Women's anti-alcohol movement in Haryana: Successes and failures

The green revolution brought prosperity to Haryana, but much of the increase in disposable income, instead of being ploughed back into infrastructure development, was frittered away in alcohol consumption, leading to major domestic problems all over the State, with wife beating and alcoholism, according to one study, seen to be inseparable. An anti alcohol movement, spearheaded by women, took root in this fertile soil, and spread. Though the political establishment sought to gain mileage by imposing prohibition, a mafia emerged to fill the void, and the consumption of liquor and related problems did not disappear. The women who spearheaded the anti liquor movement did not however raise their voices in protest, due to a number of reasons. When men usurped the frontal roles, they were inhibited by purdah and social mores, they lacked the resources to sustain the movement, they were adversely affected when the State turned enforcer and their menfolk were sent to jail, they were stymied when patriarchy reasserted itself via links with the mafia, which the women were not able to withstand, and there was no social support for the agitators, who came to be blamed for the fall in government revenues. Yet the anti liquor movement helped women organise themselves, and brought their voices into the political limelight.

"This Matter of Women Is Getting Very Bad": Gender, Development and Politics in Colonial Lesotho

Marc Epprecht. This Matter of Women Is Getting Very Bad: Gender, Development and Politics in Colonial Lesotho. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2000. ix + 281 pp. Biographical sketches of informants. Notes. Bibliography. Index. R190. Paper By challenging existing orthodoxies about gender roles and women's accomplishments in the development of Lesotho, Marc Epprecht has made a major contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of that small country and of the regional environment in which it is situated. Like any work that emphasizes a previously neglected factor, however, it occasionally creates new interpretive problems by making that selected element the master variable in situations in which it was just one relevant element among many. Epprecht builds his analysis of women's roles on the previous efforts of Elizabeth Eldredge, judy Kimble, Colin Murray, and Eddie Maloka to provide a gendered historical analysis that complements the more male-centered analyses of Leonard Thompson and Peter Sanders. Epprecht's most important insights concern the twentieth-century phenomena about which he developed new primary data from the many interviews conducted during the research for his doctoral dissertation. While not a theoretical discourse on gender, the book is an application of such materials to Lesotho and is quite accessible to the serious reader. The high quality of the study belies Epprecht's unnecessary apologies in his introduction for being a white, expatriate male writing about African women. Epprecht is at his best in describing and evaluating hitherto neglected women's kopcmos, namely, homemakers' and church organizations that allowed women to assume new voices and greater control of their destinies in both secular and religious domains. he also does a first-rate job in explaining the social reforms initiated by the Roman Catholic Bishop Joseph Bonhomme, which coexisted, paradoxically, with an oppressive and restrictive view of appropriate female roles. While he redresses prior scholarly neglect of Catholic groups, his range of interviews seems to have been somewhat skewed, so that Protestant voices are not given an equivalent hearing. His portrayal of Regent Paramount Chieftainess Amelia 'Mantsebo Seeiso as a proponent of democratic consultation and solidarity and as a protofeminist reverses earlier, overly negative and sexist evaluations of her, but it ignores the substance of unfavorable assessments of her reign. …

Feminist Buddhism as Praxis: Women in Traditional Buddhism

This paper discusses a project the author has been engaged in since 1994 with women in the Japanese Buddhist community who are working across sectarian boundaries to recreate a Buddhism that goes beyond patriarchy. While the celibacy prized by many Buddhist orders that profess renunciation of secular married life has resulted in oppression of women, this paper points out that women face similar problems even in the laicized Shin school. The paper describes various perspectives that women of this project have adopted in their feminist critiques of Buddhism and their movement to remake Buddhism for today, and argues that the question of whether traditional Buddhist orders can overcome their predicament depends upon whether the men can open themselves to hear the women's voices of protest. The paper shows that this project can also contribute to a critique of the Eurocentric feminist version of Buddhism that informs the understanding of some European and American feminist scholars in this field.

