B Complex Research Articles

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLACKCURRANT FRUITS IN A PLANTATION FROM JIBOU AREA

There is a plurality of studies highlighting the beneficial properties of blackcurrant, especially the anti-oxidant ones. These are mainly due to phenols, of which anthocyanins and flavonoids stand out, yet the mechanisms by which the active substances in blackcurrant act are not fully understood. Blackcurrant extract has a complex biochemical composition, it contains tannins, green volatile oils, terpenic carbides, B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, organic acids (citric, malic), pectins, sugars, anthocyanins, terpenes, oils fats, flavonoids (myricetol, cvercetol, camphor), pectin, calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, vitamin PP. The research was carried out between 2017 and 2020. By chemical and biochemical analyses, the content of blackcurrant fruits was monitored over time, as well as the presence of some chemical or biochemical compounds with sulphur, with harmful action on the human organism, in the extract. It was sought to know if the presence of sulphur springs would have an influence on the chemical and biochemical composition of blackcurrant fruits

Impacts of Acupuncture Therapy on Herpes Zoster: Report of 3 Cases

There were three cases (64, 44 and 81 years of age, all male) referred to the rehabilitation service of the Ophthalmology specialty, with the diagnosis of ophthalmic herpes zoster, due to intense pain and macular lesions, vesicles on erythematous base in the periorbital and frontal region, accompanied by intense edema. 64, 44 and 81 years old in order of appearance. Also treated, in the first instance, by dermatology with: analgesics (Dipyrone, Paracetamol), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen, Piroxicam), injectable B-complex vitamin therapy, physiological therapy, eye drops and saline solutions. Pain intensity was measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. Acupuncture treatment for 6 to 9 sessions began on different days of the evolution of her illness. The same acupuncture treatment scheme was applied to the three patients: bilateral LI-4 (Hegu) and LI-11 (Quchi). In points on the face, the needles were placed on the healthy side: UB-2 (Zanzhu), SI-17 (Yifeng) and GB-1 (Tungtzuliao). After the first acupuncture session the pain ceased or lessened, and the blisters began to dry up. None had ocular complications and post-herpetic neuralgia did not appear after three months of finishing acupuncture therapy. The evolution was satisfactory in the 3 patients.

Inulin–Niacin Conjugates: Preparation, Characterization, Kinetic and In Vitro Release Studies

Niacin, an essential B-complex vitamin, used in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the first perceived lipid regulating medication, inhibits and reverses hepatic steatosis and inflammation in animals and liver cell cultures. Niacin shows beneficial effects on adiposity. Niacin plays an important role in DNA repair, electron transfer, one-carbon metabolism and fatty acid synthesis in cells. Natural polysaccharides with desirable chemical modifications can be combined with vitamins for developing the supplement treatment for vitamin deficiency disorders. Modification of inulin was carried out by tosylation, amination and then conjugated with niacin. Structural elucidation of the derivatives and conjugates was carried out by FT-IR, 1H NMR and SEM. Thermal behavior was investigated by TGA and DSC techniques. The release and kinetics of niacin, from the conjugate, at different pH was studied. The release was observed to be pH dependent, showing a greater release at higher pH following Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model. Polysaccharide based approach was used for the preparation of stable niacin-inulin conjugates with controllable and prolonged release of niacin. These types of conjugates may be useful as vitamin delivery systems for vitamin deficiency disorders.

Clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders in the entire United States military population, 1997\u20132015

