Voice Stress Research Articles

Explainable Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network for lie detection using voice stress analysis

Lie detection is a crucial aspect of human interactions that affects everyone in their daily lives. Individuals often rely on various cues, such as verbal and nonverbal communication, particularly facial expressions, to determine if someone is truthful. While automated lie detection systems can assist in identifying these cues, current approaches are limited due to a lack of suitable datasets for testing their performance in real-world scenarios. Despite ongoing research efforts to develop effective and reliable lie detection methods, this remains a work in progress. The polygraph, voice stress analysis, and pupil dilation analysis are some of the methods currently used for this task. In this study, we propose a new detection algorithm based on an Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network (ERNN) with Explainable AI capabilities. The ERNN, based on long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture, was optimized using fuzzy logic to determine the hyperparameters. The LSTM model was then created and trained using a dataset of audio recordings from interviews with a randomly selected group. The proposed ERNN achieved an accuracy of 97.3%, which is statistically significant for the problem of voice stress analysis. These results suggest that it is possible to detect patterns in the voices of individuals experiencing stress in an explainable manner.

TAHLIL AKHTHO’ AN-NABR WA TANGHIM FI MUHADATSATI AL-THOLABAH AL-YAUMIYAH BI AL-LUGHAH AL-ARABIYAH

Arabic requires proficiency in voice stress and intonation in conversation, but most students do not pay attention to this area and they are mistaken in the delivery of a sentence so that it makes a misunderstanding in comprehending the meaning of the conversation, which is why this discussion is proposed. The purpose of this article is to find out how students use voice stress and intonation in daily Arabic conversations, what mistakes occur during conversations, especially in the themes of "holidays" and "train stations" and what causes the mistakes to occur, and to get solutions so that students can use voice stress and intonation properly. The method of this article is descriptive with a qualitative approach which is a research method that utilises qualitative data and is described descriptively and in analysing it, Miles and Huberman's theory was used. The result of this study is that the 10th grade students' use of voice stress and intonation is weak, even some of them cannot distinguish between question sentences and other sentences. Many mistakes occur in question sentences and ordinary statement sentences, this is due to their lack of knowledge of the meaning of vocabularies, the lack of desire of students to speak with correct language, the small number of organization members, especially the language section, and inadequate media technology. The solutions to these problems are the holding of vocabulary classes, language conversation activities in the afternoon, frequent opening of dictionaries, and punishment for violators of language rules.

Promoting Honesty in Children, or Fostering Pathological Behaviour?

Promoting Honesty in Children, or Fostering Pathological Behaviour?

Визуализация эмоциональной напряженности человека по речевому сигналу

The article presents the results of research on the assessment of human emotional tension by a speech signal using the developed technology of multilevel wavelet analysis. The disadvantages of polygraph systems during psychophysiological inspections of personnel are given. The data obtained by domestic and foreign experts allow us to make a confident conclusion that the characteristics of a person's oral speech correlate with changes in their condition. The characteristics of the hardware and software complex «Icar Lab» (Russia) in assessing the emotional state of the speaker, as well as the computer voice stress analyzer CVSA (USA) are considered. A new contactless technology is proposed for assessing the level of emotional tension of a person using stress biomarkers obtained on the tonal parts of speech. The WaveView-VSA program for obtaining high-precision time-frequency characteristics of a speech signal has been developed. The possibilities of the developed program for visualizing the level of emotional tension are presented. A database of audio recordings of 6th-year students who are in conditions with increased emotional stress during the exam and the defense of the graduation project has been formed and processed. The research conducted by the Scientific and Educational Medical and Technological Center of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University showed the fundamental possibility of obtaining real-time acoustocardiography data and the level of emotional tension in the examined students during express cardiodiagnostics. The developed technology provides biomarkers of stress based on a speech signal lasting several seconds.