‘n Nuwe horison - Verkenning ten opsigte van ‘n sosiale geskiedenis van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Sending

The author chooses to write a social mission history of the DRC in order to relate important mission events properly to the developing political economy in South Africa. He chooses to follow the nethodology describe especially by Grundlingh and Hobsbawm. He sees mission history and church history as interchangeable, and views Christian history as an important rubric of general human history. He analyses the period 1934-1961 in this article, and starts with the DRC mission policy established in 1935. The author points out a close entwinement of mission policy and political culture, in that “the solution of the native question” formed the central pivot in both mission and political policy. He analyses events around the publication of the Tomlinson Report to illustrate the link between mission policy and political culture (segregation/apartheid). There were also voices of protest against these developments, especially from people with missionary involvement. The author is convinced that there are various important areas for further research (which explains why he subtitled his article: “A reconnaisance in terms of social mission history”). Some of these areas are the relationship between mission and financial ability and the DRC’s late involvement in urban mission. The author concludes with an ambivalent evaluation of DRC mission from a social historical perspective, but stresses that much more research is needed before any conclusive evaluation can be attempted.

Poet John Hewitt, 1907-1987, and criticism of Northern Irish Protestant writing

This study questions the validity of John Hewitt's prominence in Northern Irish Protestant writing and asserts the need for a more accurate history of this genre. Confronting the perceived wisdoms of a highly politicized discourse, it undermines Hewitt's status within it as a matchless, acceptable Protestant for a critically re-visioned Ireland. Challenging the substance of Hewitt's self-representations as icon of cultural liberalism, radical secular dissenter, and verse-apologist for the Planter condition, this book shows that his elevation over the majority of northern Protestants is tenable only within an incomprehensive history of Northern Irish Protestant writing that diminishes other important figures. The study provides a framework for a more equitable study of Protestant voices.

Reincarnation Revisited Rationally

only by the work one does or the qualities one possesses, the rationalists will probably not resist it much. That it is said to be determined by birth seems arbitrary and unfair to them. It then disturbs their program of pushing the sugarcane of life through the crusher of reason. Likewise, if one's actions were claimed to determine how one fares in this life, not many voices of protest would be heard from the rationalists, but when actions are viewed as determined by past existences and as determining the future existences, they protest, loud and clear. Reincarnation undermines the ideas of karman and varna, the relatively calm ones among them say. •

Continuing the Bleeding of These Pueblos Will Shortly Make Them Cadavers: The Potosi Mita, Cultural Identity, and Communal Survival in Colonial Peru

The exploitation of Andean villagers under the forced labor regime for the mines of Potosi is almost as infamous as the silver they extracted from thecerro ricois famous. Established by Viceroy Toledo in the 1570s, themita, as the system of forced labor was known, remained in place until the smoke and shot of Latin American independence struggles were in the air. For over two centuries, Spain forced thousands upon thousands ofnaturales(a common colonial term for indigenous people) from communities throughout the southern Andean highlands to lend their muscle and sweat, and all too often their blood and their lives, to keep Potosi's veins open and flowing. Through this work themitayosand their communities not only drove the colonial economy, but also were a major force in sustaining the Spanish empire and in helping forge the modern world's dominant economic system. Conversely, mita exploitation threatened the very survival of the communities subject to it. The mita was so onerous that virtually all indigenous peoples subject to the labor draft, regardless of ethnicity or class, raised an almost continuous voice of protest from their communities against the mita and its abuses. Tensions created by the mita also severely strained the bonds that linked community,curaca, and the state, which were primary ingredients in the social glue that kept colonial Andean society from coming apart. To avoid descending into the mines, and to escape such horrors as laboring over mercury vapors, many people permanently fled their communities, giving up the status oforiginarios(community members with rights such as access to land and subject to state obligations) to becomeforasteros(indigenous person not living in community of origin, or descendant of the same, without communal rights but exempt from many state obligations). In this way the mita, one of the few forces that had potential for uniting Andean peoples in opposition to the state also fractured them. Communal solidarity was severely strained and neither the shared experience of the mita nor the commonality of experience in Potosi created sufficient cohesion to overcome the ethnic and regional differences that divided them.

