Voice Stress Research Articles

Linguistic Methods to Detect Lies

The present manuscript mainly introduces three linguistic methods to detect lies, namely Hand-writing Analysis, Voice Stress Analysis, and Non-Verbal Analysis and the application of these linguistic deception detection approaches in various fields, such as law enforcement, intelligence agencies, and forensic context. These major deception detection techniques are illustrated by examples based on graphology, psycho-physiological stress response, and non-verbal communication studies.

Mind Reading Using Neuroimaging

Traditional lie detection tools, such as the polygraph, voice stress analysis, or special interrogation techniques, rely on behavioral or psychophysiological manifestations of deception. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, the question emerged whether it would be possible to directly identify deceit in the part of the body where it is generated: the brain. After a few promising studies, these techniques became soon commercially available and there have been attempts to use such results in the court in recent years. The current article reviews the development of neuroimaging techniques in the field of deception detection and critically discusses the potential but also the shortcomings of such methods. Unfortunately, the majority of research in this field was rather unsystematic and neglected the accumulated knowledge regarding methodological pitfalls that were extensively discussed in the scientific community in conjunction with the polygraph. Therefore, neuroimaging studies on deception largely differ with respect to the experimental paradigm (the interrogation technique), the methods for analyzing the data, and the procedures to obtain individual diagnoses. Moreover, most studies used artificial laboratory settings that differ considerably from real-life applications. As a consequence, neuroimaging techniques are not applicable for detecting deception in individual field cases at the moment. However, recent advantages such as multivariate pattern analysis might yield novel neuroimaging applications in the near future that are capable of improving established techniques for detecting deception or concealed knowledge.

Laryngeal sensory dysfunction in laryngeal hypersensitivity syndrome

Diseases associated with laryngeal dysfunction include chronic refractory cough (CRC), paradoxical vocal fold movement (PVFM), muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) and globus pharyngeus. We hypothesized the presence of a common sensory laryngeal dysfunction, the 'laryngeal hypersensitivity' syndrome, in these conditions. The aim of the study was to compare symptoms and sensory function in patients with CRC, PVFM, MTD and globus. The 103 participants included healthy controls (n = 13) and four case groups: CRC (n = 33), PVFM (n = 28), globus pharyngeus (n = 11) and MTD (n = 18). Participants completed self-report questionnaires: Symptom Frequency and Severity Scale, Voice Handicap Index and the Laryngeal Paraesthesia Questionnaire; and quantitative sensory testing: capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity, hypertonic saline challenge, the timed swallow test, acoustic voice testing, cough frequency monitor and a voice stress test. All case groups reported a high-symptom burden in comparison to controls. The case groups showed a similar pattern of symptoms, with impairment in each of the cough, respiration, vocal and upper airway symptom domains. Objective testing revealed significant sensory impairment in the case groups compared to controls and also showed an overlap in sensory dysfunction between the four case groups. Furthermore, there was cross-sensory stimulation of symptoms whereby stimulation of a particular response resulted in symptoms in another domain. These discrete clinical laryngeal syndromes display considerable overlap in their clinical features and a common sensory dysfunction, supporting the 'laryngeal hypersensitivity' hypothesis. Reconceptualizing functional laryngeal disorders as a form of laryngeal hypersensitivity syndrome provides an alternative approach to management of these perplexing conditions.

Expanding the functionality of speech recognition in radiology: creating a real-time methodology for measurement and analysis of occupational stress and fatigue.

While occupational stress and fatigue have been well described throughout medicine, the radiology community is particularly susceptible due to declining reimbursements, heightened demands for service deliverables, and increasing exam volume and complexity. The resulting occupational stress can be variable in nature and dependent upon a number of intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Intrinsic stressors largely account for inter-radiologist stress variability and relate to unique attributes of the radiologist such as personality, emotional state, education/training, and experience. Extrinsic stressors may account for intra-radiologist stress variability and include cumulative workload and task complexity. The creation of personalized stress profiles creates a mechanism for accounting for both inter- and intra-radiologist stress variability, which is essential in creating customizable stress intervention strategies. One viable option for real-time occupational stress measurement is voice stress analysis, which can be directly implemented through existing speech recognition technology and has been proven to be effective in stress measurement and analysis outside of medicine. This technology operates by detecting stress in the acoustic properties of speech through a number of different variables including duration, glottis source factors, pitch distribution, spectral structure, and intensity. The correlation of these speech derived stress measures with outcomes data can be used to determine the user-specific inflection point at which stress becomes detrimental to clinical performance.