الجملة الإنشائية في اللغتين العربية والإندونيسية في ضوء التحليل التقابلي (الاستفهام مثالاً)

The purpose of this study is to find out the forms and functions of interrogative sentences in Arabic and Indonesian, discuss the similarities and differences between the two languages, and explain the methods used in both languages. This study also aims to contribute to overcoming language difficulties and errors that are often experienced by Indonesian students when learning Arabic, especially in the form of interrogative sentences. The method used in this study is a descriptive method of comparison between the two languages, which consists of three stages: (1) description of the language of inquiry in both languages, (2) discovery of similarities and differences between the two languages, and (3) prediction of possible difficulties experienced by Indonesians in learning Arabic. Some of the results of this study are: (1) there are several similarities in the use of interrogative tools in Arabic and Indonesian, whether original or not, singular or plural, and both languages ​​have an important role in the form of interrogative sentences; (2) the word order in the use of question tools and interrogative sentences between Arabic and Indonesian is almost the same, and the two have a close relationship; and (3) the time in interrogative sentences in both languages, which can be used to ask about the past, present, or future. However, there are some differences in the form of interrogative sentences between Arabic and Indonesian, such as: (1) in Arabic, interrogative sentences are used to ask for confirmation and descriptions, whereas in Indonesian, interrogative sentences are only used to ask for descriptions; (2) in Arabic, interrogative sentences are carried out using a questioning tool and emphasis on voice, whereas in Indonesian, interrogative sentences can be carried out in three ways, namely only voice emphasis, using question tools and voice stress, and using question tools, voice stress. , and affixes. These differences can be difficult for Indonesians learning Arabic.

Getting the better understanding of truth: Diving into the polygraph test

The field of forensic psychology has been growing in prominence in the past couple of decades. Psychology is used to detect the deception of the persons are involved in many areas that relate to crime, both solving crime and absolving people wrongly accused of committing crimes. The goal of lie detection is the discovery of a truth that is known to one person and concealed from others. Psychophysiological lie detection, or polygraphy, is based on the theory that lying produces particular emotions, which produce corresponding measurable physiological responses. Modern polygraphy measures blood pressure, breathing, and skin conductance. Alternative metrics such as voice stress analysis and functional magnetic resonance imaging are as yet unproven. The control question test uses relevant, control, and irrelevant questions. A larger response to the relevant questions is considered evidence of deception. The guilty knowledge test uses concealed information questions and irrelevant questions.Through this article authors have tried to report that how the polygraph examination of real cases is important and helpful to the investigating officer, using our three cases study, results are demonstrated.

The interaction between voice disorders and stress for work ability of teachers

Objective Less attention has been paid to the interaction between voice disorders, stress, and indoor environmental quality for work ability in teachers. Therefore, our aim was to study whether lower work ability associated more strongly when the variables of voice disorders and stress at work were combined as opposed to evaluating these two factors separately. Methods We conducted a questionnaire study including validated self-assessment of work ability and a technical assessment of school buildings utilizing a sample of 1198 and a subsample (n = 538) of Finnish teachers. Results When combined, voice disorders and stress at work had a stronger association to decreased work ability than when they were evaluated separately. The occurrence of stress was more prevalent in poor and moderate work ability than the occurrence of voice disorders. Nine out of 10 of the teachers who had neither voice disorders nor stress reported good work ability, while four out of 10 of the teachers who suffered from both voice disorders and stress had poor work ability. As regards the background variables, nearly half of the subjects working in the non-problem buildings have neither stress nor voice disorders. Discussion We recommend offering support for reducing stress at work to improve teachers’ work performance. The findings also support the maintenance of school buildings and keeping them in good condition. Follow-up studies are needed to investigate the possible effects of voice disorders and the associated variables on work ability.

A Survey for Lie Detection Methodology Using EEG Signal Processing

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a hot topic all around the world. EEG signals, a series of measurements taken using electrodes on the scalp, can indicate brain activity. They are more private, sensitive, and difficult to steal and recreate. EEG data are increasingly commonly employed in diagnosing brain illnesses and the field of Brain-Computer interfaces thanks to advancements in biomedical signal processing techniques (BCI). BCI is a brain-computer interface that uses electrical impulses from the brain to communicate. EEG signals are used to interpret the electrical activity of the brain. The electrical activity of the brain is read using EEG signals. Many studies are being conducted in many fields to benefit from this technology. Studying EEG gives a solid understanding of how brain signals function in various moods and activities. Lie detection is a new technology that is being used to combat crime. Traditionally, this has been accomplished by language analysis, face and body movement recognition, training observation, and voice stress analysis. EEG analysis provides a better understanding of brain activity thanks to advances in cognitive science and neuroscience. Deception identification has become a severe issue as crime has increased. Previous surveys have discussed numerous approaches supported with experimental outcomes and compared them. This paper addressed each direction and offered different sets of characteristics and electrodes, EEG signal preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. Also, it discusses many methods which may need some adjustments at each phase of brain signal processing for lie detection.

