VO2max Values Research Articles

Rest Energy Expenditure and Energy Expenditure During Submaximal Exercise: New Approach to Assessment of Performance in Skiers

The aim of the present study was to analyse rest energy expenditure (REE) and energy expenditure (EE) during submaximal exercise according to performance of athletes. A retrospective analysis of data from 2014 to 2020 among cross-country skiers in the preparatory phase was performed. Depending on the potential performance athletes (n = 136) were divided into two groups: I – test completed to the anaerobic threshold (AnT), II – test completed until exhaustion. The present study included the data only before AnT for a correct comparison of the results. REE was 2058.5 ± 220.5 kcal/day in I group and 2023.1 ± 216.4 kcal/day in II group (p = 0.481). In REE structure, the contribution of fats and carbohydrates (CHOs) was 69 and 31% in I group, 48 (p = 0.021) and 52% (p 0.000) in II group. Correlations between VO2rest and REE, as well as the rate of fats and CHOs oxidation at rest were revealed. In I and II groups the VO2AnT (p 0.000) and relative values of VO2max (p 0.05) were significantly different. EE before AnT was 135.9 ± 31.2 and 134.0 ± 23.4 kcal (p = 0.399) for I and II groups. The present study showed that the balance 1 : 1 of fats and CHOs in the REE structure is a more informative performance marker than quantitative assessment of EE. VO2AnT reduced by 20% relative to VO2max may indicate the functional economization and the body’s ability to perform exercise during long time, including in the anaerobic exercise. Endurance athletes demonstrated economy of CHOs against actively using of fats during submaximal exercise. Complex estimated of performance indicators and EE (including contribution fats and CHOs) should be taken into account when studying the performance of athletes.

Effect of Aerobic Walking on Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Serum Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Mechanical Chronic Low Back Pain in Office Workers at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya

Background: Sedentary behavior is a common risk factor for mechanical chronic low back pain. Functional capacity and serum vitamin D levels are associated with low back pain intensity. The aim to analyze the effect of aerobic exercise walking on maximal oxygen consumption and serum vitamin D levels in patients with mechanical chronic low back pain. Method: true experimental with pre and post-test randomized control group design. Each group consisted of 16 respondents. The treatment group received additional aerobic exercise walking 3x/week, intensity 40-50% HRR (weeks 1-3), 50-60% HRR (weeks 4-6) and 60-80% HRR (weeks 7-8), 30 minutes per session for 8 weeks. The control group only received conventional training 3x/week for 8 weeks. The parameters evaluated were VO2 max and 25(OH)D. Measurements were taken before and after 8 weeks of intervention. Results: The VO2 max values of both groups increased with a significant difference after the intervention (p < 0.001) and there was a difference in the difference (p < 0.001). 25(OH)D levels in both groups increased with no significant difference after the intervention (p = 0.720) and no significant difference in the difference after the intervention (p = 0.662) Conclusion: There is a difference in the addition of walking aerobic exercise to conventional exercise compared to conventional exercise alone on maximal oxygen consumption, but there is no difference on serum vitamin D levels in mechanical chronic low back pain patients.

Effectiveness of additional Tabata in conventional exercise for cardiorespiratory endurance in football athletes

Background: Tabata exercise is the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) category that includes various motions. Exercise can increase cardiorespiratory endurance. The Cooper Test's VO2 max value can be used to assess a person's cardiorespiratory endurance.
 Methods: A simple random sample methodology is employed in the study method, a randomized controlled trial. Two weeks were spent conducting this study. A total of 36 men with male sex who were split into two groups served as the study's samples. Eighteen people total, comprising the conventional exercise with Tabata and conventional exercise only. Pairwise simple t-tests and independent t-tests were employed for data analysis.
 Results: Based on the paired simple t-test calculation findings, it was determined that hypothesis was approved in the intervention group because the P-value was 0.000 (p< 0.050). Still, it was rejected in the control group because the value was 0.083 (p> 0.050). The significance between the two groups was 0.000 (p< 0.050), according to the findings of computing the post-test data and the difference between the pre-test and the post-test using the independent t-test. The two groups differed significantly from one another.
 Conclusion: There were differences in effectiveness between additional Tabata in conventional exercise and conventional exercise only in cardiorespiratory endurance changes.