Ordinary Police Interrogation in the United States: The Destruction of Meaning and Persons: A Psychoanalytic-Ethical Investigation

Ordinary Police Interrogation in the United States: The Destruction of Meaning and Persons: A Psychoanalytic-Ethical Investigation Benjamin A. Galatzer-Levy (bio) and Robert M. Galatzer-Levy (bio) At 6:30 A.M., January 21, 1998, seventh grader Stephanie Crowe was found stabbed to death in her bedroom doorway. When police arrived, they told the family not to speak to one another. At the station, the family was required gradually to undress while being videotaped. The children were separated from their parents and taken to a facility for abused and neglected children. Crime scene investigation revealed no likely means of entry. Shortly before the murder, a strange homeless man interacted with neighbors, going to various houses looking for a supposed girlfriend. Police attention focused on fourteen-year-old Michael Crowe, Stephanie’s brother. He seemed to them to respond abnormally to his sister’s death. Michael, infatuated with fantasy games like “Dungeons and Dragons,” had violent pictures on the walls of his room. Awakening at 4:30 A.M., after the time the police determined his sister was killed, he passed her doorway without noticing her body. Most of Michael’s long interrogation was videotaped, except for thirteen minutes in which he was arrested and decided to confess. Police told Michael they wanted to use a Computer Voice Stress Analyzer, a device its manufacturer claims can detect lying. (There is no systematic evidence for the claim.) Michael agreed to the test but his interrogator, claiming to notice some reluctance, asked, “What’s the problem, Mike?” The boy replied, “I spent all day away from my family. I couldn’t see them. I feel like I’m being treated like I killed my sister, but I didn’t. It feels horrible. I’m being blamed for it.” The detective responded, “Mike, you need to trust me on this. This is going [End Page 57] to work out. What we’re after and what’s important is that we get the truth of the matter” (Sauer and Wilkens, 2009, p. 10). Mike was told that he showed deception during the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer interview and that the crime scene was being investigated. “They’re going to find all kinds of stuff, and you know that . . . I’m looking at you right now—okay?—and inside you’re about ready to burst” (p. 11). Michael began to cry. The detective told him that all he could “give back” was the truth. “You’re going to have to put all the cards on the table. Science is in our favor. Technology is on our side.” Mike continued to deny involvement after two-and-a-half hours of interrogation at which point the detective lied to him, “We found blood in your room already. It’s easy to make mistakes in the dark. We know who did it. What we need to do now is to get over the fact that it’s been done and get down to why it was done and get on with our lives here.” A little later he said, “You need to help us understand how to help you. Just because a person makes mistakes—just because a person does something bad . . . a) it doesn’t mean that the world has come to an end, and b) it doesn’t mean that you’re a bad person” (p. 12). The detective told Mike, “I’m going to try everything . . . that the system can muster to help you through this” (p. 13). Michael was interrogated for six more hours later that day. He was told that there might be “two Michaels” (p. 13) and that since he was only fourteen he would not be held to the same standards as an adult street criminal. At this point Michael entertained the idea that he might have been insane or in some other way committed the murder without being able to recall it, as the police had suggested. He was told if he failed to cooperate he would go to jail; if he cooperated he would get “help.” The police said they were growing impatient. He had a limited time to confess. “The reason I’m sounding impatient, Mike, is that...

Analysis of Natural Speech under Stress

This paper presents how voice stress is manifested in the acoustic and phonetic structure of the speech signal. Out of 60 000 authentic Police 997 emergency phone calls, 22 000 were automatically selected, a few hundred of which were chosen for acoustic evaluation, the basis for selection being a perceptual assessment. In highly stressful conditions (e.g. panic) a systematic dynamic over-one-octave shift in pitch and signi cant increase in speech tempo was observed. In states of depression a systematic down shift in pitch and signi cant decrease in speech tempo was observed. Basic statistical measurements for stressed and neutral speech run over the database showed the relevance of the arousal and potency dimension in stress processing. In speech produced under fear an upward shift in pitch register was signi cant (in comparison to neutral speech), while speech recorded during experiencing anger was characterized by an increase in F0 range.

