Visual Programming Tool Research Articles

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THE GAME «SHOOTING SIMULATION IN A SHOOTING RANGE»

The article examines the system analysis and design of the game «Shooting Simulation in a Shooting Range», which is a relevant area in the context of the modern gaming industry’s development. The research emphasizes the importance of using information technologies to create interactive products that combine high levels of graphic detail, realistic physical models, and user-friendly interfaces. The main purpose of the study is to develop software for a shooting simulation using modern tools and methods. The research identifies the key system requirements, describes the stages of project implementation, and proposes approaches to solving the main technical challenges. The paper provides a detailed explanation of the choice of development tools, specifically the use of the Unreal Engine 5 game engine and the Blender 3D editor. Unreal Engine 5 ensures high-quality graphics, efficient visual programming tools through the Blueprint system, and comprehensive developer support. Blender, as a powerful tool for creating three-dimensional models, was used to design objects such as targets and weapons. The choice of these tools is justified by their accessibility, functionality, and active community support. The game development methodology includes several stages: requirements analysis, architecture and interface design, code development, testing, and debugging. During development, modern approaches to modeling physical properties were applied, ensuring realistic simulation of shooting, including aspects such as bullet trajectory, object interactions, and acoustic effects. Realistic sound was achieved through the integration of high-quality audio files, enhancing the overall gaming experience. Special attention was given to the practical implementation of the game’s core features, including weapon selection, target customization, the use of optical sights, and the implementation of bonus shots under certain conditions. An important component is the interactive settings menu, allowing players to individually adjust game parameters. The game was tested on various hardware platforms, confirming its compatibility with a wide range of devices. The results of the study demonstrate the potential use of this product for both entertainment and training purposes. The shooting simulation can be beneficial for training in shooting disciplines and engaging users with top-tier gaming mechanics. The work underscores the importance of integrating innovative technologies into the process of creating gaming products that meet modern standards of quality and convenience. Thus, the presented development serves as an example of the successful application of modern technologies in the field of interactive entertainment and demonstrates the prospects for developing such projects in the context of the growing popularity of virtual games and simulators.

Application of Building Information Modelling in Construction and Demolition Waste Management: Systematic Review and Future Trends Supported by a Conceptual Framework

The architecture, engineering, construction, and operations industry faces an urgent need to enhance construction and demolition waste management in urban areas, driven by increasing demolition and construction activities and a desire to align with sustainable practices and the circular economy principles. To address this need, a systematic literature review on the building information modelling methodology was conducted, employing a structured protocol and specific tools for the analysis of academic studies, based on PRISMA guidelines and StArt software (version 3.4 BETA). Ninety relevant studies published between 1998 and 2024, were analysed and selected from the Web of Science, Scopus, and Engineering Village databases. Findings indicate that China leads in publications with 34%, followed by Brazil (8%) and the United Kingdom (7%). The analysis emphasises the use of drones and LiDAR scanners for precise spatial data, processed by 3D reconstruction tools like Pix4D and FARO As-Built. Revit excels in 3D modelling, providing a robust platform for visualisation and analysis. Visual programming tools such as Dynamo automate processes and optimise material reuse. The study presents a conceptual framework that integrates these technologies with the principles of the circular economy, clarifying the interactions and practical applications that promote the sustainable management of demolition waste from urban buildings and process efficiency. Although the approach promotes material reuse and sustainability, it still faces barriers such as the need for waste segregation at the source, the adaptation of innovative technologies, like the iPhone 15 Pro LiDAR and thermal cameras, as well as associated costs. These factors may limit its adoption in larger-scale projects, particularly due to the increased complexity of buildings.

User Preference Maps: Quantifying the Built Environment

The built environment in which we live holds the potential to provide life experiences that allow pedestrians to observe, feel, learn, and grow through their surroundings in everyday urban spaces. If a city offers opportunities for careful observation and exploration according to users’ preferences, it will become more appealing to many people. This study selected Midtown, New York, as the research site and collected a total of seven datasets based on 30 intersections in the area. The data, categorized into three main areas—activity, comfort, and natural elements—were evaluated, visualized, and restructured using a path exploration algorithm to produce a final user-based map. For this, 3D modeling software Rhino version 7, visual programming tool Grasshopper, and Grasshopper verion 2023 plugin programs were used. The final result included 3D route information, quantitative measurement data, and multidimensional visual materials. This approach presents an alternative to traditional route navigation based on uniform criteria and, through data-driven design, is believed to ultimately enhance walkability, activate urban spaces, and contribute to the development of sustainable cities. The scope of related research can further expand as the targets, duration, and methods of data collection continue to evolve and as case studies in various cities increase.