BackgroundThis study examined incidence rates, temporal trends, and demographic factors associated with vitamin deficiencies/disorders in all United States military personnel from 1997 to 2015 (mean N = 1,382,266/year).MethodsEmploying an ecological study design, the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and specific International Classification of Diseases codes were used to determine incidence rates for clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies/disorders. Associations with demographic factors were examined.ResultsThe overall incidence rate of vitamin deficiencies/disorders was 92.7 cases/100,000 person-years (p-yr). Highest rates were for vitamin D (53.7 cases/100,000 p-yr), other B-complex vitamins (20.2 cases, 100,000 p-yr), vitamin B12 anemia (7.6 cases/100,000 p-yr), deficiencies of “other vitamins” (5.9 cases/100,000 p-yr), and vitamin A (2.5 cases/100,000 p-yr). Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin K deficiencies and hypervitaminoses A and D had < 1 case/100,000 p-yr. Rates for vitamin D, other B-complex, “other vitamin”, and thiamin deficiencies increased over time, while vitamin A and C deficiencies decreased. Women had higher incidence rates for all examined deficiencies/ disorders except niacin and vitamin C. Incidence rates rose with age in 8 of 15 deficiency/disorder categories and blacks had higher incidence rates in 9 of 15 deficiency/disorder categories.ConclusionsThe overall rate of clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders was low but higher in women and minority subgroups. As for most illnesses, the diagnosed incidence of such disorders may be an underestimate of the actual incidence. These findings can guide clinical decision making with regard to testing for nutritional deficiencies and delivering public health information to at risk populations.Clinical trial registration(No. ISRCTN58987177). Registration date 9 October 2019.

A polypyrrole-based solid phase extraction for determination of eight B-complex vitamins from infant formula

A polypyrrole-based solid phase extraction for determination of eight B-complex vitamins from infant formula

Medicinal Functions of Physalis Fruits for Biomedical Applications

Medicinal Functions of Physalis Fruits for Biomedical Applications

Medicinal Functions of Physalis Fruits for Biomedical Applications

Drug innovation using natural products is an interesting mission for planning new leads. It describes the bioactive compounds resulting from natural resources, characterization and pharmacological examination. It emphases on the triumph of these resources in the process of finding and realizing new and effective drug compounds that can be beneficial for human resources. For medicinal devotions and for the progress of pharmaceutical substances, medicinal plants were used such as Physalis angulata L which is a medicinal plant used for numerous therapies including wound healing [1]. Physalis peruviana (golden berry) is an herbaceous annual plants belongs to the family Solanaceae [2]. This plant has a tremendous medicinal value for curing out different diseases: cancer, leukemia, diabetes, ulcers, malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis, rheumatism and several other diseases [3]. The golden berry fruit tastes like a sweet tomato and includes high levels of vitamin C, vitamin A and the vitamin B-complex. The fruit was demonstrated to have both antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties [4,5]. Herbal specialists and local people of several countries have used many extracts of medicinal plants to achieve and treat various diseases comprising wound healing [6]. Physalis with its notable benefits related to high nutrients and bioactive compounds with extraordinary antioxidant activity and other several medicinal properties have been ascribed to these compounds [7,8]. The bioactive compounds are formed as primary and secondary metabolites of the fruits. These compounds are biologically active with cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, fungicidal, insecticidal, tranquilizing, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and contraceptive actions, among others. Such compounds are used for several dedications, such as in medical therapy, to cure diseases, in the cosmetics, and in the food industry as antioxidants or flavorings [9] (Figure 1).

The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: A narrative review

ObjectiveThe present review aims to clarify the relationship of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin to exercise performance. NewsThe B vitamins thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and niacin (vitamin B3) are hydrophilic vitamins that play a fundamental role as coenzymes in enzymatic reactions of energy metabolism. The increase in energy demand during physical exercise can alter the requirements for these vitamins. Prospects and projectsThis study is a narrative review which selected and analyzed studies that investigated how the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin can affect sports performance in both humans and experimental animal models. ConclusionThe research shows that supplementation with these vitamins does not necessarily produce ergogenic effects. Despite their fundamental roles in anabolic pathways, only the intake of thiamine-derivative substances showed some positive effects on exercise performance and fatigue. Isolated riboflavin supplementation did not show positive effects, while there is evidence that high niacin intake can harm exercise performance. Some studies found an increase in excretion and a decrease in the blood levels of these vitamins after exercise, but the results are inconsistent. However, different pharmacokinetics, doses or dosing frequency, and administration route of the supplemented substances can influence the results. There are few studies of B-vitamins and exercise, and most of them are not recent. New studies, with systematically controlled protocols, are necessary to elucidate the real effects of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin in exercise performance.