Shadows into Light: The Potential Investigative Utility of Voice Analysis with Two Types of Online Child-Sex Predators

ABSTRACT Over 390,000 child sexual abuse victims in the United States have not yet been identified. Due to the increased prevalence of Internet-driven child-sex offenders (e.g., child pornographers and travelers), detection becomes more elusive, and disclosure elicitations are more challenging for law enforcement. The current retrospective study examines an innovative, investigative method of voice stress analysis use, and describes its possible utility in identifying previously undetected sexual offending within these two offender populations. In the total sample of 82 arrestees with no known history of “hands-on” sexual offending, 0% initially admitted to sexually abusing at least one child. However, coinciding with voice stress analysis procedures, 40.2% of the suspect pool (57.1% of child pornographers and 36.7% of travelers) provided admissions to hands-on offenses. Also, 80.5% admitted to at least one sex crime offense during the pre and posttest stages of the investigation. All voice stress analysis “Stress Indicated” examinations resulted in verifiable disclosures (of victims and sex crimes). Critically, as a result of voice stress analysis procedures, 87 previously undiscovered live victims were identified. Finally, this study’s description of specific characteristics and predictive qualities of victimizers vs. non-victimizers in each offender-type should benefit future investigators, researchers, and therapists alike.

Forensic Psychological Analysis of Call Recording in the Sextortion Case Using LVA Technique – A Crime Case Study

There were 4.66 billion active internet users globally in January 2021, accounting for 59.5 percent of the global population. 92.6 percent (4.32 billion) of this total used mobile devices to access the internet (Johnson, 2021). With the growing number of internet users and social media platform users, cybercrimes are also growing with new forms coming in now and then. One of the recent trends is Sextortion on social media platforms. Fraudsters ask potential victims to have a nude video call on WhatsApp and they record the act. Then they demand money for not posting it on social media platforms. And they even threaten to send video clips to family members. Trapped victims generally pay the money to get away with the situation. In the present study, one of the victims submitted his call recording with the fraudster, who was claiming to be a major law enforcement agency officer. The fraudster tried to extort the money from the victim on the pretext of taking down the viral video of him in WhatsApp chat. The present research paper is attempting to analyze the audio clip in the Layered Voice Analysis (LVA) Technology. The research paper has explained the analysis process of computerized voice stress analysis of the audio clips. The research paper concluded the case study by explaining the incident through Routine Activity Theory. Analysis of the crime study has proved that fraudster was deceptive in the audio clip using the LVA Technique.

Study of the examination of voice stress evaluation using a smartphone

Study of the examination of voice stress evaluation using a smartphone

Voice Stress in Muscle and Bone: Parasite or Symbiont?

Today, in the United States, stressors abound. Familial, professional, religious, and social obligations, compounded by demanding digital interactions, can feel overwhelming to many. The average Am...

Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance.

People rely on speech for communication, both in a personal and professional context, and often under different conditions of physical, cognitive and/or emotional load. Since vocalization is entirely integrated within both our central (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS), a mounting number of studies have examined the relationship between voice output and the impact of stress. In the current paper, we will outline the different stages of voice output, i.e., breathing, phonation and resonance in relation to a neurovisceral integrated perspective on stress and human performance. In reviewing the function of these three stages of voice output, we will give an overview of the voice parameters encountered in studies on voice stress analysis (VSA) and review the impact of the different types of physiological, cognitive and/or emotional load. In the section “Discussion,” with regard to physical load, a competition for ventilation processes required to speak and those to meet metabolic demand of exercised muscles is described. With regard to cognitive and emotional load, we will present the “Model for Voice and Effort” (MoVE) that comprises the integration of ongoing top-down and bottom-up activity under different types of load and combined patterns of voice output. In the MoVE, it is proposed that the fundamental frequency (F0) values as well as jitter give insight in bottom-up/arousal activity and the effort a subject is capable to generate but that its range and variance are related to ongoing top-down processes and the amount of control a subject can maintain. Within the MoVE, a key-role is given to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) which is known to be involved in both the equilibration between bottom-up arousal and top-down regulation and vocal activity. Moreover, the connectivity between the ACC and the nervus vagus (NV) is underlined as an indication of the importance of respiration. Since respiration is the driving force of both stress and voice production, it is hypothesized to be the missing-link in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the dynamic between speech and stress.