Evaluating Usability and Accessibility of Visual Programming Tools for Novice Programmers—The Case of App Inventor, Scratch, and StarLogo

The current state of the labor market requires modern engineers to acquire programming skills at different levels of advancement and to apply them in multidisciplinary environments. Not all modern engineers will become fully fledged programmers, but sometimes the possibility to use low-code programming environments like LabView or MIT App Inventor will be sufficient. In order to give good foundations for adulthood, schools use elements of visual programming, e.g., Scratch or StarLogo, to enhance the critical and algorithmic thinking of future engineers. This article attempts to answer the question of whether anyone cares about following general accessibility and usability guidelines in the case of solutions like Scratch, App Inventor, and StarLogo. Another goal is to show a set of tools that is successful in such an assessment. The authors used Nielsen’s heuristics, followed by analyzing WAVE output and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines compliance. Especially, the last one provides insights usually omitted when evaluating low-code environments. It was found that Scratch and App Inventor are leading solutions in terms of look and feel, functionality, documentation, interface navigation, and memorization. The StarLogo interface, on the other hand, is less friendly in terms of aesthetics and functionality.

Development and Evaluation of an Internet of Things Project for Preservice Elementary School Teachers

Programming education is gaining more attention in elementary schools, especially through the use of visual programming tools and development boards. However, the elementary school teacher education in Taiwan allows only limited time periods for training in visual programming and the use of development boards. Development boards are ideal for creating internet of things (IoT) projects, and project-based learning (PBL) is an effective teaching strategy in programming education to promote active learning. Therefore, to sustainably cultivate 21st-century teachers, this study developed an IoT PBL activity for preservice elementary school teachers in Taiwan, so as to improve their attitude toward programming and to enhance their content knowledge of programming teaching, including in computational thinking concepts and knowledge concerning the micro:bit and IoT. This project aimed to engage preservice elementary school teachers in using the micro:bit and electronic modules to create cardboard games with IoT features. A preliminary evaluation was conducted within a teacher education course to verify the project’s feasibility. Consequently, the preservice elementary school teachers participating in this project could develop various IoT cardboard games through teamwork. Their scores on the assessments of computational thinking concepts, development board knowledge, and attitude toward programming showed significant improvement after the project activity. They also expressed highly positive feedback on the project. These findings verify that the proposed PBL activity could be feasible for elementary teacher education.

Lógica de programação através da robótica: Uso do Scratch e Arduino para criação de robôs e projetos interativos

This article investigates the teaching of programming logic through robotics, using Scratch and Arduino for the creation of robots and interactive projects. Through a literature review, we examine the advantages and challenges of this approach, highlighting how the integration of visual programming tools and hardware can enrich student learning. The integration of Scratch and Arduino in education emerges as an innovative approach to teaching programming logic. Scratch, a visual programming language, and Arduino, an open-source electronics platform, provide students with a dynamic and interactive learning environment. Through hands-on projects and real-time feedback, students can explore abstract concepts in a tangible way, enhancing their understanding and knowledge retention. Despite the challenges, such as teacher training and the availability of resources, the benefits of using Scratch and Arduino outweigh the difficulties, providing students with engaging and meaningful learning experiences. This article reviews the literature on the use of Scratch and Arduino in education, highlighting their contributions to programming education and project-based learning. The results indicate that the use of Scratch and Arduino promotes a dynamic and engaging learning environment, facilitating the understanding of programming and electronics concepts. Future research should focus on strategies to improve teacher education and expand access to these tools, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to develop essential digital literacy skills. By empowering students to become creators and innovators, Scratch and Arduino pave the way for a future where technology is not only understood, but is also actively shaped and utilized for positive change.