Comparative uptake of exogenous thiamine and subsequent metabolic footprint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus under simulated oenological conditions

Managed inoculation of non-Saccharomyces yeast species is regarded as a practical way to introduce new characteristics to wine. However, these yeasts struggle to survive until fermentation is complete. Kluyveromyces marxianus IWBT Y885 is one such yeast. Although it displays interesting oenological properties, a longer persistence during alcoholic fermentation would warranty a stronger impact on wine composition. A key factor for survival, growth and sustained metabolic activity of all yeasts is their nutrient requirements. Thus, identifying nutrients that are essential for maximising fermentation performance, and subsequently ensuring adequate levels of nutrients, is a means to ensure significant contribution of yeasts to wine properties. This study aimed to identify essential nutrients, other than previously studied sugars and nitrogen, for maximum impact of K. marxianus Y885, as well as to characterise the outcomes of their utilisation.A multifactorial experimental design was employed to investigate the impact of nutrient concentrations on fermentation performance with K. marxianus Y885 in synthetic must. B-complex vitamins most significantly impacted fermentation performance of K. marxianus Y885 compared to other nutrient groups investigated. Considering the well-established role of the vitamin, thiamine, for maximum fermentation performance during winemaking and the fact that it may be supplemented to wine fermentations legally, the responses to specifically exogenous thiamine concentration for K. marxianus Y885 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118 were compared in terms of population viability, fermentation rate, total sugars utilised, thiamine assimilation kinetics, and final wine composition. A saturation effect for initial thiamine concentration of K. marxianus Y885 fermentations was characterised, with a maximum fermentation rate and over 90% of available sugars utilisation obtained at 0.25 mg/L. An appreciably larger comparative increase in exponential cell growth rate, maximum population, fermentation rate and total CO2 production for K. marxianus Y885 compared to S. cerevisiae EC1118 revealed a greater necessity for thiamine to ensure maximum fermentation performance. A delayed uptake of thiamine at higher concentrations for K. marxianus Y885 suggested differential regulation of thiamine uptake compared to S. cerevisiae EC1118. In addition, different trends in metabolites produced between species suggest that thiamine concentration impacts the carbon metabolic flux differently in these two yeasts, potentially impacting final wine properties.

Dietary Adequacy of Macro and Micronutrients in National Level Indian Male Sprinters

Proper balance of nutrients is crucial for athletes to maintain a good nutritional profile and optimize sports performance. The aim of the study was to evaluate nutrient intake and adequacy among Indian sprinters among various age groups. Cross-sectional study on Indian male National level sprinters (n=80) was carried out. Height, weight, dietary practices, and nutrient intake were collected. Mean weight, height and BMI were 59.3±2.8 kg, 170.3±2.6 cm, and 20.5±1.6 kg/m2 respectively. Mean daily energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake per kg BM was 51±20 kcal; 7.56g and1.83±0.9g respectively and 24.89% came from fat. Nutrient Adequacy Ratio values reveal adequacy of vitamin A, B-complex vitamins, ascorbic acid, magnesium, calcium, zinc, and iron. Macro and micronutrient intake was significantly close to recommendations except for vitamin D in 10-12 years while in 13-15 years, protein, niacin, zinc, and pyridoxine were comparable and 16-17 years had a maximum deviation from recommendations. Nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, iron, zinc, and thiamine) were close to the recommendation in the 18+ group. Inter-individual variability in macro and micronutrient intake highlights the need for a well balanced, healthy meal plan from a sports nutritionist for tailor-made diets to suit training load to optimize performance.