IRest Meditation for Older Adults with Depression Symptoms: A Pilot Study.

Older adults, a rapidly growing population in the United States, have fewer physiological reserves and are more likely to be affected by stress, making them especially susceptible to depression symptoms. Meditation offers promising potential as an effective treatment; however, few studies have evaluated meditation interventions for this demographic. The objectives of this pilot study were to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of an iRest meditation program in older adults with depression symptoms and to collect preliminary data on its effect on depression and depression-related symptoms compared to a vacation control. The study occurred at the Institute of Noetic Sciences EarthRise Retreat Center and participants' homes. Thirty generally healthy older adults, aged 55-90, with depression symptoms were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to a 2-day retreat of either iRest meditation training or vacation. After the retreat, participants were asked to complete 20 minutes of home practice per day for 6 weeks; this consisted of either guided meditations (iRest) or music (vacation). Data were collected pre- and post-retreat and then 6 weeks later. Measures included depression-related variables (expectancy, depression symptoms, perceived stress, resilience, pain, sleep quality, and spirituality) and biomarkers (voice stress analysis, heart rate, heart rate variability). We found the iRest intervention for older adults with depression symptoms to be feasible and acceptable. Preliminary results at 6 weeks demonstrated improvements in sleep impairment in older adults compared to the control group and promising trends in improvements in depression symptoms and pain severity.

When the hypoxia “silent killer” starts to talk: The early detection of pre-symptomatic hypoxia through voice stress analysis

Introduction: In aviation medicine, acute hypoxia, referred to as the “silent killer” because of its insidious character, is a serious hazard. When the first symptoms of hypoxia are noticed, cognitive functioning is already impaired, thus compromising remedial action. In earlier voice-stress studies conducted at the Concordia Station in Antarctica, a promising set of acoustic phonetic speech parameters for chronic hypoxia detection was identified. Based on these findings, we examined the feasibility to detect acute hypoxia by speech voice-stress analysis at a pre-symptomatic stage in operational environments.

Students' Engagement during Collection of Attendance: An Experience of a Pilot Study

In many medical colleges in India, the annual intake for an undergraduate course is 250. Recording attendance of 250 students is a humongous task. It involves an average of 8.93 ± 1.06 minutes, which is approximately 15% of the total time of the one-hour lecture. During this time, students commonly sit idly while waiting for their roll number call. Interestingly, continuous calling of 250 roll numbers at a stretch is an additional voice stress to the teachers. With this background, we designed a program – students’ engagement during collection of attendance (SEdCA). A comprehension test about the lecture topic was conducted in five minutes, and the answer sheets were collected in the next three minutes. These answer sheets were then scanned (i.e., looked at all parts of answer sheets) for roll numbers and were recorded in the register. This method keeps the students engaged in an academic activity during the time of attendance recording. It also helps in reduction of voice stress to the teachers. This method of attendance collection may be adapted by institutions according to available logistics especially when their student’s strength is more than 250.
 Keywords: Attendance, Concentration, Medical students, University, Voice disorder.

Violent video games increase voice stress: An experimental study.

In most violent video games, players are put in stressful situations where enemies are trying to kill them. This is reflected by the results of previous research showing that violent video games increase physiological arousal (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response). In this study, I investigate the effect of playing violent video games on emotional stress detected by a new methodology: voice analysis. Because changes and disturbances in vocal responses can be understood as reactions to emotional stress, I expected that violent videogames would increase voice stress. Participants (N 87 French university students; 40% female; Mage 21.2) played either a violent or nonviolent game for 20 min. After game play, participants read a stressprovoking story aloud while their voices were recorded. Voice recordings were analyzed to determine the amount of emotional stress in participants’ voices using Automated Voice Stress Analysis. As hypothesized, voice stress was higher among violent video game players than among nonviolent video game players. Voice stress was also higher for men than for women. No interaction between video game content and the gender of participants was observed. This study confirms that violent video games have physiological consequences on players, as predicted by the General Aggression Model and also introduces a promising nonobtrusive physiological measure in media psychology research.