The Utilization of Body Composition to Predict Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Determine Association with CKD Stage in Individuals with Mid-Spectrum CKD: A Pilot Study

Body composition (BC), a measure of body fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM), and bone mineral content (BMC), can be used as a predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Prior studies have established a relationship between BC and VO2max in healthy individuals over 35 years of age. However, this relationship is poorly understood in chronic disease populations. The focus of the study was to assess the relationship between BC, cardiorespiratory fitness, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 24 (9 males and 15 females) individuals diagnosed with mid-spectrum CKD (stages G2–G3b) who completed a health screening, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, and underwent a VO2max exercise test. Normality tests, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, t-tests, and ANOVAs were conducted in SAS v.9.4. The average percent body fat (%BF) was 36.28 ± 8.47%, LBM was 109.4 ± 29.1 lb, BMC was 2308.7 ± 735.1 g, and VO2max was 20.13 ± 5.04 mL/kg/min−1. BC was able to predict CRF via VO2max (R2 = 0.721, p < 0.001) and CKD stage (R2 = 0.390, p < 0.017). Positive correlations were observed in LBM (r = 0.750, p < 0.0018) and BMC (r = 0.647, p < 0.001), and negative correlations were observed with FM (r = −0.384, p < 0.032) and %BF (r = −0.802, p < 0.0001). BC was able to predict both CRF and CKD stages, with significant associations observed between BC, VO2max, and CKD stage. The progression of the CKD stage was associated with lower LBM, BMC, and VO2max values, indicating a graded effect of BC on CRF and CKD stage.

Reference Values of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in the Contemporary Paediatric Population

BackgroundThe evaluation of health status by cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) has shown increasing interest in the paediatric population. Our group recently established reference Z-score values for paediatric cycle ergometer VO2max, applicable to normal and extreme weights, from a cohort of 1141 healthy children. There are currently no validated reference values for the other CPET parameters in the paediatric population. This study aimed to establish, from the same cohort, reference Z-score values for the main paediatric cycle ergometer CPET parameters, apart from VO2max.ResultsIn this cross-sectional study, 909 healthy children aged 5–18 years old underwent a CPET. Linear, quadratic, and polynomial mathematical regression equations were applied to identify the best CPET parameters Z-scores, according to anthropometric parameters (sex, age, height, weight, and BMI). This study provided Z-scores for maximal CPET parameters (heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, workload, and oxygen pulse), submaximal CPET parameters (ventilatory anaerobic threshold, VE/VCO2 slope, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope), and maximum ventilatory CPET parameters (tidal volume, respiratory rate, breathing reserve, and ventilatory equivalent for CO2 and O2).ConclusionsThis study defined paediatric reference Z-score values for the main cycle ergometer CPET parameters, in addition to the existing reference values for VO2max, applicable to children of normal and extreme weights. Providing Z-scores for CPET parameters in the paediatric population should be useful in the follow-up of children with various chronic diseases. Thus, new paediatric research fields are opening up, such as prognostic studies and clinical trials using cardiopulmonary fitness outcomes.Trial registration NCT04876209—Registered 6 May 2021—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04876209.

A Glimpse into the Future of Rowing in Sri Lanka Through Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)

