Visual Perceptual Training Research Articles

Digital therapeutics using virtual reality-based visual perceptual learning for visual field defects in stroke: A double-blind randomized trial.

Visual field defects (VFDs) represent a debilitating poststroke complication, characterized by unseen parts of the visual field. Visual perceptual learning (VPL), involving repetitive visual training in blind visual fields, may effectively restore visual field sensitivity in cortical blindness. This current multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial investigated the efficacy and safety of VPL-based digital therapeutics (Nunap Vision [NV]) for treating poststroke VFDs. Stroke outpatients with VFDs (>6 months after stroke onset) were randomized into NV (defective field training) or Nunap Vision-Control (NV-C, central field training) groups. Both interventions provided visual perceptual training, consisting of orientation, rotation, and depth discrimination, through a virtual reality head-mounted display device 5 days a week for 12 weeks. The two groups received VFD assessments using Humphrey visual field (HVF) tests at baseline and 12-week follow-up. The final analysis included those completed the study (NV, n=40; NV-C, n=35). Efficacy measures included improved visual area (sensitivity ≥6dB) and changes in the HVF scores during the 12-week period. With a high compliance rate, NV and NV-C training improved the visual areas in the defective hemifield (>72 degrees2) and the whole field (>108 degrees2), which are clinically meaningful improvements despite no significant between-group differences. According to within-group analyses, mean total deviation scores in the defective hemifield improved after NV training (p=.03) but not after NV-C training (p=.12). The current trial suggests that VPL-based digital therapeutics may induce clinically meaningful visual improvements in patients with poststroke VFDs. Yet, between-group differences in therapeutic efficacy were not found as NV-C training exhibited unexpected improvement comparable to NV training, possibly due to learning transfer effects.

Evaluation of visual plasticity in patients with refractive amblyopia treated using a visual perceptual learning system.

Amblyopia is a neurological deficit in binocular vision that affects 3% of the population and is the result of disruptions in early visual development. In this study, we used a visual perceptual learning system for the short-term treatment of children with ametropic amblyopia and evaluated the clinical efficacy of this system in terms of visual plasticity. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 114 children (228 eyes) with refractive amblyopia, who were aged 6.51 ± 1.51 years. Prior to the treatment, we evaluated all children with amblyopia using the visual information processing test. We determined the type of amblyopic defect according to the type of amblyopia, corrected visual acuity, and advanced visual function test results. Based on the type of defect, each child with amblyopia was given short-term visual perception training for 10 days. Finally, we compared the results of visual acuity and visual information processing tests before and after the treatment. The best-corrected visual acuity of patients was better after 10 days of visual training than that before training (P< 0.05). The perceptual eye position after training improved with statistically significant differences in horizontal and vertical perceptual eye position (both P< 0.05) compared to that before training. The number of amblyopic children without suppression in both eyes was 81 cases (71.1%) after training which was higher than that (65 cases, or 57.0%) before training, with a statistically significant difference (P< 0.05). Binocular fine stereopsis and dynamic stereopsis improved after training with a statistically significant difference (both P< 0.05). In this study, it was found that patients with amblyopia showed visual plasticity. Moreover, continuous visual perceptual learning improved the best-corrected visual acuity and recovered stereopsis in children with refractive amblyopia.

Ab. No. 42 Effect of Visual Perceptual Skills Training on Manual Dexterity and Functional Abilities in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Series

Introduction: Globally, prevalence of ASD is rising alarmingly. Evidence synthesis on effective intervention strategies is crucial to bridge the knowledge gap. In addition to disruption in communication and social interaction, motor signs like impaired manual dexterity are frequently associated in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to investigate the positive impact of visual perceptual skills training along with functional training as these skills are closely related to daily activities and academic skills. Methods: Three school-aged children (between 8-12 years of age) diagnosed with ASD were included. Motor clumsiness was the primary concern of parents. Intervention was based on principles of sensory integration. It comprised functional training along with visual perceptual skills training including figure-ground discrimination, design copying, visual scanning, visual closure, and visual-motor integration. Manual dexterity was assessed by the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) and Box and Block Test (BBT) before intervention and after 12 weeks of intervention. Besides, functional changes in activities like feeding, buttoning, writing, and copying from the board at inclusive schools were gauged. Result: All children showed improvement in manual dexterity as assessed by the 9HPT scores that changed from 49 to 40 seconds, 42 to 35 seconds, 45 to 37 seconds, respectively. In addition, BBT scores improved from 38 to 44 blocks, 41 to 49 blocks and 39 to 46 blocks, respectively. Independence in feeding and buttoning increased, apart from better efficiency in copying from board and writing. Conclusion: Visual perceptual skills training helped in improving manual dexterity in children with ASD. Moreover, independence in daily activities and academic skills were enhanced. Implications: This case series reveals that the effect of this approach is clinically significant in real life settings. However, it must be investigated on a larger population.