Awareness of Folic Acid Intake among Women of Childbearing Age in Ha’il region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: Folic acid deficiency is one of the most common vitamin deficiencies among women of childbearing-age. Folic acid is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin. Although the deficiency is easily corrected by administration of folic acid, but still the prevalence of folic acid deficiency is high. It can lead to neural tube defects (NTDs) in fetus, which are a major cause of severe disability and mortality among infant population, occurring in over one quarter of a million new-borns per year, worldwide. NTDs occur in the very early phase of pregnancy when the mother herself does not know that she is pregnant. This study has assessed awareness of women of childbearing age on folic acid i.e., timing of folic acid supplementation, different sources, symptoms of its deficiency, toxicity and its effect on fetus. Study was conducted in Ha’il region and its suburbs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the period between October 2020 and February 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional community-based study was carried out among 842 women aged between18 and 45 years using a close-ended questionnaire.&#x0D; Results: In total, Folic Acid was taken by just 23.87% of participants. Only 33% knew that Folic Acid deficiency causes neural tube defects in fetus. Further it was revealed that postgraduates had a significantly better knowledge on Folic Acid 0.000) than others. Similarly, those who belonged to household where total monthly income was 5000 Saudi Riyals or more had better awareness on Folic Acid than participants who belonged to low socioeconomic status ( 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: It’s concluded that in Ha’il and its suburb area, women of childbearing age do not possess adequate knowledge on Folic Acid. Neural tube defects in fetus due to folic acid deficiency were not known by a large majority of respondents. However, awareness has a strong association with educational level and socioeconomic status. Hence it is recommended that female literacy and female employment should be promoted, encouraged and supported in Kingdom in order to improve our health indicators.

Drug utilization study in patients visiting psychiatric OPD in tertiary care hospital

Background: The illness due to psychiatric diseases and behavioral disorders is enormous, but it remains under represented by conventional public health statistics; which mainly targets mortality more than morbidity or dysfunction. The drug utilization study was conducted to find out problems and provide feedback to prescribers so as to create awareness about irrational use of drugs. This study was conducted in psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A prospective, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pharmacology in collaboration with department of psychiatry in a tertiary care hospital. Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria visiting psychiatric OPD from 01 October 2018 to 31 December 2018 period of 3 months were enrolled in the study. Assessment of the prescriptions was done as per the ICD-10 criteria and World Health Organization-indicators for rational use of drugs (WHO-INRUD).Results: Among total 390 prescriptions; 71.54% was males and 28.46% were females. All the drugs were oral formulations. The burden of diseases are depression 35.89%, anxiety 20.51%, schizophrenia 18.97% and bipolar disorder 11.28% and other psychiatric diseases were 13.33%. Olanzapine was the most common drug which was prescribed followed by alprazolam. Total 1,140 drugs were prescribed out of which 86.32% was psychotropic drug and 13.68% were other like vitamin B-complex, analgesics, anta-acids, antibiotics and NSAIDS. The Most common prescribed class was atypical antipsychotics 26.31% followed by benzodiazepines 20.26%, antipsychotics 19.74%, tricyclic antidepressants 8.16%, anticonvulsants 9.21%, antiepileptics 2.37% and lastly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotics was most commonly prescribed drug followed by benzodiazepines. All the drugs were prescribed by their generic names which suggests awareness among prescribers regarding WHO policies for generic prescribing.

Plant-based supplement containing B-complex vitamins can improve bee health and increase colony performance

It is common knowledge that nutritive stress resulting from decreased diversity and quality of food, pollution of food sources and beekeeping errors may lead to increased susceptibility of bees to pathogens and pesticides. The dearth of adequate food is frequently compensated with supplements. Thus, this research was aimed to study the effects of the plant-based supplement B + on colony strength (assessed according to open and sealed brood area, honey and pollen/bee bread reserves, and the number of adult bees). In addition, Nosema ceranae spores and viruses were quantified and the level of infestation with Varroa destructor assessed. The experiment was conducted in late summer and early spring. In colonies which were given B + in feed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the parameters of colony strength were noticed in comparison to the control (colonies fed on sugar syrup). Moreover, it was proven that the bees from these colonies had significantly lower (p < 0.05) N. ceranae spore counts, and acute bee paralysis, deformed wing and sacbrood virus loads. Our results suggest that the addition of B + supplement to the colonies provide them with nutrients, contribute to their strengthening, might prevent nutritive stress and increase the success of bees in combating pathogens.