Rowing requires high physiological demand with metabolic contribution from both aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways. Hence VO2 Maxmeasurement is the most important physiological factor affecting rowing performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary fitness states of National rowers, National youth rowers, and rowers from General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University (KDU), Sri Lanka who are at three different age categories and thereby to get a glimpse into the prospects of rowing in Sri Lanka. Twenty male and twenty-seven female rowers from the three groups were recruited and all the subjects performed incremental exercise tests on a Concept II rowing ergometer. All three groups achieved a heart rate of more than 90% of predicted. The best oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) was achieved by male youth rowers (15.52 L/min) followed by KDU rowers (14.53 L/min) and national rowers (11.48 L/min). Youth male rowers had the best delivery of oxygen which is 97.6% predicted. The highest average VO2 Max value obtained by male youth rowers was 43.84 ml/min/kg (87.5 % of the prediction of VO2). KDU male rowers achieved a VO2 Max of 40.33 ml/min/kg which is higher, than the national rowers with a VO2 Max of 36.23 ml/min/kg. The highest mean VO2 Max among females was 30.43 ml/min/kg (76% of the predicted) achieved by national rowers. Female KDU rowers achieved the lowest VO2 Max at 27.03 ml/min/kg (69% of the predicted) and female youth rowers achieved a VO2 Max value of 29.1 ml/min/kg. KDU male rowers had the lowest VO2 at anaerobic threshold (AT) indicating capacity to improve (27.34 ml/min/kg). The highest VO2 at AT among females, (21.65 ml/min/kg) was achieved by youth rowers. National female rowers also showed a VO2 AT of 21.02 ml/min/kg and The KDU female rowers achieved 19.49 ml/min/kg, indicating the need for improvement. Considering the age of national youth rowers and their respective VO2 Max and VO2 AT values, our finding suggests the national rowing federation of Sri Lanka should focus more on youth rowers to improve the future chances to bring international victories to Sri Lanka.

The effect of yoga and zumba exercises in increasing VO2 max

Background: Someone with a healthy and fit body is likely to be able to do a high level of physical activity. Physical exercise can improve physical fitness and has an important element, cardiorespiratory endurance. One way to measure cardiorespiratory endurance is by measuring the maximum volume of oxygen consumption, called VO2 max.
 Methods: This type of research uses a quasi-experimental type, namely two pre-and post-test design research groups. The type of quasi-experimental research design uses two groups of subjects, namely group A, who are given yoga exercises, and group B, who are given zumba exercises, with a total of 30 respondents. The cardiorespiratory endurance was measured with the beep test.
 Results: Based on the paired sample t-test, the San Zumba yoga group had a result of p<0.05. Whereas in the independent sample T-Test test, the results of p<0.05, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the increase in the yoga and zumba groups.
 Conclusion: There are differences in the effect of giving yoga and zumba exercises on increasing VO2 max values.

THE EFFECT OF BODY FAT PERCENTAGE ON VO2MAX IN FACULTY OF MEDICINE STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG

Changes in lifestyle and high levels of stress in early semester medical students have the potential to increase the risk of obesity which will have a direct effect on increasing the body fat percentage due to inadequate physical activity. The body fat percentage sufficiently affects maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during exercise. This study aims to determine the effect of body fats percentage on VO2max in medical students at the University of Lampung. This research is a correlative analytic research with a cross-sectional approach, using primary data obtained from a simple random sampling technique. A total of 39 male students from the Faculty of Medicine of Lampung University batch 2022 who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were measured for BMI and the body fat percentage using a stepping scale, followed by the measurement of VO2max using the Balke Test method. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the body fat percentage to VO2max with a correlation coefficient (r) -0.800, a significant significance value of p<0.000. The correlation formed is - 0.800 indicating a very strong negative correlation between variables, meaning that the higher the body fat percentage, the lower the VO2max values, and vice versa.

Value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the assessment of symptoms and quality of life in Asian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The natural course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by symptom exacerbation and quality-of-life reduction. Therefore, symptoms should be properly assessed. Some studies have demonstrated a weak correlation between cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters and symptoms in patients with COPD; however, data on Asian patients are lacking. We investigated the value of CPET parameters in assessing symptoms and quality of life in Asian patients with COPD. Of 681 patients who underwent CPET at Asan Medical Center between January 2020 and June 2022, we analyzed 195 patients with COPD in this retrospective study. A cycle ergometer was used for the incremental protocol. The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) were administered to assess the patients' symptoms. The mMRC grade was related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max, L/min) (Spearman's correlation coefficient ρ=-0.295, P<0.001) and physiological dead space/tidal volume ratio at peak exercise (VD/VT peak) (ρ=0.256, P<0.001). The CAT score was significantly correlated with VO2 max (L/min) (Spearman's correlation coefficient ρ=-0.297, P<0.001) and VD/VT peak (ρ=0.271, P<0.001), but had no correlation with breathing reserve (ρ=-0.122, P=0.089). The optimal cut-off values of VO2 max and VD/VT peak for predicting the onset of clinically significant dyspnea were 1.099 L/min and 0.295, respectively. VO2 max and VD/VT peak comprehensively reflect the symptoms and health-related quality of life of patients with COPD.