Visualizing Success: A Systematic Review on Visual Perceptual Interventions across Paediatric Spectrum

Objective: This study aims to review existing literature to analyse the effectiveness of visual perceptual interventions in improving visual perceptual and concomitant difficulties across various paediatric conditions. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and others were extensively searched for studies published since 2012 till date. Included studies investigated the prevalence of visual perceptual difficulties and their relationship with other difficulties or conditions as well as the effectiveness of visual perceptual training in improving visual perceptual and concomitant difficulties. Quality assessment and data extractions were done which adhered to predetermined criteria. Results: Overall, 17 studies which met the inclusion criteria were examined, where various interventions including multimedia group, multimedia individual, paper-based, motor-based, motor-free, teacher-assisted, and Frostig’s visual perceptual training program were provided across a multitude of paediatric conditions. Findings suggest all programs were effective, though in varying degrees, in improving visual perceptual and associated difficulties. Conclusion: Manifesting in a variety of ways and causing a multitude of associated difficulties, visual perceptual deficits result in far reaching negative implications across various aspects of a child’s development, performance areas and contexts. This review provides comprehensive evidence supporting the effectiveness of different visual perception training programs in improving visual perceptual and concomitant difficulties across various paediatric conditions and supports the need to study the relative effectiveness of all the different approaches in comparison to each other. Findings highlight the importance of implementing diverse intervention approaches tailored to specific paediatric conditions and develop a standardized protocol for different aged children suffering from specific disorders.

Enhancing Visual Perception in Children Ages 4-12 Years: A Systematic Review of Technology-based Interventions

Introduction: Visual perception plays a pivotal role in a child’s overall development and learning. Occupational therapists often employ interventions to support children in enhancing their visual perception skills, with technology-based approaches gaining prominence in recent years. This review intends to highlight the significance of visual perception interventions, especially those involving technology. Aim: To systematically synthesise the literature on the effectiveness of technology-based interventions on visual perception in children with disabilities aged 4-12 years. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of studies was conducted using electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, and OTseeker). Additionally, studies were also considered through manual searches from printed journals (American Journal of Occupational Therapy, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, and the Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy) to identify existing technology-based visual perception interventions in children aged 4-12 years. Risk of Bias was conducted through guidelines for systematic review by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). Data extraction was reported by tabulating author(s) and year, sample characteristics, outcome measures used, study design, intervention details (experimental, comparator, study setting, duration), and outcomes of the studies. Results: In the present review of 13 studies, two studies used iPad interventions, while 11 used computer-based interventions, targeting various clinical groups like developmental delays, dyslexia, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, down syndrome, hydrocephalus, and special needs. Occupational therapists led most studies, with some involving physiotherapists, educators, and multidisciplinary teams. iPad interventions focused on visual skills with structured apps, while computer methods included games and software like Microsoft Office and Computerised Visual Perception Training (CVPT) for visual training. Positive effects were seen on visual perception and motor skills across different conditions with these technology-based interventions. Conclusion: Visual perception interventions, particularly those incorporating technology, have become invaluable in the field of paediatric occupational therapy. As technology continues to evolve, occupational therapists must remain adaptive and innovative in their strategies to provide the best possible support for children with visual perception difficulties.

고령자의 시지각 기능 향상을 위한 애플리케이션 개발 및 사용성 평가

Objective : This study aimed to develop the 'Find My Half' application, hereinafter referred to as the visual perception app, for improving the visual perception of the elderly. The research verified its usability and application satisfaction among the elderly and occupational therapists. Methods : The visual perception app was developed to enable visual perception training by identifying the whole form from viewing half of an image. The developed application underwent a two-month period of usability and satisfaction evaluation from July to September 2023. A total of 22 participants (including 12 occupational therapists and 10 elderly individuals) were involved in the assessment after using the visual perception app, evaluating its validity, convenience, usability, functionality, and ease of learning, as well as assessing improvement points and overall satisfaction. Results : The usability assessment employed a Likert 5-point scale. According to the usability evaluation, the elderly participants scored an average of 4.57±0.29 points, whereas the therapists scored an average of 3.53±0.20 points. Improvement suggestions were derived from the use of the application, and the satisfaction rating among the elderly averaged 4.30±1.25 points. Furthermore, the therapists' satisfaction scores averaged 3.17±0.72 points. Conclusion : The visual perceptual application developed in this study for improving the visual perception of the elderly showed positive results in terms of usability and satisfaction among both the elderly&#x0D; users and occupational therapists. It is anticipated that further advancements, particularly in terms of enhancing audio guidance and usage instructions, will lead to more active application among the elderly, aiding in preventing difficulties in performing daily activities due to visual perceptual impairments.