AutoTQA: Towards Autonomous Tabular Question Answering through Multi-Agent Large Language Models

With the growing significance of data analysis, several studies aim to provide precise answers to users' natural language questions from tables, a task referred to as tabular question answering (TQA). The state-of-the-art TQA approaches are limited to handling only single-table questions. However, real-world TQA problems are inherently complex and frequently involve multiple tables, which poses challenges in directly extending single-table TQA designs to handle multiple tables, primarily due to the limited extensibility of the majority of single-table TQA methods. This paper proposes AutoTQA, a novel Auto nomous T abular Q uestion A nswering framework that employs multi-agent large language models (LLMs) across multiple tables from various systems (e.g., TiDB, BigQuery). AutoTQA comprises five agents: the User , responsible for receiving the user's natural language inquiry; the Planner , tasked with creating an execution plan for the user's inquiry; the Engineer , responsible for executing the plan step-by-step; the Executor , provides various execution environments (e.g., text-to-SQL) to fulfill specific tasks assigned by the Engineer ; and the Critic , responsible for judging whether to complete the user's natural language inquiry and identifying gaps between the current results and initial tasks. To facilitate the interaction between different agents, we have also devised agent scheduling algorithms. Furthermore, we have developed LinguFlow, an open-source, low-code visual programming tool, to quickly build and debug LLM-based applications, and to accelerate the creation of various external tools and execution environments. We also implemented a series of data connectors, which allows AutoTQA to access various tables from multiple systems. Extensive experiments show that AutoTQA delivers outstanding performance on four representative datasets.

Use of the Alice Visual Programming Environment in Programming Education : A Descriptive Case Study

The process of learning a programming language is seen as complicated, especially for those who first start to learn programming language. For this reason, visual programming tools have begun to be used in educational environments. Visual programming tools purpose to concretize abstract programming language concepts. Alice program is one of the visual programming tools. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of the Alice program on programming learning in the education environment. The study group was 18 freshman students enrolled in the Object Based Programming I course at the vocational school computer technology department. The study lasted 8 weeks, with 4 hours each week. The teaching was realized on Gagne’s nine events of instruction model. At the end of the teaching process, two focus group interviews were conducted with the students to determine the obstructing and facilitating factors in using the Alice program. This study was utilized a descriptive case study. The data were analyzed by using the content analysis. When the results were examined; It was seen that the Alice program makes learning the basic code concepts easy and understanding programming logic, and increases the desire to learn programming. However, it was stated that the practicality of writing code could not be improved because code could not be written in the Alice program. It is thought that employing the Alice program is beneficial for enhancing comprehension of programming logic.

Structural Optimization of Trusses in Building Information Modeling (BIM) Projects Using Visual Programming, Evolutionary Algorithms, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Tools

The optimal structural design is imperative in order to minimize material consumption and reduce the environmental impacts of construction. Given the complexity in the formulation of structural design problems, the process of optimization is commonly performed using artificial intelligence (AI) global optimization, such as the genetic algorithm (GA). However, the integration of AI-based optimization, together with visual programming (VP), in building information modeling (BIM) projects warrants further investigation. This study proposes a workflow by combining structure analysis, VP, BIM, and GA to optimize trusses. The methodology encompasses several steps, including the following: (i) generation of parametric trusses in Dynamo VP; (ii) performing finite element modeling (FEM) using Robot Structural Analysis (RSA); (iii) retrieving and evaluating the FEM results interchangeably between Dynamo and RSA; (iv) finding the best solution using GA; and (v) importing the optimized model into Revit, enabling the user to perform simulations and engineering analysis, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and quantity surveying. This methodology provides a new interoperable framework with minimal interference with existing supply-chain processes, and it will be flexible to technology literacy and allow architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) professionals to employ VP, global optimization, and FEM in BIM-based projects by leveraging open-sourced software and tools, together with commonly used design software. The feasibility of the proposed workflow was tested on benchmark problems and compared with the open literature. The outcomes of this study offer insight into the opportunities and limitations of combining VP, GA, FEA, and BIM for structural optimization applications, particularly to enhance structural efficiency and sustainability in construction. Despite the success of this study in developing a workable, user-friendly, and interoperable framework for the utilization of VP, GA, FEM, and BIM for structural optimization, the results obtained could be improved by (i) increasing the callback function speed between Dynamo and RSA through specialized application programming interface (API); and (ii) fine-tuning the GA parameters or utilizing other advanced global optimization and supervised learning techniques for the optimization.