South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance 1880-1960

South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance 1880-1960

Psychiatrie im Nationalsozialismus: Das Philippshospital in Riedstadt (Hessen) (review)

General Book Reviews 159 predisposed the Jews' enemies to make more of their flaws and peculiarities than was strictly necessary. Schafer has given us a masterly account ofthe early history ofantisemitism, but he has not really dissipated the mystery of this terrible enmity. He has described the circumstances in which it first appeared and examined the ingredients out of which it was originally put together. Why this concoction should have been brewed in the first place, however, why the Jews should have been its victims, and how the brewmasters have managed to protect their product from countless attempts to drive it offthe market: these all remain questions to which no convincing answer has yet emerged. Robert Goldenberg Program in Judaic Studies State University ofNew York at Stony Brook Psychiatrie im Nationalsozialismus: Das Philippshospital in Riedstadt (Hessen), by Idisor J. Kaminer. Frankfurt am Main: Mabuse Verlag, 1996. 390 pp. DM 48.00. Rudolf Hess, deputy Fuhrer in Germany, once remarked that National Socialism was applied biology. This viewpoint was responsible not only for the mass murder of Jews and gypsies, groups defmed as alien races whose mere existence was threatening to Germany, but also of forced sterilization and killing 'of physically and mentally defective German individuals. This euthanasia program (T-4) was an integral part ofthe Nazi system. We have now available valuable studies of the German euthanasia program: in English, most notably Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to Final Solution, Benno Muller-Hill, Murderous Science, and G6tz Aly, Peter Chroust, and Christian Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland. Not only are other studies ofvarious aspects ofthis program available in German, but histories ofthe implementation of this program in specific mental hospitals have also been published. The study under consideration, a doctoral dissertation, examines the Philippshospital in Riedstad (Hessen). Following some general discussions of Nazi medical practices-particularly sterilization and the killing of mentally defective or incurable patients-the author then, basing himself on the available archival sources of the hospital, attempts with some measure of success to reconstruct the events that took place during the Nazi period. It is quite clear that efforts were made by the staff of the Philippshospital near the end of the war to destroy documents that might prove incriminating. This has made the reconstruction of some events difficult and in some cases impossible. Systematic killings of patients did not take place at this hospital as 160 SHOFAR Spring 1999 Vol. 17, No.3 they did in institutions such as Hadamar. Doctors, however, willingly filled out questionnaires which resulted in the transport of patients to institutions in which they were killed, because they were either Jewish or viewed as defective in some other way. Kaminer cites documents that show that patients who were conceded "corrigible" were sent to what the documents simply refer to as labor camps. This language disguises the fact that they were sent to concentration camps, including Mauthausen (near Linz), probably the worst ofall the German concentration camps. The evidence is also strongly suggestive that doctors deliberately chose through starvation and neglect to let patients die. Berthold Brecht once remarked that Die Wahrheit ist konkret, "truth is concrete." The specific case histories-the inquiries of relatives about the fate of patients in the hospitals, the description of the treatment ofpatients-give a sense of the dehumanization of the German medical profession under Nazism. The correspondence of the physicians is at times chilling: "The transport [of children] should ideally be to Eicberg [where they would be killed] with explicit instructions to send the brains to us" (p. 182). Kaminer notes that the program of euthanasia of children continued until the end of the war and that "in contrast to the murder of adults-similarly to the murder of Jewish patients-no voice ofprotest was raised" (p. 183). The material provided about patients, including extracts from their records, permits us to get three-dimensional pictures of life in the hospital, particularly as far as the patients were concerned. The same, however, cannot be said for the doctors who sterilized patients and participated in shipping them to institutions where they were killed. Though some physicians are mentioned by name, the author is much less...