Effect of Frostig Visual Perception Training Program on Visual Perception Skills of First Graders

The study aimed to examine effectiveness of a visual perception training program upon an application period of 14 weeks on primary school first graders. Effects of the Frostig Visual Perception Training Program were evaluated within demographics of gender, age, parental education level, previous kindergarten attainment and family income. The sample group consisted of first graders between the ages of 5-7 at a public primary school in Bursa, Türkiye. The study as an experimental model was designed based on screening-model sampling and conducted in the 2017-2018 academic year. Upon Pretest application of the visual perception instrument, Frostig Visual Perception Training Program was administered to the Treatment group once a week as part of art classes during 14 weeks. Visual perception skills of children were measured before and after training to examine, analyze and evaluate the developmental capacities and scope of children’s visual perception. While there was no significant difference between the Treatment and Control groups at the beginning, Post-test results showed a significant difference between cohorts upon training and utilization of the Frostig Visual Perception Training Program. Results were also compared based on various demographics. It was conclusively supported by the findings that the Frostig Visual Perception Training Program contributed to the children’s visual perceptive abilities positively. It was also concluded that visual perception development may contribute to children’s development to support early literacy-skill development. Therefore, art classes may play a central role especially for preschool and early grade levels.

Effect of visual perception training on binocular visual function reconstruction in patients after strabismus surgery.

To explore the effect of visual perception learning software training (VPT) on binocular visual function reconstruction in children with intermittent exotropia after strabismus surgery. Ninety children with intermittent exotropia admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to December 2018 were included, and randomly divided into VPT and control groups. Children in the control group received basic binocular vision training, while those in the VPT group received VPT after strabismus surgery. Tertiary visual function, visual perception function, Newcastle Control Score (NCS), and ocular position retraction rate were compared at 3 and 12mo after the surgery. At 3 and 12mo after the surgery, the proportion of simultaneous perception, binocular fusion version and binocular stereo vision in the VPT group was conspicuously higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). After the vision training, the binocular visual perception functions of children in both groups were significantly improved compared with that before training (P<0.05). Interestingly, the grating sharpness, texture perception and texture motion perception in the VPT group were dramatically better than control group (P<0.01). The NCS in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The ocular position retraction rate in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 12mo (8.89% vs 26.67%, P=0.03). VPT effectively promotes binocular visual function reconstruction in intermittent exotropia children after strabismus surgery and reduces the strabismus severity and ocular position retraction rate.

Modifying treatment of degenerative retinal diseases. Part 2. Conditioning therapy techniques and the problem of maximizing retinal plasticity

In the first part of the review [ROJ, 2023; 16 (2): 160–2], we discussed the common and specific features of adaptive and non-adaptive retinal plasticity characteristic of glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity. The presented part of the review discusses the issues of axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells and analyzes therapeutic approaches aimed at maximizing the plasticity and stimulating the reparative potential of the retina. The protective effects of "conditioning" stimuli in the modifying treatment of retinal diseases are considered. Some of the present-day visual rehabilitation strategies based on visual perception training and visual fixation training using biofeedback systems are reported.

Virtual Reality Visual Perceptual Plastic Training Promotes Retinal Structure and Macular Function Recovery in Glaucoma Patients.

Twenty-seven glaucoma patients (54 eyes in total) with well-controlled intraocular pressure were trained with binocular virtual reality visual software for 3 months to investigate whether virtual reality visual perceptual plastic training promotes macular retinal structure and macular function recovery in glaucoma patients. The thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL), and mean macular sensitivity (mMS) were evaluated 3 months after training. The mean value of pRNFL thickness in glaucoma patients did not change significantly (Z = 0.642, p = 0.521), nor did the mean value (t = 1.916, p = 0.061) and minimum value (Z = 1.428, p = 0.153) of mGCIPL after 3 months. However, the significant increases were found in superior temporal mGCIPL thickness (t = 2.430, p = 0.019) as well as superior mGCIPL thickness (t = 2.262, p = 0.028). Additionally, the mMS was increased (Z = 2.259, p < 0.05), with the inferior square to be a more pronounced mMS increase (Z = 2.070, p = 0.038). In conclusion, virtual reality visual perceptual plastic training can increase the thickness of retinal ganglion cells complexes in the macular area of glaucoma patients and improve the macular function of the corresponding area. Clinical Trial registration number: ChiCTR1900027909.