Production of 1,3-propanediol by Lactobacillus diolivorans from agro-industrial residues and cactus cladode acid hydrolyzate.

This study evaluated the bioproduction of 1,3-propanediol by Lactobacillus diolivorans in the medium based on agro-industrial residues and vegetal biomass substituting the MRS medium components. It was performed on a set of acid treatments and batch fermentations assays with crude glycerol (TCG) from biodiesel production, corn steep liquor (CSL), and cactus cladode hydrolyzate (CCH). Firstly, it was carried out on batch fermentation with different pure glycerol concentrations in MRS medium which was carried out, and the best condition achieved 4.66 g/L and 0.61 g/g of 1,3-PDO production and yield, respectively. Then, the TCG was evaluated, and a discrete increase of 1,3-PDO was observed. The replacement of the MRS medium nutrients by CLS was assessed, at different concentrations, for bacteria growth, and 5% of CLS reproduced the same biomass formation compared to the bacteria growth in MRS medium. It was also added cactus cladode hydrolyzate as the only sugar source, which showed a 1,3-PDO production close to the medium with pure glucose. Finally, a B-complex vitamin was added to the batch fermentation medium composed of TCG, CLS, and CCH, replacing all the costly MRS components. In this medium, the production of 1,3-propanediol was 6.57 g/L with a yield of 0.75 g/g. It means an increment of 29% and 19%, respectively, compared to MRS medium. Therefore, the combination of treated crude glycerol, corn steep liquor, and cactus cladode hydrolyzate has excellent potential for 1,3-PDO production by L. diolivorans.

Formulation, sensory, texture and nutrient analysis of jowar waffle

Waffles are a sweet convenient product with a soft texture. The present study was conductedto develop a nutrient rich spicy waffle using jowar flour and wheat flour. Totally 24 different types ofwaffles (T1-70% Jowar flour, 20% Wheat flour and 10% spice bundle, T2-60% Jowar flour, 30%Wheat flour and 10% spice bundle, T3-50% Jowar flour, 40% Wheat flour and 10% spice bundle)were formulated and standardized with spice mixture of 8 different combinations were prepared andsubjected to sensory evaluation. The waffles prepared using red chilli powder as the dominant spice inthe mixture, was subjected for various examinations like nutrient, texture, microbial and shelf-lifeanalysis. Sensory attributes of the formulated and standardized waffle were carried out using 9-pointhedonic scale and T2 treatment had high acceptability score when compared to other treatments. T2treatment was rich in protein (23.99g), carbohydrate (7.16g), Dietary fibre (1.49g), ash (1.89), iron(7.61mg), calcium (60.61mg) and B-complex vitamins such as Vitamin B1 (0.994 mg), B2 (1.78mg),B3 (10.33mg) and B6 (1.09 mg). The texture profile analyzes - firmness of T3 treatment was highwhen compared with T0 and T2 treatment. The shelf- life of the waffle was analyzed for T0, T2 andT3 treatments for 3 days and found to be one day with desirable characteristics. The microbial analysissuch as yeast and mould count, total bacterial count of T0, T2 and T3 treatments were evaluated andit lies within safe limits

Important of B-Complex Vitamins in Treatment Protocol in Diabetic Patients

This search includes the vitamin B-species which must be taken by diabetic patients. Where these vitamins keep the health of patient not merely but help the metabolism of glucose which is the blood sugar. The vitamin B-complex must be prescribed before the drugs which treat the diabetes (Insulin and oral hypoglycaemics). Because these vitamins keep the integrity of patient health and play the major role of metabolism of glucose.

HPTLC study to determine the antioxidant activity of dried leaves of Portulaca oleracea L.