South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880-1960

Introduction: South Africa's alternative press in perspective Les Switzer Part I. An Independent Protest Press, 1880s-1930s: 1. The beginnings of African protest journalism at the cape Les Switzer 2. Qude maniki! John L. Dube, Pioneer Editor of Ilanga Lase Natal R. Hunt Davis Jr 3. From advocacy to mobilisation: Indian opinion, 1903-1914 Uma Shaskikant Mesthrie 4. Voice of the coloured elite: APO, 1919-1923 Mohamed Adhikari 5. Moderate and militant voices in the African nationalist press during the 1920s Les Switzer 6. Bantu world and the origins of a captive African commercial press Les Switzer Part II. From Protest to Resistance, 1940s-1960s: 7. Under seige: Inkundla Ya Bantu and the African nationalist movement, 1938-1951 Les Switzer and Ime Ukpanah 8. The Sophiatown generation: black literary journalism during the 1950s R. Neville Choonoo 9. Socialism and the resistance movement: the life and times of The Guardian, 1937-1952 Les Switzer 10. Writing left: the journalism of Ruth First and The Guardian in the 1950s Don Pinnock 11. Inkululeko: organ of the communist party of South Africa, 1939-1950 Elizabeth Ceiriog Jones.

South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of protest and resistance, 1880-1960

Journal Article South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of protest and resistance, 1880–1960 Get access South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of protest and resistance, 1880–1960, edited by Les Switzer. Cambridge University Press, 1997. xv+400 pp. £55.00 hardback. ISBN 0-521-55351-2 CHARLES ARMOUR CHARLES ARMOUR Chesham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 97, Issue 387, April 1998, Pages 270–271, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007932 Published: 01 April 1998

South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880s-1960s

South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880s-1960s

Dead White Males on Horseback

Dead White Males on Horseback Mark Grimsley (bio) Stanley P. Hirshson. The White Tecumseh: A Biography of William T. Sherman. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997. xiv + 475 pp. Maps, appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $30.00. James I. Robertson, Jr. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend. New York: MacMillan, 1997. xxi + 950 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, and index. $40.00. Academics periodically berate themselves for their failure to reach the nonspecialist. Some of these mea culpas are misplaced, for a number of the best academics do in fact gain a wide readership. But even less of the self-criticism is seriously meant. The primary allegiance of scholars is to analysis, whereas the taste of general readers runs more toward vigorous narrative. Although it is possible to weave the two together, success in such a venture requires a rare literary sensibility melded with the right subject matter. It took an Alan Brinkley, coupled with figures as compelling as Huey Long and Father Coughlin, to produce a Voices of Protest (1982). In only a few fields of American history does the chance exist for more or less ordinary historians to connect with a large body of general readers. The preeminent example is the Civil War. Here it is possible not merely to write for nonspecialists, but also to address them at round tables, interact with them on battlefield tours, and squabble with them via Internet usergroups. The result is a field that contains not only unique opportunities, but also a unique subculture. The books under review reflect this subculture and, between them, display its strengths, weaknesses, and puzzles. The weaknesses are redolent in Stanley P. Hirshson’s new biography of William T. Sherman. The strengths and puzzles are in James I. Robertson’s magnificent study of Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. In any other field, The White Tecumseh would probably not have been published. Not only does it come in the wake of a strong outpouring of recent scholarship on the tempestuous Union general, it contributes little light of its own. The author, of course, does not think so. He introduces his book with a [End Page 577] preface that at once irritates and piques the reader’s curiosity. Hirshson duly notes that two full-scale biographies of Sherman have appeared in the last five years, as well as two other books in which Sherman figures prominently. To see their successive appearance in print, he writes, “has been the academic equivalent of having the contents of a six-shooter slowly emptied into one’s body” (p. ix). But although Hirshson claims to have “profited” from each of these predecessor works, predictably he thinks none of them got it right. John F. Marszalek’s Sherman (1993) “never even begins to prove [its] thesis that Sherman spent a life developing ‘A Soldier’s Passion for Order.’” Charles Royster (The Destructive War, 1991) and Albert Castel (Decision in the West, 1992), for their parts, are faulted for not dealing with Sherman’s entire career, which would seem understandable since that was not their purpose. As for Michael Fellman’s Citizen Sherman (1995), Hirshson primly states, “I must say that I disagree with it completely. I do not see Sherman as a racist, an anti-Semite, and a philanderer.” He concludes by quoting somebody else’s clever remark about preferring “drum and trumpet history” to “bum and strumpet history” (p. x). Still, after this brusque critique of several fine historians, one at least savors the prospect that The White Tecumseh will offer a bracingly original interpretation of its own. Wrong. After a few chapters it becomes distressingly obvious that Hirshson tacked on the preface strictly to dismiss the recent Sherman scholarship, not to engage with it. The book is a thoroughly familiar chronicle of Sherman’s life, long on block quotations and short on overt interpretation. Although it is apparent that Hirshson admires Sherman, whole stretches of the book lack any discernible point of view. Based on the episodes he weaves together, one could as easily believe that Sherman was a poor general as a good one, a petty man as a great one. That is not to say that Hirshson has...