Evaluation of visual perceptual training-assisted far-infrared nanomaterial-based eye relaxation system combined with chinese medicine therapy to control myopia in adolescents

This study investigated the efficacy of the far-infrared eye relaxation system assisted visual perceptual training (VPT) combined with auricular point sticking (APS) in myopia. Fifty-two adolescent myopic patients were randomly divided into the comprehensive intervention and control groups. The control group received optometry therapy, whereas the comprehensive treatment group received VPT combined with APS and supplemented with an eye relaxation system. The zinc oxide and silica nanoparticles used in the eye relaxation system could maintain good stability in acid and alkali, and had a considerable bactericidal effect. After treatment, patients in the comprehensive intervention group showed significant improvements in ocular accommodation, visual acuity, and diopter. Furthermore, the growth rate of the axial length and intraocular pressure were significantly controlled, while lens thickness decreased and eye fatigue improved. Thus, the combination of VPT and APS shows great potential in the myopia therapy.

Neural ensembles in the murine medial prefrontal cortex process distinct information during visual perceptual learning

BackgroundPerceptual learning refers to an augmentation of an organism’s ability to respond to external stimuli, which has been described in most sensory modalities. Visual perceptual learning (VPL) is a manifestation of plasticity in visual information processing that occurs in the adult brain, and can be used to ameliorate the ability of patients with visual defects mainly based on an improvement of detection or discrimination of features in visual tasks. While some brain regions such as the primary visual cortex have been described to participate in VPL, the way more general high-level cognitive brain areas are involved in this process remains unclear. Here, we showed that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was essential for both the training and maintenance processes of VPL in mouse models.ResultsWe built a new VPL model in a custom-designed training chamber to enable the utilization of miniScopes when mice freely executed the VPL task. We found that pyramidal neurons in the mPFC participate in both the training process and maintenance of VPL. By recording the calcium activity of mPFC pyramidal neurons while mice freely executed the task, distinct ON and OFF neural ensembles tuned to different behaviors were identified, which might encode different cognitive information. Decoding analysis showed that mouse behaviors could be well predicted using the activity of each ON ensemble. Furthermore, VPL recruited more reward-related components in the mPFC.ConclusionWe revealed the neural mechanism underlying vision improvement following VPL and identify distinct ON and OFF neural ensembles in the mPFC that tuned to different information during visual perceptual training. These results uncover an important role of the mPFC in VPL, with more reward-related components being also involved, and pave the way for future clarification of the reward signal coding rules in VPL.

Vision therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder – A review and case report

A higher incidence of ocular morbidity including visual perceptual disorders has been noted in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Individuals with ASD show a lack of eye contact, poorly developed eye-hand coordination, and decreased visual perceptual skills. The presence of such deficits may influence the development of cognitive, motor skills, perception, behaviour, social interactions, and communication of these children. A nine-year-old male child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder presented with a lack of eye contact, challenges in gross and fine motor skills, and social interactions. A comprehensive eye examination was performed, followed by an assessment of visual-spatial abilities of the child. Developmental Test of Visual Perception - third edition, administered to understand visual-motor integration and motor-reduced visual perceptual skills, revealed perceptual deficits in all domains. The child completed 30 sessions of vision therapy resulting in significant improvement in visual-spatial skills, visual-motor integration, and motor-reduced visual perception. This case demonstrated that individuals with ASD can benefit from vision therapy. Significant changes in behaviour including improved attention span and increased understanding of instructions were evident from parental feedback. Visual perceptual skill training holds the promise of being an adjunct developmentally supportive intervention for some children with an autism spectrum disorder.

The Effect of Motor Dependent/Independent Visual Perception Training on Visual-Motor Integration and Fine Motor Skills of 7-8-year-old Children: The Retest of Movement Hypothesis

The Effect of Motor Dependent/Independent Visual Perception Training on Visual-Motor Integration and Fine Motor Skills of 7-8-year-old Children: The Retest of Movement Hypothesis

The Study of Short-Term Plastic Visual Perceptual Training Based on Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology in Amblyopia.