Covid-19 Pandemisinde Egzersizde Cerrahi ve N95 Yüz Maskesi Kullanımının Fizyolojik Etkileri

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of using different masks on respiratory parameters such as maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and running distance. Twenty men aged 18-22 who exercised regularly four days a week participated in the study. The participants VO2max values with the astrand test, respiratory parameters with the spirometer, SpO2 with the oximeter, and running distances with the 20m shuttle run test were determined three times on different days, without mask, with the surgical mask and with the N95 mask. In repeated measurements, Friedman Test was used to determine the difference between the measurements. After the exercises, it was determined that the VO2max values, respiratory parameters, and SpO2 measurements without mask were statistically significantly higher than the measurements with N95 masks. It was also determined that the running distance decreased after the use of surgical masks and N95 masks while N95 masks caused a higher decrease. Masks should not be used in exercises performed outdoors and in places with little contact, gymnasium, etc. In closed areas, it may be recommended to use surgical masks. Considering the changes in all the parameters measured, it is not appropriate to exercise with N95 masks.

Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may be an indicator of more severe liver inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

IntroductionNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to cardiovascular disease. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important indicator of cardiovascular health. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the CRF of NAFLD patients. MethodsCross-sectional study, including 32 patients with biopsy-proved NAFLD. The patients underwent ergometric test (ET) and six-minute walk test (6MWT) to determine CRF. The test results were compared to disease parameters and with each other. ResultsConsidering the ET, 20 (62.5%) patients had very poor or poor CRF, and in 12 (37.5%), it was regular or good. In the 6MWT, 13 (40.6%) individuals had poor CRF, in 12 (37.5%), it was very poor, and in seven (21.9%), regular. NAFLD activity score (NAS) ≥5 was observed in 12 (37.5%) individuals. Twelve (37.5%) patients were sedentary, 11 (34.4%), insufficiently active, and nine (28.1%), active. Obesity and liver inflammation on biopsy were associated with very poor/poor CRF. NAS ≥5 and sedentary lifestyle were independently associated with very poor/poor CRF by ET. Although mean VO2max values determined by both tests were similar, no correlation of VO2max determined by ET and 6MWT was observed, as occurred for the distance walked in 6MWT and values of metabolic equivalent (MET) determined by ET. There was no reproducibility between CRF determined by ET and 6MWT. ConclusionMost NAFLD patients had very poor or poor CRF. Severe liver injury (NAS ≥5) and sedentary lifestyle were independently associated with very poor/poor fitness, according to ET. No reproducibility was observed between the CRF defined by ET and 6MWT.

Determining the capacity for effort and recovery of the elite soccer players specialized in different playing positions.