Real-time Vital Signs Monitoring and Data Management Using a Low-Cost IoT-based Health Monitoring System

This study describes the creation and evaluation of a low-cost internet of things (IoT)-based health monitoring system for the continuous monitoring of vital signs such as temperature, pulse rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and blood pressure (BP) (both systolic and diastolic). Along with an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display and an ESP8266 microcontroller, the system includes BP, non-contact temperature, SpO2 and electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors. Using the visual programming tool, Node-RED, the data from these sensors are gathered, processed and transmitted to the Google Cloud platform for archival and visualisation. The process involved mounting the sensors and microcontrollers on a special printed circuit board and designing the circuit with EasyEDA. The device measures systolic, diastolic and pulse rates from the BP sensor, as well as temperature, ECG and SpO2 values. The system works by using three push switches to read and display these values on demand. The gathered data are simultaneously shown on the OLED and sent to the Node-RED dashboard, where it is then sent to a Google Spreadsheet for archiving and analysis. This research article gives a thorough overview of the health monitoring system, the way it was implemented, and how it was successfully validated in a real-time setting. This study examines certain vital signs but additional health measures, such as respiration rate or glucose monitoring, could be included. Machine learning algorithms could also be used for predictive analytics. This would uncover data anomalies and trends early, improving healthcare management.

BIM to BREEAM: A workflow for automated daylighting assessment of existing buildings

By conducting an assessment of the existing building stock from the perspective of the Green Building Certification System (GBCS), it is possible to contribute to the improvement of energy utilization and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as promoted through the Renovation Wave strategy by the European Union. These aspirations will simultaneously contribute to enhancing human well-being, indoor environmental quality, and comfort. This paper describes a novel methodology for enhancing the renovation of existing buildings at the design stage using automation within the Building Information Modeling (BIM) environment. By parameterizing the requirements of GBCS using a visual programming tool, real-time insight into the number of achieved certain issue credits in the certification process is enabled. It was also created to enable designers in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) sector to continuously monitor the development of design and make modifications as early as possible in the design process. Thus, cost overruns in design projects, as well as later renovations and building maintenance, are prevented. This research has utilized the capability of BIM to perform rapid compliance simulations with Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) requirements without the need for manual calculations and/or computer simulations in other software, which would increase the time required for analysis due to additional modeling requirements. The methodology is demonstrated using the automation of the Daylighting section of the issue Hea01 Visual Comfort from the Technical Manual SD225 1.4 − BREEAM International Non-Domestic Refurbishment 2015, and the validation was performed on a BIM model of an existing building belonging to the educational sector. The application of the described methodology in the case study reduced the time required for assessing the number of achieved daylighting credits by 40%, with potential savings extending up to 80% depending on the chosen criteria for analysis. The tool is designed to be applicable to other GBCS, building types, and newly designed buildings as well.

A Study of Deployable Structures Based on Nature Inspired Curved-Crease Folding.

Fascinating 3D shapes arise when a thin planar sheet is folded without stretching, tearing or cutting. The elegance amplifies when the fold/crease is changed from a straight line to a curve, due to the association of plastic deformation via folding and elastic deformation via bending. This results in the curved crease working as a hinge support providing deployability to the surface which is of significant interest in industrial engineering and architectural design. Consequently, finding a stable form of curved crease becomes pivotal in the development of deployable structures. This work proposes a novel way to evaluate such curves by taking inspiration from biomimicry. For this purpose, growth mechanism in plants was observed and an analogous model was developed to create a discrete curve of fold. A parametric model was developed for digital construction of the folded models. Test cases were formulated to compare the behavior of different folded models under various loading conditions. A simplified way to visualize the obtained results is proposed using visual programming tools. The models were further translated into physical prototypes with the aid of 3D printing, hybrid and cured-composite systems, where different mechanisms were adopted to achieve the folds. The prototypes were further tested under constrained boundary and compressive loading conditions, with results validating the analytical model.

FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR PREDICTING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN SCRATCH

21st-century skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical thinking gained importance to survive in today’s world. There is growing research mostly focus on the prediction of students in higher education using machine learning and statistical models. However, predicting primary and middle school student’s performance also becomes important especially in learning computer programming. In this study, it was primarily proposed to a fuzzy logic system to predict student performance during the experiment then compare fuzzy logic prediction results to the experts’ results. Secondly, to test the theory that students’ interest in learning algorithms and coding can be increased using the creation of games in a visual programming tool for beginners. The fuzzy logic inference system has been employed to predict middle school student’s performance in the programming experiment which has been carried out using the Scratch environment with the participation of three different middle school students in Turkey. The success rate of three different middle school group success rates is estimated regarding task completion times, and the regression results with respect to the groups are %80, %97, %84.

Building a Secure IoT Platform for Smart Home Automation: A Comprehensive Integration

Abstract: The creation and use of a novel Internet ofThings (IoT) platform designed for smart home automation arepresented in this research study. The platform combines powerful hardware elements with cutting-edge software technologies. It makes use of Docker ptimization on, an Ubuntu-based Linux server, and essential utilities like Traefik, MySQL, Node-RED, Mosquitto, Adminer, and InfluxDB. The infrastructure is painstakingly built to provide scalable deployment, effective data management, and smooth communication. The core of the technique is the creation of a Linux server running Ubuntu. A flexible reverse proxy called Traefik ptimizat web traffic and makes sure that components communicate with one other effectively. Docker ptimization on is used for the modular deployment of services,such as the central orchestrator Node-RED, the lightweightMQTT broker services provided by Mosquitto, and MySQL for structured data storage. Time-series data processing and database administration are improved by the combination of Adminer and InfluxDB. The visual programming tool Node- RED acts as the central data flow orchestrator, allowing databases and devices to be connected with ease. Real-time datainterchange is ensured via MQTT implementation usingMosquitto, which is essential for Internet of Things applications.Network protocols, Docker best practices, and optional SSL/TLS implementation are just a few of the security features that provide a stable and secure environment. Security audits are planned on a regular basis to find and fix such weaknesses. Hardware for home automation control includes DHT11 sensors, 4-channel relay modules, and ESP32 development boards. Beyond simple automation, the platform includes functionalities for sensor data collecting, remote device administration, and intuitive appliance control via a Node-RED Dashboard. Applications include temperature, humidity, and air quality monitoring, as well as security and surveillance withbuilt-in cameras and motion sensors.

Innovative Approach to Convert Geographic Information System-Based Highway Models into Multidimensional Building Information Modeling Platforms Using Dynamo

This study proposes an innovative process of transforming a geographic information system (GIS)-based highway model into a robust building information modeling (BIM) platform using Dynamo visual programming tool. The existing GIS system used by the Indiana Department of Transportation for highway network representation has significant limitations of data storage and handling capacity, representation of complex entities, and inclusion of crucial traffic data from weigh-in-motion and automatic traffic recorder stations. The developed process involves converting poly-curves from the GIS model into model-curves compatible with BIM, classifying attributes into shape families, and integrating traffic data from traffic recorder stations. The resulting multidimensional BIM platform, extending from three to eight dimensions, encompasses essential project details and traffic data. To ensure interoperability, an Open BIM process involving the generation of an industry foundation classes (IFC) file is utilized, allowing efficient data exchange among different software platforms and stakeholders.

Enhancing Student Learning and Engagement with Object- Oriented Block-Based Programming Tool

Technologies have been adopted and integrated into various aspects of life, including education and learning. Gamified learning is effective to promote student learning and motivations. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a fundamental topic taught to university students, and in certain countries, it is introduced as an enrichment course for younger students. It is beneficial to develop young students on the interests in software programming. Equipping younger students with essential programming skills will be helpful and better prepare them to excel in the digital age in the future. This research leverages the benefits of gamification to enhance student engagement by developing an educational game for teaching OOP. The developed educational visual programming tool simplifies complex OOP concepts and engagingly presents them through the medium of a game. It provides an alternative learning approach to visualizing and understanding OOP. The study yielded positive results, with improved test scores and a more consistent performance. It highlights the effectiveness of this approach in teaching OOP. The positive feedback from students regarding their enjoyment of gameplay also shows the potential of gamified learning in enhancing engagement.