This present study involves the assessment of the anti-oxidant activity study of the sample which was obtained from the methanolic extracts of dried leaves of Portulaca Oleracea L.(common name Purslane). Purslane is a rich source of Vitamin A, Vitamin-C and some other B-complex vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine and carotenoids which are known powerful natural anti-oxidants. Anti-oxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation. This methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated for the determination of its anti-oxidant efficiency by using 1,1–diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) by using Silica TLC plates on Camag High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) system using visionCATS software. Densitograms and chromatographs obtained show the presence of anti-oxidant activity. It is a rapid, inexpensive and straightforward method to measure anti-oxidant properties of substances after separation by HPTLC. It involves the use of the free radical, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) which is widely used to test the ability of compounds to act as free radical scavengers or hydrogen donors and to evaluate anti-oxidant activity. When Anti-oxidants substances react with DPPH, which is a stable free radical becomes paired off in the presence of a hydrogen donor (e.g., a free radical scavenging anti-oxidant) and is reduced to the DPPHH. As a consequence, the absorbance's decreased from the DPPH.

Immunoassays for the rapid detection of pantothenic acid in pharmaceutical and food products

Pharmaceutical and food products are fortified with pantothenic acid (PA) to address potential deficiency. Therefore, its fast, reliable, and accurate detection is of great importance to the quality control. Here, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) were established for the determination of PA based on an anti-PA monoclonal antibody (mAb). The ic-ELISA displayed a limit of detection (LOD) of 32.22 ng/mL, and the linear range was 64.44–628.84 ng/mL. Average recoveries of PA in fortified samples were 88.60–110.11% when using the ic-ELISA and a good correlation between the ic-ELISA and LC-MS/MS was obtained when analyzing samples. Furthermore, the developed LFIA strip showed a calculated LOD of 71.99, 115.80, and 240.12 ng/mL in B-complex Vitamin tablets, energy drink and infant milk powder samples, respectively. All the results demonstrated that both of these immunoassays are suitable for determining PA in pharmaceutical and food products.

Ayurveda Management of Pittaj Mukhapak (Aphthous ulcer): A Case Study

Oral hygiene is very important for Health. Tongue is the mirror of GIT (Gastrointestinal Tract). Mukhapak (Stomatitis) i: e the inflammation of Mucous membrane present in lips, tongue and cheek. It is common problems faced by all persons. Though it looks minor problem but it restricted the daily activity. Stomatitis occurs due to hot and spicy, oily food, Smoking, tobacco, Gutkha chewing, Some Medicine, infection, Vitamin B-Complex deficiency. Ayurveda has described 4 type of Mukhapaka. Vataj, Pittaj, Kaphaj, Sannipataj. Different types of Mukhapak have different type of symptoms. The treatment of Aphthous ulcer/Stomatitis mainly pain reliever, mouth lotion, Corticosteroids, Vit.B complex. Present case study of 26 year male Patients having symptoms of Toda (Pricking Pain), Daha (Burning), Aasyvairasya (Diminish Taste of food), Constipation, Difficult to engulfed food, Chittodweg (Anxious). Diagnosis done as a Pittaj Mukhapak, undergo the Ayurveda treatment as Gandush Vidhi and Shaman treatment for 7 days. After 7 day Patients was much relieved. Present Case Study Was done to Study the concept of Pittaj Mukhpak (Apthous Ulcer) in Ayurveda View, to study the effect of Ayurveda treatment on Symptoms, To Study Effect of Gandush Vidhi and Shaman treatment in Pittaj Mukhpak.

Diet, Nutrition and Opioid Addiction

Adequate nutrition and balanced diet are essential for optimum physical and psychological health. This is especially important in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUDs) who typically show mild to moderate micronutrient deficiencies, including iron and B-complex vitamins. Such deficiencies can alter synaptic plasticity, particularly of the mesolimbic dopamine (ML-DA) pathways responsible for control of feeding and processing of emotions, rewards, and cognition, in these individuals. Addiction to food strongly resembles addiction to drugs of abuse. OUDs tend to prefer high salt, fat, and sugar diets, which activate the ML-DA causing euphorigenic effects. Concurrently, the malnutrition OUDs experience encourages cravings and contribute to their drug seeking. To remedy nutritional deficiencies and brain abnormalities in OUDs, we propose that multiple strategies be incorporated into their treatment regimens that will aid individuals to overcome opioid use disorder and decrease risk for relapse in those who have already recovered.