The capacity for effort and recovery in performance sports can be increased by means of modern methodological strategies. This capacity to recover after intense matches and training helps to determine the performance in soccer. Using the Yumeiho technique will accelerate the exercise capacity recovery of the soccer players specialized in central zone positions. The research was conducted with the C.S. Internațional Bălești team, formed of 16 players, aged 19-37 years, divided into two groups: experimental group A, n = 8 with central area players and control group B, n = 8 with players from side zones. Measurement and assessment tests: determining lactic acid level (LAC) in blood; 60 m sprinting speed motor test (ST); anaerobic lactic exercise; Gacon Test for evaluating the aerobic power; VO2max test; Dorgo Test for determining the individual recovery capacity; Sleep Quality and Efficiency Index (PSQI) and sleep duration. Means used in the recovery strategy: easy running, static stretching, cryotherapy; Yumeiho therapy was applied only to group A to accelerate the recovery. The anaerobic lactic capacity was evaluated by 60 m sprint test at the beginning and the end of the research. The results highlight the increase of the sprinting speed by 0.08 s in group A (p < 0.001). The aerobic capacity evaluated by means of Gacon Test in both groups shows the value 23.7%, namely a well-prepared level (p < 0.001). VO2max value in the soccer players of group A shows 87.5% good aerobic power, while the players of group B have 50% good aerobic power (p < 0.001). The concentration of LAC after exercise has a higher value in group A (p > 0.05). The level of recovery after exercise is improved in both groups, with larger differences in group A (very good level, p < 0.001). The PSQI grew by 20.37% in group A and by 11% in group B. The sleep duration increased in both groups (p < 0.001). The results of the correlation analysis in the soccer players of group A highlight strong connections of 14.8% while in group B the value is 12.5%. The assessment of effort capacity in soccer players specialized in different playing positions at the beginning and the end of the research highlights the increase of the anaerobic lactic effort and aerobic effort. This assessment also shows the improvement of the individual recovery capacity. A higher PSQI and the increase of sleep duration in both groups, with greater differences of group A were found, which determined their level of capacity for effort and recovery. The use of the Yumeiho technique in the program of post-exercise recovery accelerates the aerobic and anaerobic lactic effort capacity of the soccer players specialized in the central zone positions. It positively influences exercise capacity recovery in general.

Divulging the Impetus of Yoga on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Its Persona in Alleviating Anxiety Experienced by Youth: A Cohort Interventional Study.

Globalization endangers youngsters worldwide with new standards and possibilities. Hereat of being exposed to greater demands and expectations, when it comes to performance review, their life may become more distressed. Yoga with revolutionary methods may assistyoungsters in bettering their physical health regardingtheir maximal oxygen uptake, and also help manage their anxiety. This study ascertains the effect of yoga on youth's anxiety levels and cardio-respiratory fitness. It was a longitudinal interventional study recruiting 99 medical students wherein VO2max (maximal oxygen uptake) on thetreadmill/ergometer exercise and anxiety scores throughSpielberger's anxiety scale was assessed at baseline and evaluated after 6 months of a regular yogic regime.The VO2max wasrecorded by the metabolic module of Labchart software (Bella Vista,New South Wales, Australia). The VO2max evaluated by incremental exercise to volitional fatigue was found to be 2.64 ± 0.49 L/min in males and 1.51 ± 0.44 L/min in females pre-yoga and 2.81 ± 0.52 L/min in males and 1.69 ± 0.47 L/min in females post yoga. The difference in the endline and baseline VO2max values of yoga-performing males (t=6.595, p<0.001) and females (t = 2.478, p = 0.017) was found to be significantly higher than non-yoga performers. The METS value obtained in males was 11.96 and in females was 7.68 before yoga. Post-yoga values were 13.44 and 8.37, respectively. The difference in total anxiety scores post-intervention was 34.6 which was statistically significant (t= 4.959, p <0.001). From the viewpoint of a physiologist, higher VO2max in young adults links to better physical fitness which is the potential outcome of regular yogic practice. As a result ofregular yogic practice, initial soaring anxiety levels of subjects culminated in a drastic observable reduction in anxiety, which helped inculcate a judicious acumen in youngsters.

Association Between Ferritin Levels and Altitude-Dependent Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Mountain Guides.