Reviving the Ancient Faith: The Story of Churches of Christ in America.

This pathbreaking book by Richard T. chronicles the history of Churches of Christ in America from their inception in the early nineteenth century to the 1990s, taking full account of the complexity of their origins, the mainstream of their heritage for almost two hundred years, and their voices of protest and dissent, especially in the twentieth century. From The Critics Hughes...here provides the definitive history of the Churches of Christ from their beginnings in the Stone-Campbell movement of the early 19th century through the split with the Disciples of Christ at the turn of the century and all the way into the 1990s. Central to this richly detailed and highly readable narrative is Hughes's assertion that this religious movement has evolved from a 19th-century sect into a 20th-century denomination. - Choice Because of Hughes's elegant writing and his awareness of the social history surrounding the developing denomination, this study transcends mere denominational history and should be read as cultural history. It should remain the standard volume on the subject for years to come. - Publishers Weekly Hughes provides a clear, balanced account of an American religious movement that has heretofore received insufficient scholarly attention. - Journal of American History An excellent denominational history of Churches of Christ...Richard T. Hughes, who admirably balances an empathy born of his lifelong membership in the denomination with the standards of a professional historian, labored on this book for a decade and a half, and the result is a study both thoroughly researched and clearly written. - American Historical Review Hughes is the foremost interpreter today of the Churches of Christ, as this book illustrates...Well written and meticulously documented, this book could serve as the definitive history of this movement for a generation. - Religious Studies Review

South Africa's alternative press: voices of protest and resistance, 1880s-1960s

South Africa's alternative press: voices of protest and resistance, 1880s-1960s

Patents: a problem for computer software?

There is currently much debate concerning the merit of patents for computer software. On balance the patent agents and other members of the legal profession appear to be in favour, while the voices of protest lie mainly with the practitioners developing software in industry

The PDS in the new German party system

The success of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) cannot be explained solely with a rising tide of GDR nostalgia and/or with the efficiency of PDS members as service providers and advocates at the grass‐roots level. We stress the importance of the PDS as the main political representative of a specific socio‐economic and cultural milie in the former GDR. Furthermore, the article traces the evolution of the PDS from a populist voice of protest of the losers of unification to the beginnings of a new political party. As such it defines its identity more as a radical left‐wing party with strong social libertarian characteristics than a traditional socialist party. The party programme and the electorate of the PDS display remarkable similarities to the fundamentalist wing of the West German Greens in the 1980s, although differences as to the origins of the left‐libertarian ideas remain important. While the PDS seems to have strengthened the significance of the new politics agenda in post‐unification German...