The truth hurts: Scientists question voice‐based lie detection

Truster-Pro and the Vericator may sound like devices Wile E. Coyote would order from the Acme Co., but they are real technologies for detecting lies. Unlike the traditional polygraph, which zeroes in on factors such as pulse and breathing rate, these analyzers aim to assess verac ity based solely on speech. Police departments shell out thou sands of dollars on such devices?known collectively as voice stress analyzers?in an attempt to tune in to vocal conse quences of lying. Airports are consid ering versions for security screening purposes, and insurance companies may employ the polygraph alternatives to detect fraud. But beyond their crime-fighting objective, these tools have something less noble in common with their prede cessor: a poor track record in actually telling truth from deception. Scientists evaluating Truster-Pro, the V ricator and newer analyzer models repeatedly report lackluster results. Now research finds that two of the most com monly used voice stress analyzers can discern lies from truth at roughly chance levels ? no better than flipping a coin. Quite frankly, they're bogus. There's no scientific basis whatsoever for them, says John H.L. Hansen, head of the Center for Robust Speech Systems at the University of Texas at Dallas. Law enforcement agencies ? they're spend ing a lot of money on these things. It just doesn't make sense.

Biometric and Intelligent Self-Assessment of Student Progress system

All distance learning participants (students, professors, instructors, mentors, tutors and the rest) would like to know how well the students have assimilated the study materials being taught. The analysis and assessment of the knowledge students have acquired over a semester are an integral part of the independent studies process at the most advanced universities worldwide. A formal test or exam during the semester would cause needless stress for students. To resolve this problem, the authors of this article have developed a Biometric and Intelligent Self-Assessment of Student Progress (BISASP) System. The obtained research results are comparable with the results from other similar studies. This article ends with two case studies to demonstrate practical operation of the BISASP System. The first case study analyses the interdependencies between microtremors, stress and student marks. The second case study compares the marks assigned to students during the e-self-assessment, prior to the e-test and during the e-test. The dependence, determined in the second case study, between the student marks scored for the real examination and the marks based on their self-evaluation is statistically significant (the significance >0.99%). The original contribution of this article, compared to the research results published earlier, is as follows: the BISASP System developed by the authors is superior to the traditional self-assessment systems due to the use of voice stress analysis and a special algorithm, which permits a more detailed analysis of the knowledge attained by a student.

THE WEB–BASED REAL ESTATE MULTIPLE CRITERIA NEGOTIATION DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: A NEW GENERATION OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

The negotiations are an inseparable part of the real estate buying and selling process. Currently real estate are characterized by the intensive creation and use of information, knowledge and automation (software, knowledge and decision support systems, neural networks, etc.) applications. It is commonly agreed that a better integration of information, knowledge and automation applications, as well use of voice stress analysis (one of biometric technologies) might be an efficient mean for decision making in real estate negotiations. Voice stress analysis can help the negotiators to distinguish between truth and lies, improve the value of decisions made, significantly speed up real estate sector processes, help to reach a better real estate sales and purchase agreement terms and decrease the overall cost of real estate search and negotiation processes. The authors’ objective is to improve the quality and efficiency of decision support systems. The article analyses scientific research related to negotiations and presents the developed Web–based Real Estate Multiple Criteria Negotiation Decision Support System with integrated voice stress analysis– a new generation of Decision Support Systems. Santruka Derybos yra neatskiriama nekilnojamojo turto pirkimo ir pardavimo proceso dalis. Dabartiniam nekilnojamojo turto sektoriui būdingas intensyvus informacijos, žiniu ir automatizavimo naudojimas bei kūrimas (programine iranga, žiniu ir sprendimu paramos sistemos, neuroniniai tinklai ir pan.). Sutariama, kad geresnis informacijos, žiniu, automatizavimo, taip pat balso streso analizes (biometrines technologijos) integravimas pagreitina nekilnojamojo turto sektoriaus veikla. Balso streso analize gali padeti derybininkams atskirti, kada sakoma tiesa, o kada meluojama, padidina priimamu sprendimu naudinguma, paspartina nekilnojamojo turto paieškos ir derybu procesus, padeda pasiekti naudingesniu pirkimo ir pardavimo sutarties salygu bei sumažina nekilnojamojo turto paieškos ir derybu proceso kaina. Straipsnio autoriai, siekdami pagerinti sprendimu paramos sistemu kokybe ir efektyvuma, analizuoja mokslininku atliktu derybu srities tyrimu rezultatus ir pristato sukurta nekilnojamojo turto derybu internetine sprendimu paramos sistema su integruota balso streso analizes technologija kaip naujos kartos sprendimu paramos sistema.