Formation of an information retrieval system of visual programming scenarios for information modeling software complexes

This article discusses the process of creating an application based on a specialized database for working with a variety of scripts – visual programming scenarios. The SQL query Language (Structured Query Language) was used as a key tool for implementing the application, data for systematization was presented from the file system for storing scripts of the organization in question. In view of the popularization of the use of visual programming tools in information modeling software complexes, there is a problem of systematization of a regularly increasing number of scripts both in a specific organization and in the market as a whole. The purpose of this work is to develop an information retrieval system for working with visual programming scripts, the tasks are to analyze the file structure of script storage, form database requirements, develop algorithms for database formation and dynamic SQL query formation to filter the necessary scripts. Automation of the implementation of all the above tasks is performed on the basis of the high-level programming language C++ with the integration of SQL queries in the cross-platform development environment Qt Creator. As a result, an information search engine is presented in the form of an application "Script Manager".

Автоматизация построения комплексной информационной модели на основе модульных элементов максимальной готовности

The article raises the problem of the need to develop specialized functionality of software complexes of information modeling technologies for the development of models of objects of modular buildings in order to minimize manual actions when solving routine tasks. The general concept of the tool is defined, the main functional requirements are formulated and the development of a specialized script is carried out. Based on the initial data in the form of information models of modular elements and basic technical and economic indicators, the construction of a complex information model of a modular object with the possibility of instantaneous adjustment and variable operation is formed in an automated mode. The purpose of this study is to develop a means of automating the construction of a complex information model based on modular elements of maximum readiness, tasks: analysis of the features of modular design, study of the possibilities of visual programming tools and script development.

Parametric Automated Design and Virtual Simulation of Building Machine Using BIM

With the continuous development of the construction technology of the main structure of high-rise buildings, traditional construction techniques have been widely used in high-rise building projects. However, these technologies have problems such as low safety, low intelligence, and poor integrity. In order to solve these challenges, the Third Engineering Bureau of China Construction independently developed a new type of construction technology—a high-rise building integrated work construction platform (referred to as a building machine). Building machines has been gradually applied to high-rise building projects due to its intelligence, integration, safety, and other advantages. However, with the increase in the number of high-rise building projects, the traditional way of designing building machine layout programs is inefficient and the design program is complicated to change. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a building machine parametric design and layout and virtual simulation method. This method uses Blender open-source software to model the building machine parametrically and quickly using its visual programming tool Geometry Nodes (GN) and simulates the building machine in the virtual scene through the Unity3D platform. The results show that, compared with the traditional design mode, the method proposed in this paper can quickly complete the scheme design in the design phase of the building machine and display it through the 3D model, which has a better visualization effect, improves the design efficiency, and reduces the design cost, and the Unity simulation platform can also provide the construction personnel with pre-shift education and simulation of the operation of the building machine. This method provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the digital construction of the building machine.

Programming and 21st century skill development in K‐12 schools: A multidimensional meta‐analysis

AbstractBackground StudyAs interest in programming education continues to grow, more educators are incorporating programming into K‐12 classrooms. There is evidence that programming can help develop essential skills for future societal advancement, known as 21st century skills. However, there has been limited research into which sub‐skills of 21st century skills are fostered through programming and the effect sizes thereof.ObjectiveThis study presented a meta‐analysis to comprehensively understand the influence of programming instruction in K‐12 classrooms on the development of students' 21st century skills in different dimensions of sub‐skills. And further analysed the impact of key elements of programming instruction design on its effectiveness.MethodsA comprehensive meta‐analysis was conducted, covering 74 empirical studies published between 2000 and 2023, involving 136 effect sizes, and moderation analyzes on variables of instructional design.ResultsThis study indicated that implementing programming instruction in K‐12 schools can help develop students' multiple dimensions of 21st century skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, communication, collaboration, problem‐solving and decision, learning to learn, ICT literacy, and personal and social responsibility. Overall, programming demonstrates a moderate but significant effect on improving 21st century skills (Hedges's g = 0.621, p = 0.000 < 0.01). Furthermore, several best practices were identified to enhance students' 21st century skills, including initiating programming education from kindergarten, limiting the duration of programming interventions to 6 months, adopting interdisciplinary approaches to programming education, utilizing visual programming tools, and selecting appropriate assessment methods.ConclusionBased on these findings, this study recommended the thoughtful design of programming education to maximize its advantages in various dimensions of 21st century skills.