Declaring War on War: Gender and the American Socialist Attack on Militarism, 1914-1918

Declaring War on War: Gender and the American Socialist Attack on Militarism, 1914-1918 Kathleen Kennedy Three weeks before the United States entered World War I, New York socialist women formaUy declared war on the war. In a letter pubUshed in two major socialist newspapers, they berated "the leading socialist men of Europe," whose support of the war they caUed "a more painful revelation than the war itself." "The only ray of Hght in that period of utter darkness," the letter continued: was the consistent, courageous attitude of individual socialist men and practicaUy aU the socialist women of Europe. We American women are proud of the fact that not a single representative Socialist woman in any of the belUgerent countries allowed herself to be carried away by the general wave of war hysteria; that not a single representative Socialist woman abandoned her ideals of international working-class soUdarity. . . . From our hearts we echo Clara Zetkin's words: "When men kiU one another, it becomes the supreme duty of women to battle for the maintenance of Ufe. When men are süent, it becomes the sacred mission of women to remain true to their ideals and to raise their voices in protest."1 Like members of the Woman's Peace Party (WPP), sociaUst women claimed a poUtical position based on sexual difference—as mothers women had an obUgation to preserve Ufe where men had chosen to take it. Attacking war, feminist peace advocates increasingly argued, required an equaUy ferocious assault on gender roles and the poUtical disenfranchisement of women. Yet paradoxicaUy, they conducted this assault in a language that reinforced rather than challenged sexual difference. That emphasis, historians have argued, enabled feminist peace advocates to justify a unique and separate role for women in international pontics.2 For sociaUst feminists, this language posed problems—socialists defined issues of peace and war as gender-neutral. Socialists' obUgation to oppose war stemmed from their membership in an international citizenship of workers which required that them to transcend national interests and oppose war. Yet, sociaUst feininists expücitly gendered the issue of American participation in the war; they claimed leadership based on conduct, on the fact that sociaUst women had remained true to the principles that their male coUeagues had failed.3 It was men who had acted © 1995 Journal of Women's History, Vol. τ No. 2 (Summer) 28 Journal of Women's History Summer hystericaUy, who had aUowed the gendered expectations of bourgeois society to govern their poUtical actions and alUances—a charge that was most often leveled against sociaUst feminists.4 The tone of New York socialist women's letter reflected more than their disappointment with men's conduct; it was an effort to reconstruct the role that miUtary obUgation and its attendant assumptions about gender, played in defining entitlement to citizenship. Historians and poUtical theorists have produced a large and controversial body of Uterature that places gender at the center of relationships between war and citizenship. Drawing in part on the historical and rhetorical dichotomy between women's roles as mothers and men's as warriors, "social feminists" argue that women's experiences construct different values than men's. Within contemporary peace poUtics and historical analysis this position argues that the "social experience of motherhood " demands interactive and cooperative forms of engagement that women can use to influence international poUtics. Maternal poUtics serves as an antidote to a male-dominated, militarist culture that privileges the experience of war.5 Following the lead of contemporary "social feminist" theorists, historians examine how maternal poUtics constructed a unique and effective poUtical space for women in peace and international poUtics.6 Social feminism presents significant analytical and poUtical problems. Historian Nancy Cott argues that as a descriptive term, social feminism 'leaches out meaning from the word feminism" as it fails to distinguish between women's entrance into the pubUc and a specific commitment to a feminist poUtical program. The specific poUtical choices that women made upon their entrance into the pubUc, Cott contends, are key to understanding "how conditions of gender were bunt into state regulations and distributions ."7 Historians must, in Cotf s estimation, develop a vocabulary that recognizes and problematizes the specific poUtical...