Stress and Deception in Speech: Evaluating Layered Voice Analysis*

This study was designed to evaluate commonly used voice stress analyzers--in this case the layered voice analysis (LVA) system. The research protocol involved the use of a speech database containing materials recorded while highly controlled deception and stress levels were systematically varied. Subjects were 24 each males/females (age range 18-63 years) drawn from a diverse population. All held strong views about some issue; they were required to make intense contradictory statements while believing that they would be heard/seen by peers. The LVA system was then evaluated by means of a double blind study using two types of examiners: a pair of scientists trained and certified by the manufacturer in the proper use of the system and two highly experienced LVA instructors provided by this same firm. The results showed that the "true positive" (or hit) rates for all examiners averaged near chance (42-56%) for all conditions, types of materials (e.g., stress vs. unstressed, truth vs. deception), and examiners (scientists vs. manufacturers). Most importantly, the false positive rate was very high, ranging from 40% to 65%. Sensitivity statistics confirmed that the LVA system operated at about chance levels in the detection of truth, deception, and the presence of high and low vocal stress states.

THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE NEGOTIATION

Negotiations are common in many activities; the sectors of construction and real estate are not an exception: here the negotiations are an inseparable part of the real estate buying and selling process. The article analyses scientific research related to negotiations and presents the developed model for multiple criteria analysis of construction and real estate negotiations. The analysis of the negotiation processes in construction and real estate and the analysis of the relevant support for decision‐making in negotiations must be thorough; it must consider not only economic but also political, legal, socio‐cultural, psychological, consumer behaviour, technological, quality of life and other issues. The developed model enables to analyse the combination of the real estate negotiation process, the improvement of its efficiency through use of decision support and voice stress analysis technology and the participating stakeholder groups seeking their goals together with the influencing external macro and micro environment. The paper dwells on the components of this model. Santruka Derybos nuolatos vyksta daugelyje veiklos sričiu, neaplenkdamos ir statybos bei NT sektoriu, kur jos yra neatsiejama nekilnojamojo turto pirkimo ir pardavimo proceso dalis. Straipsnyje analizuojami mokslininku tyrimai derybu srityje ir pristatomas sukurtas statybos ir NT derybu daugiakriterines analizes modelis. Nagrinejant statybos ir NT derybu procesa bei taikoma parama derybu sprendimams priimti, būtina tai nagrineti išsamiai, kreipiant demesi ne tik i ekonominius, bet ir i politinius, teisinius, socialinius, kultūrinius, psichologinius, vartotoju elgsenos, technologinius, gyvenimo kokybes ir pan. klausimus. Sukurtas modelis leidžia analizuoti NT derybu procesa, jo efektyvumo didinima, taikant sprendimu paramos ir balso analizes technologijas, joje dalyvaujančias ir savo tikslus norinčias igyvendinti suinteresuotas grupes bei jas veikiančia išorine makro‐ ir mikroaplinka kaip visuma. Straipsnyje aptartos sukurta modeli sudarančios sudetines dalys.

Evaluation of two voice stress analyzers.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate two commonly used voice stress analyzers: NITV’s computer voice stress analyzer (CVSA) and Nemesysco’s layered voice analysis (LVA) system. In both cases, a speech database was used, which contained materials recorded (1) in the laboratory, while highly controlled deceptive and shock induced stress levels were systematically varied and (2) during a field procedure. Subjects were 24 males and females (age range 18–63 years) drawn from a population representative of the United States. All held strong views on an issue and were required to make sharply derogatory statements about it. The systems were then evaluated in a double blind study using two sets of examiners: (1) two UF scientists trained/certified by the manufacturers and (2) either three experienced CVSA operators or two LVA instructors provided by the manufacturer(s). The results for both devices showed that the “true positive” (or hit) rates ranged from chance to somewhat higher levels—50% to 65%—for all conditions/types of materials (stressed‐unstressed, truth, or deception). However, the false positive rate was just as high—often higher. Sensitivity statistics demonstrated that these systems operated at about chance levels. [Work supported by Counterintelligence Field Agency, DoD.]