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The present study addresses the problem of how the two US presidential candidates Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton use statements judged to be false by the Politifact site while delivering their campaign speeches. Two corpora of Clinton’s and Trump’s alleged lies were compiled. Each corpus contained 16 statements judged to be false or ridiculously untrue (‘pants on fire’) by the Pulitzer Prize Winner site Politifact. Some statements were accompanied by the video recordings where they appeared; others had no video recordings affiliated because they are either tweets or their events had not been recorded on Youtube or elsewhere. The present research made use of CBCA (Criteria-based Content Analysis) but as a stepping stone for building a new model of detecting lies in political discourse to suit the characteristics of campaign discourse. This furnished the qualitative dimension of the research. As for the quantitative dimension, data were analyzed using software, namely LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry & Word Count), and also focused on the content analysis of the deception cues that can be matched with the results obtained from computerized findings. When VSA (Voice Stress Analysis) was required, Praat was used. Statistical analyses were occasionally applied to reach highly accurate results. The study concluded that the New Model (NM) is not context-sensitive, being a quantitative one, and is thus numerically oriented in its decisions. Moreover, when qualitative analysis intervenes, especially in examining Politifact rulings, context plays a crucial role in passing judgements on deceptive vs. non-deceptive discourse.

Objective parameters of voice strength

It is believed that ageing makes the voice less resistant to voice stress. However, the change of quantitative characteristics of the voice strength still remains unexplored. The objective of the article is to study the objective parameters of voice resistance to stresses with regard to age and to determine the critical age period when these changes are the most evident. Clinical observations and methods: 122 healthy persons aged 18–83 y.o. without singing skills were divided into three age groups: Group I (43 people) 18–43 y.o., Group 2 (40) 44–59 y.o., Group 3 (40) 60–85 y.o. Voice strength was evaluated by the voice stress test (VST) during continuous reading of a text over 30 minutes in intensity modes of 65 dB, 80 dB and 65 dB, 10 minutes each. Results: in group I, all the subjects passed VST successfully. In Group 2, the test was completed by all men and 90% of women; in the Group 3 – by only 76.8% of the subjects. In the 2 and 3 groups, reliable voice strength decrease was marked. The critical period when the voice strength decreased to 70 dB, there was 42 y.o. for women, and 45 y.o. for men. After 56 y.o, the voice intensity decreased in average by 5 dB every 5 years. Conclusion: Significant changes in voice strength and intensity are observed as early as in middle age. They are more evident in women than in men.

Vocal Indicators of Emotional Stress

Background: Voice, apart from its semantic content also carries information about the speaker’s psychological and physical state. Emotional stress or physical fatigue, are the pathological elements of this condition. The possible relationship between emotional stress and the measurable changes to the voice signal was the subject of this study. Method: Eleven subjects were interviewed with questions from two domains and their responses were recorded. In the first domain, two men, two women and three teenagers were asked to remember an incident from their past where they felt embarrassed or ashamed of their own act. In the second domain, three women and one man from the house keeping staff were interviewed for the stolen mobile phone. These subjects were different from the subjects who participated in domain 1. Stress in voice was detected as a measure of shift in the acoustic parameters with respect to the baseline. All recordings were analyzed using PRAAT software. Spectrograms were also plotted for qualitative comparison between normal speech and stressed speech. Result: Significant increase in mean pitch and substantial decrease in the first two formants (F1 and F2) were observed under stress. Other acoustic measures did undergo change under stress but failed to reveal any significance. Spectrograms were distinct for the two conditions. Conclusion: Obtained results indicate that, when a person is emotionally charged, stress could be discerned in his voice. Mean pitch and Formants F1 and F2 have been obtained as reliable vocal indicators of emotional stress. This study proposes a simple non-invasive approach which can act as an alibi for innocent people.