Pühringer, Reinhard, Martina Muckenthaler, and Martin Burtscher. Association between ferritin levels and altitude-dependent cardiorespiratory fitness in mountain guides. High Alt Med Biol. 24:139-143, 2023. Background: Higher ferritin levels may be associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; i.e., maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max) and may represent early markers of cardiovascular risk but may also support high-altitude acclimatization. To evaluate these potential associations, data recordings from a large sample of male mountain guides have been analyzed. Methods: A total of 154 data sets (including anthropometric data, VO2max, blood lipids, hemoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin levels) of regularly physically active and well-acclimatized mountain guides were available for analyses. Participants performed equal incremental cycle ergometer tests to exhaustion at low (600 m) and (∼1 week later) at moderate altitude (2,000 m). Results: Ferritin levels were positively correlated with levels of hemoglobin (r = 0.29, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (r = 0.18, p < 0.05), triglycerides (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.22, p < 0.01), and negatively with high-density lipoprotein levels (r = -0.16, p < 0.05) and also with baseline (taken at low altitude) VO2max values (r = -0.19, p < 0.05). In contrast, higher ferritin levels were associated with less VO2max decline from low-to-moderate altitude (r = 0.26, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Higher ferritin levels in male mountain guides are weakly associated with lower CRF and higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors but with slightly less reduction in VO2max when acutely exposed to moderate altitude. The clinical relevance of these observations needs further investigation.

Assessment of Physiological Profiles of 2022 Asia Cup Winning National Sri Lankan Netball Team Using Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) as The Gold Standard

Using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in a laboratory setting is considered the gold standard in evaluating physiological fitness. This allows sports scientists to not only measure the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2Max) but to get an insight into the overall cardiopulmonary fitness of an athlete. Despite winning the Asian netball cup in 2022 and getting qualified to take part in the netball world cup no such testing has ever been conducted on the national netball pool of Sri Lanka up to this study, leading to lack of physiological norms when determining cut off points in the selection process of the players into the national team. With this background we aim to conduct Physiological testing, using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to establish these benchmarks and norms for physiological fitness for Sri Lankan national netballers. All 13 members of the 2022 Asia cup winning national netball pool of Sri Lanka, who have participated in at least 10 tournaments/matches within the last 6 months was included in the study. All CPET was conducted in the morning and in a temperature and humidity-controlled environment. Bruce protocol will be used to carry out the CPET. All the netball players who conducted CPET achieved more than 80% of their peak heart rate indicating a maximum effort. Average peak VO2 value of our study was 29 mil/min/kg. The highest VO2 values were obtained by C players and GD players. There was a significant difference of VO2 values between C,GD and GS players. Despite the relatively low overall VO2 max values most of the players apart from GS achieved more than 90% of their predicated VO2 (VO2/kg predicted%) values. GA achieved more than 80% of their predicted VO2. Oxygen delivery to muscle was more than 100% of the predicated among all the players except GS. (C-Centre, GA-Goal Attack, GD-Goal Defence, GK-Goalkeeper, GS-Goal Shooter, WA-Wing Attack, WD-Wing Defence). Although our sample archived relatively low overall VO2 max values compared to western standards, most of the players apart from GS achieved more than 90% of their predicated VO2 values, with GA achieving more than 80% of their predicted. A statically significant correlation was observed between oxygen delivery to muscle at anaerobic threshold.

The Insula Modulates the Effects of Aerobic Training on Cardiovascular Function and Ambulation in Multiple Sclerosis (P10-3.010)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To understand the effects of aerobic training (AT), focusing on the role of insula (differentiating in right and left) in establishing cardiovascular fitness (CF) and AT responses in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). <h3>Background:</h3> Impairment in the autonomic control of cardiovascular function is very common in pwMS. Insula is a key region related to this function with differences between left and right hemisphere. Insula lesions and atrophy are frequent in pwMS and appear to be related to cardiovascular alterations. AT targets the cardiopulmonary system and is proposed as a neuroprotective strategy in several neurological conditions. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Sixty-one pwMS were randomized in two groups (MS-AT and MS-C) to perform 24 training sessions of 30–40 minutes for 2–3 times per week. MS-AT performed moderate AT, while MS-C underwent non-specific motor training. All patients had a baseline and follow-up evaluation after the training period, including assessment of maximal peak of oxygen consumption (VO2max), heart rate reserve (HRR), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and a MRI scan to quantify lesion volumes (LV), global and regional brain atrophy. Two age- and sex-matched healthy control (HC) groups were enrolled for baseline comparison of CF and brain volumetry data. <h3>Results:</h3> At baseline, MS patients showed impaired values of VO2max, HRR and 6MWT (p&lt;0.001) and a widespread pattern of atrophy compared to HC, including bilateral insula. In MS, higher left insula LV correlated to higher HRR (R=0.27, p&lt;0.05). After training, MS-AT experienced an improvement in 6MWT compared to MS-C and this enhancement was greater in patients without insular lesions. At follow-up, MS-C showed a reduction of left anterior insula volume compared to baseline (p&lt;0.001). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> In pwMS, AT improves CF and walking capacity. It showed a neuroprotective effect, especially for the left insula that has a stronger relationship with CF, compared to the contralateral region. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Albergoni has nothing to disclose. Loredana Storelli has nothing to disclose. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bristol Myers Squibb . Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi Genzyme. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Merck. Maria Assunta Rocca has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Teva. The institution of Maria Assunta Rocca has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health, MS Society of Canada and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. Dr. Filippi has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bayer, Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. Dr. Filippi has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bayer, Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. Dr. Filippi has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Springer Nature. The institution of Dr. Filippi has received research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA).