Evaluation of the NITV CVSA

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a commonly used voice stress analyzer, the National Institute of Truth Verification's (NITV) Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA), using a speech database containing materials recorded (i) in the laboratory, while highly controlled deceptive and shock-induced stress levels were systematically varied, and (ii) during a field procedure. Subjects were 24 each males/females (age range 18-63 years) drawn from a representative population. All held strong views on an issue and were required to make sharply derogatory statements about it. The CVSA system was then evaluated in a double-blind study using three sets of examiners: (i) two UF scientists trained/certified by NITV in CVSA operation, (ii) three experienced NITV operators provided by the manufacturer and (iii) five experimental phoneticians. The results showed that the "true positive" (or hit) rates for all examiners ranged from chance to somewhat higher levels (c. 50-65%) for all conditions and types of materials (e.g., stress vs. unstressed, truth vs. deception). However, the false-positive rate was just as high - often higher. Sensitivity statistics demonstrated that the CVSA system operated at about chance level.

Psychophysiological and vocal measures in the detection of guilty knowledge

The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) and its variant, the Guilty Actions Test (GAT), are both psychophysiological questioning techniques aiming to detect guilty knowledge of suspects or witnesses in criminal and forensic cases. Using a GAT, this study examined the validity of various physiological and vocal measures for the identification of guilty and innocent participants in a mock crime paradigm. Electrodermal, respiratory, and cardiovascular measures successfully differentiated between the two groups. A logistic regression model based on these variables achieved hit rates of above 90%. In contrast to these results, the vocal measures provided by the computerized voice stress analysis system TrusterPro were shown to be invalid for the detection of guilty knowledge.

Method and system for truth-enabling internet communications via computer voice stress analysis

A method for truth-enabling communications over a computer network using computer voice stress analysis. A sender creates a text message at a first computer of the computer network. The sender also enters into the first computer speech input indicating the veracity of the text message. For example, the speech input may indicate the veracity of the text message through an explicit assertion that the sender believes the text message to be truthful. By applying computer voice stress analysis to the speech input, a computer voice stress analysis program determines the veracity of the text message. The text message and an indication of the veracity of the text message may both be sent over the computer network to a recipient.

The Response of Children with Autism to Preferred Prosody During Instruction

Two related studies determined (a) if children with autism would have a preference for prosody of voice, or changes in voice pitch and stress placed on syllables, and (b) if the preferred prosody of voice is the most effective when used by their teachers. Twelve children with autism and 12 typical children selected their preferred prosody of voice for a story passage recorded by their teacher using monotonous, conversational, and enthusiastic prosodies. Significant preferences were revealed for 3 children with autism, who were then observed during classroom activities as they responded to teacher instructions in various prosodies. Results revealed that the children's responses to prosody of voice differed, with children less likely to respond if a monotonous prosody was used.

Speaker verification

Speaker verification is the most highly commercialized form of a group of technologies that are called speaker recognition or voice biometrics. Other voice-biometric technologies include speaker identification, voice stress analysis and lie detection. Like most other biometric-based security technologies, speaker verification has been experiencing increased market and investor interest. Despite the dot.com crash, 2001 has been a very good year for vendors, with the number of pilots and actual deployments increasing.

An evaluation of voice stress analysis techniques in a simulated AWACS environment

Fundamental frequency, frequency jitter, and amplitude shimmer voice algorithms were employed to measure the effects of stress in crewmember communications data in simulated AWACS mission scenarios. Two independent workload measures were used to identify levels of stress: 1) a predictor model developed by the simulation author based upon scenario-generated stimulus events, and 2) the duration of communication for each weapons director, representative of the individual's response to the induced stress. Results identified fundamental frequency and frequency jitter as statistically significant vocal indicators of stress, while amplitude shimmer showed no signs of any significant relationship with workload or stress. Consistent with previous research, the frequency algorithm was identified as the most reliable measure. However, the results did not reveal a sensitive discrimination measure between levels of stress, but rather, did distinguish between the presence or absence of stress.