Book Reviews

Serinity Young, ed., An Anthology of Sacred Texts By and About Women, reviewed by Patricia McLean Bruce C. Birch, Let Justice Roll Down: The Old Testament. Ethics. and Christian Life, reviewed by John L. McLaughlin Gordon F. Davies, Israel in Egypt: Reading Exodus 1-2, reviewed by Lyle Eslinger J. Clinton McCann, ed., The Shape and Shaping of the Psalter, reviewed by J. Glen Taylor Ilona N. Rashkow, The Phallacy of Genesis: A Feminist-Psychoanalytic Approach, reviewed by Jacqueline R. Isaac Claus Westermann, Genesis: An Introduction, reviewed by John E. Harvey Janice Capel Anderson and Stephen D. Moore, eds., Mark and Method: New Approaches in Biblical Studies, reviewed by Joseph Kozar Raymond F. Collins, The Birth of the New Testament: The Origin and Development of the First Christian Generation, reviewed by L. Ann Jervis Raymond F. Collins, Divorce in the New Testament, reviewed by Robert L. Webb Eldon J. Epp and Gordon D. Fee, Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, reviewed by Jean-François Racine Michael Fieger, Das Thomasevangelium: Einleitung, Kommentar und Systematik, reviewed by Schuyler Brown David E. Garland, Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the First Gospel, reviewed by Steven C. Muir Ed L. Miller, ed., Good News in History: Essays in Honor of Bo Reicke, reviewed by Alicia Batten Mikeal C. Parsons and Richard I. Pervo, Rethinking the Unity of Luke and Acts, reviewed by Richard S. Ascough Jack T. Sanders, Schismatics, Sectarians, Dissidents, Deviants: The First One Hundred Years of Jewish-Christian Relations, reviewed by S.G. Wilson John Sanford, Mystical Christianity: A Psychological Commentary on the Gospel of John., reviewed by Schuyler Brown Daniel N. Schowalter, The Emperor and the Gods: Images from the Time of Trajan, reviewed by Ernest P. Janzen Heinz Schreckenberg and Kurt Schubert, Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity, reviewed by Alan F. Segal Bryan V. Hillis, Can Two Walk Together Unless They Be Agreed? American Religious Schisms in the 1970s, reviewed by Phyllis Airhart Robert Anthony Krieg, Karl Adam, reviewed by Daniel Donovan David B. Marshall, Secularizing the Faith: Canadian Protestant Clergy and the Crisis of Belief, 1850-1940, reviewed by G.A. Rawlyk Bernard McGinn, The Presence of God: A History of Western Christian Mysticism, reviewed by Paul 1. Fedwick Paul Meyendorff, Russia, Ritual & Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century, reviewed by Myroslaw Tataryn Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337, reviewed by Peter Richardson Robert L. Wilken, The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought, reviewed by Thomas M. Rosica Donald Capps, The Depleted Self-Sin in a Narcissistic Age, reviewed by John Allan Loftus David S. Cunningham, Faithful Persuasion: In Aid of a Rhetoric of Christian Theology, reviewed by Paul Wilson David W. Fagerberg, What Is Liturgical Theology? A Study in Methodology, reviewed by Scott H. Pell David R. Holeton, ed., Growing in Newness of Life: Christian Initiation in Anglicanism Today, reviewed by Brian Prideaux Ursula King, Women and Spirituality: Voices of Protest and Promise. 2d. ed., reviewed by Rebecca McKenna Regina Siegfried and Edward Ruane, In the Company of Preachers, reviewed by Michel Cêté Brian D. Spinks, Worship: Prayers from the East, reviewed by Paul J. Fedwick Denise Lardner Carmody, Mythological Woman: Contemporary Reflections on Ancient Religious Stories, reviewed by Ellen M. Leonard Denise Lardner Carmody, Virtuous Woman: Reflections on Christian Feminist Ethics, reviewed by Ellen M. Leonard Frederick E. Crowe, Lonergan, reviewed by Michael Vertin Darrell J. Fasching, Narrative Theology After Auschwitz: From Alienation to Ethics, reviewed by Alan Davies Darrell J. Fasching, The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima: Apocalypse or Utopia, reviewed by Alan Davies Frederick Ferré, Hellfire and Lightning Rods: Liberating Science, Technology, and Religion, reviewed by James Farris William J. Hill, Search for the Absent God: Tradition and Modernity in Religious Understanding, reviewed by John Dool Gilles Routhier, La reception d'un concile, reviewed by John T. Ford Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza, Discipleship of Equals: A Critical Feminist Ekklesialogy of Liberation, reviewed by Theresa O'Donovan Alan P.F. Sell, Commemorations: Studies in Christian Thought and History, reviewed by William O. Fennell Robert Chester Sutton, Human Existence and Theodicy: A Comparison of Jesus and Albert Camus, reviewed by Barry L. Whitney