The Positive Effects of Aerobic Capacity on Fatigue are Mediated by Thalamic Nuclei in People With Multiple Sclerosis (S27.008)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To identify associations between each thalamic nucleus and fatigue and to explore whether the effect of aerobic capacity on this symptom is mediated by the thalamus in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). <h3>Background:</h3> Fatigue is a common symptom in pwMS affecting mental and physical domains. Different factors including aerobic capacity, disability and cognitive impairment contribute to fatigue perception. The thalamus, with its nuclei related to motor and cognitive aspects, is involved in fatigue pathogenesis. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> In this cross-sectional analysis, 74 pwMS underwent a clinical evaluation with rating of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS) and symbol digit modalities test (SDMT); a cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and brain MRI to quantify global and thalamic nuclei volumes. A group of 47 sex-and-age-matched healthy controls (HC) was included for MRI data comparison, while a subgroup of HC (10) also presented VO2max values. <h3>Results:</h3> In pwMS, fatigue was associated with atrophy of left lateral-dorsal thalamic nucleus (r-value: −0.278, p≤0.018), with a stronger association with cognitive rather than physical fatigue. Worse fatigue (higher MFIS) was associated with lower VO2max (r-value:−0.263, p=0.027), higher EDSS (r-value:0.353, p=0.003) and lower SDMT (r-value:−0.353, p=0.003). The latter two were associated to a widespread pattern of atrophy within the thalamus. Lower VO2max was only associated to atrophy of the lateral-dorsal thalamic nuclei. In HC, higher aerobic capacity was associated with greater volume of the whole thalamus, pulvinar and ventral nuclei (r-value: from 0.674 to 0.714, p≤0.012). In pwMS, there was a significant indirect effect of aerobic capacity on fatigue through the volume of the left lateral-dorsal thalamic nucleus (b =−0.305, CI [−0.678,−0.005]). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Aerobic capacity exerts a positive effect on fatigue related to MS. This effect is mediated by the left lateral-dorsal thalamic nucleus. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Albergoni has nothing to disclose. Mr. Morozumi has nothing to disclose. Elisabetta Pagani has nothing to disclose. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bristol Myers Squibb . Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi Genzyme. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Mr. Preziosa has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Merck. Monica Margoni has received research support from MAGNIMS. Dr. Filippi has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bayer, Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. Dr. Filippi has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bayer, Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. Dr. Filippi has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Springer Nature. The institution of Dr. Filippi has received research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA). Maria Assunta Rocca has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Teva. The institution of Maria Assunta Rocca has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health, MS Society of Canada and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.

Normative values of cardiorespiratory fitness in Croatian children and adolescents.