Psychological stress in voice: current references

Psychological stress in voice: current references

The Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Cervico-Facial Surgery

Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied SciencesVolume 17, Issue 1 p. 79-86 The Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Cervico-Facial Surgery First published: February 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.1992.tb00992.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The following are the abstracts of the 173rd meeting held in Groningen, 19–20 April 1991 The significance of false-positive neck nodes in patients with oral cancer R.J. BAATENBURG DE JONG & J.L. FREEMAN Results of a clinical trial on the efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in recurrent acute otitis media J.O.P.J. CLAESSEN, C.L.M. APPELMAN, F.W.M.M. TOUW-OTTEN, R.A. DE MELKER & G. J. HORDIJK Sequelae of long-term ventilation tubes G.M.A.C. DE SAAR, J.J.S. MULDER & P. VAN DEN BROEK Explorative cordotomy F.G. DIKKERS, H.K. SCHUTTE & T. VAN DER LAAN Endoscopic treatment of pharyngeal pouches: electrocoagulation vs carbon dioxide (CO2) laser D.C. FLIKWEERT & S. VAN DER BAAN The dynamics of mast cells in the nasal mucosa W.J. FOKKENS, T. GODTHELP, A.F. HOLM, TH.M. VROOM & E. Rijntjes Voice virilization in post-menopausal women after medication with the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate (Decadurabolin) E.J. GERRITSMA, M. P. BROCAAR, H. W. VAN RHIJN & M.M. Hakkesteegt Dynamics of nasal eosinophils in response to a non-natural allergen challenge in patients with isolated grass-pollen allergy and controls: a biopsy and brush study T. GODTHELP, W.J. FOKKENS, A.F. HOLM, P. DOORNENBAL, P.G.H. Mulder & E. Rijntjes First results with a total alloplastic middle ear and an artificial tympanic membrane J.J. Grote Further investigations of the effect of lignocaine in the treatment of tinnitus C.G.J.M. HILDERS, J.H. HULSHOF, P. VERMEIJ, J. DEN HARTIGH & A.F. COHEN T cells and allergic rhinitis A.F. HOLM, W. J. FOKKENS, T. GODTHELP, TH.M. VROOM & E. Rijntjes The vestibulogram: a well balanced analogue of the audiogram H. KINGMA, J.J. KONIJNENBERG, M.E.A. BONINK & E.J.A. VAN LIESHOUT Haemorrhage into the orbit during surgery of the ethmoid sinus P. KNEGT, R. POUBLON & C.D.A. VERWOERD Results of laryngeal framework surgery H.F. MAHIEU & H. K. SCHUTTE Corneal autoimmunity in Cogan's syndrome? M.H.J.M. MAJOOR, F.W.J. ALBERS, R. VAN DER GAAG, F. GMELIG-MEYLING & E.H. HUIZING Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: is site a prognostic factor? S. MAK-KREGAR, F.J.M. HILGERS, G. BARIS, P.F. SCHOUWENBURG & A.A.M. HART Myospherulosis in otorhinolaryngology. Review of literature and case report J. J. MANNI, P.P.C.A. VENNIX & H.E. SCHAAFSMA The vestibular structures in relation to stapedotomy K.H. PAUW, A.M. POLLAK & U. FISCH Comparison between brain-stem evoked response audiometry and behavioural audiometry in difficult-to-test children L. RACHMAT, A.F.M. SNIK & R.J.C. ADMIRAAL Speech reception after successful surgery in unilateral congenital aural atresia A.F.M. SNIK, E. TEUNISSEN & C.W.R.J. CREMERS Preoperative electrostimulation for the selection of cochlear implant candidates by means of an electrode in the ear canal T.H. SPIES, L.H.M. MENS, A.F.M. SNIK & P. VAN DEN BROEK Posterior nasal packing and sleep apnoea M. VAARTJES, R.L.M. STRIJERS & N. DE VRIES Mechanisms of inherent resistance to methotrexate in human squamous carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck B.F.A.M. VAN DER LAAN, G. JANSEN, I. KATHMANN, J.H. SCHORNAGEL & G.J. HORDIJK Diagnosis in laryngeal paralysis; a new start! T. VAN DER LAAN, H.K. SCHUTTE & H.F. MAHIEU Ossification of the human nasal septum J. VAN LOOSEN, R.O. VAN DER HEUL, H.L. VERWOERD-VERHOEF, C.D.A. VERWOERD & D. VAN VELZEN Endoscopic sinus surgery for nasal polyps M. VLEMING & N. DE VRIES Voice testing in voice stress professions; why, and by what means C.H. WAAR & E.J. GERRITSMA Stroboscopy: additional diagnostic value in the clinical examination of the larynx A.G. ZWAANS-HESSELINK, H.K. SCHUTTE & F.G. DIKKERS Volume17, Issue1February 1992Pages 79-86 RelatedInformation