Although defining normative values of cardiorespiratory fitness have been the topic of many Western societies, little evidence has been provided for less developed countries like Croatia. Since cardiorespiratory fitness rapidly declines in Croatian children and adolescents, the newly established normative values would help health-related professionals and physical education teachers to detect 'talented' groups and direct them towards sport and 'risky' groups for planning special interventions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to determine normative reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness. A total of 1,612 children and adolescents aged 7-14 years (mean±SD; age 9.7±2.4 years; stature 151.0±17.6 cm; body mass 45.1±19.1 kg; 52.5% girls) participated in this cross-sectional study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test and the performance was expressed as the number of stages. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was estimated by equations. Smoothed percentile curves were calculated. Boys outperformed girls in the maximal number of levels achieved after the 20-m shuttle run test and in the VO2max values at each age category. In boys, a gradually higher level of performance between ages 11 and 14 was observed, while in girls the values started to rise after the age of 8. Our study provides one of the first sex- and age-specific normative values for cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by the 20-m shuttle run test in Croatian children and adolescents.

The Effect of Six Weeks of Concurrent Training (Endurance-Resistance) on the Performance of the Cardio-Respiratory System in Inactive Young Women

Introduction: Inactive lifestyle is associated with decreased cardiorespiratory function and increased chronic non-communicable diseases and death. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of concurrent training (endurance-resistance) on the performance of the cardio-respiratory system in inactive young women. Method: In this quasi-experimental study, 16 inactive women of Tehran city were selected in a targeted and available manner and were randomly placed in two control groups [n = 8] and concurrent exercise [endurance and resistance] [n = 8]. After the pre-test [anthropometric tests and gas analyzer], the concurrent exercise group [endurance and resistance] performed the concurrent exercise program for six weeks and three sessions every week, and the subjects of the control group did not have any special exercise. After the six-week training period, measuring anthropometric indices [body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage [PBF], muscle mass [SMM] and hip-to-waist ratio [WHR] and cardiorespiratory indices including [the first ventilatory threshold [VE/VO2], Second ventilatory threshold [VE/ VCO2], maximum oxygen consumption [VO2max], respiratory exchange ratio [RER], heart rate [HR], forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], expiratory volume forced in one second to forced capacity [FEV1/FVC] and the ratio of oxygen consumption to heart rate [VO2/HR] was done using in-body device and gas analyzer. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis test at the P&lt;0.05. Results: The results showed that six weeks of concurrent training [endurance-resistance] had no significant effect on the values of VO2max, FEV1, FVC, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2, FEV1/FVC, VO2/HR, HR in inactive young women [P&lt;0.05]. Also, after the training period, there was no difference in BMI, PBF, SMM and WHR indices between the training and control groups [P&lt;0.05]. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it seems that six weeks of concurrent training [endurance-resistance] does not affect the performance of the cardio-respiratory system in inactive young women.

Validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics.

General and particularly sport-specific testing is an integral aspect of performance optimization in artistic gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, however, only non-specific field tests have been used to assess endurance performance (e.g., Multistage Shuttle Run Test; Cooper's Test). This study aimed to examine the validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics. Fourteen elite-level gymnasts (i.e., eight males and six females) participated in this study. The newly developed artistic gymnastics-specific endurance test (AGSET) was conducted on two different occasions seven days apart to determine its reliability. To assess the concurrent validity of AGSET, participants performed the multistage shuttle run test (MSRT). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were directly assessed using a portable gas analyzer system during both protocols. Additionally, the total time maintained (TTM) during the AGSET, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) during the two protocols were collected. The main findings indicated that all variables derived from the AGSET (i.e., VO2max, MAS, HRmax, BLa, and RER) displayed very good relative (all intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] > 0.90) and absolute (all typical errors of measurement [TEM] < 5%) reliability. Further, results showed that the ability of the AGSET to detect small changes in VO2max, MAS, BLa, and RER was good (smallest worthwhile change [SWC0.2] > TEM), except HRmax (SWC0.2 < TEM). Additionally, results showed a nearly perfect association between the VO2max values derived from the AGSET and MSRT (r = 0.985; coefficient of determination [R²] = 97%) with no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). The mean (bias) ± 95% limits of agreement between the two protocols were 0.28 ± 0.55 mlminkg-1. AGSET seems to present very good reliability and concurrent validity for assessing endurance performance in elite artistic gymnastics. In addition, the newly developed protocol presents a good ability to detect small changes in performance.