Backgrounds The treatment for amblyopia can have a substantial impact on quality of life. Conventional treatments for amblyopia have some limitations, then we try to explore a new and effective method to treat amblyopia. This study aimed to determine the potential effect of short-term plastic visual perceptual training based on VR and AR platforms in amblyopic patients. Methods All observers were blinded to patient groupings. A total of 145 amblyopic children were randomly assigned into 2 groups: VR group (71 patients) and AR group (74 patients). In the VR group, each subject underwent a 20-min short-term plastic visual perceptual training based on a VR platform, and in the AR group, based on an AR platform. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fine stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) were measured before and after training. Results The BCVA (P < 0.001) and fine stereopsis (P < 0.05) were improved significantly both in VR and AR group after training. Moreover, in the AR group, the CSF showed the value of all spatial frequencies had a statistically significant improvement after training (P < 0.05), while in the VR group, only the value of spatial frequency 12 improved significantly (P = 0.008). Conclusions This study showed that the short-term plastic visual perceptual training based on VR and AR technology can improve BCVA, fine stereopsis and CSF of refractive amblyopia. It was suggested that the visual perceptual training based on the VR and AR platforms may be potentially applied in treatment for amblyopia and provided a high-immersing alternative.

양측성 협응 운동과 시지각 훈련을 병행한 전정-고유감각 활동이 학령전기 발달 지연 아동의 감각통합기능 및 운동 발달에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combining vestibular-proprioceptive activities, bilateral coordination exercises, and visual perception training on sensory integration function and motor development in preschool-age children with developmental delay. This study is a case report of two male children with developmental delay, and was conducted over 16 sessions. In the initial evaluation and re-evaluation, the patients underwent a sensory profile, a motor fitness test (Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency-2), and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Both sensory integration function and motor development were evaluated. During the intervention period, vestibular-proprioceptive activities were alternately combined with bilateral coordination exercises or visual perception training and performed for 40 minutes each. The differences between the initial evaluation and re-evaluation results of each patient were analyzed.&#x0D; When sensory integration function and motor development results before and after the intervention were compared, the first patient demonstrated improvement in seven areas and the second in four areas in the sensory profile. In the exercise fitness test, both patients demonstrated improved scores in all areas. Thus, it was confirmed that vestibular-proprioceptive activities, when combined with bilateral coordination exercise and visual perception training, had a positive effect on sensory integration function and motor development for preschool-age children with developmental delay.

Enhancement of visual perception by combining transcranial electrical stimulation and visual perceptual training.

The visual system remains highly malleable even after its maturity or impairment. Our visual function can be enhanced through many ways, such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and visual perceptual learning (VPL). TES can change visual function rapidly, but its modulation effect is short-lived and unstable. By contrast, VPL can lead to a substantial and long-lasting improvement in visual function, but extensive training is typically required. Theoretically, visual function could be further improved in a shorter time frame by combining tES and VPL than by solely using tES or VPL. Vision enhancement by combining these two methods concurrently is both theoretically and practically significant. In this review, we firstly introduced the basic concept and possible mechanisms of VPL and tES; then we reviewed the current research progress of visual enhancement using the combination of two methods in both general and clinical population; finally, we discussed the limitations and future directions in this field. Our review provides a guide for future research and application of vision enhancement and restoration by combining VPL and tES.

Preliminary Study of Short-Term Visual Perceptual Training Based on Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Postoperative Strabismic Patients.

The study aimed to explore the potential effect of short-term visual perceptual training based on virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms in postoperative strabismic patients. We enrolled 236 postoperative strabismic patients, among whom 111 patients received VR-based training, and 125 patients received AR-based training. The stereoacuity of 1.5 m and dynamic stereopsis were improved by VR training; meanwhile, AR training exhibited more improvement in stereoacuity of 0.8 and 1.5 m, dynamic and coarse stereopsis. It was suggested that the visual perceptual training based on VR and AR technology can be potentially applied in postoperative strabismus treatment to promote the recovery of binocular vision.

The construction of knowledge through visual perceptual training in visual arts

Background: Visual perception and observational skills are an essential part of Visual Arts education, through which young learners, in the primary school, acquire important and necessary skills to create artworks during their creative projects. These skills provide learners in the primary school the opportunity to overcome their self-imposed criticism to their own works of art. Similar research projects highlight the inability of learners in the middle childhood to creatively express what they visually perceive. Aim: The study sought to assist learners in the middle childhood to overcome the slump in their creative attempts through a series of visual sharpening exercises, in the form of an Art intervention. Setting: A qualitative case study with elements of action research was conducted at a single site at a primary school in the Northern Suburbs of Cape Town. Methods: The participants of the study comprised of four grade 5 classes divided into a test group and control group. The intervention was administered to the test group in the form of visual sharpening exercises. The practical projects of four grade 5 classes were assessed, analysed, compared, and the findings were discussed according to the themes identified during the study. Results: The results indicate factors that might influence the visual perceptual skills of learners in middle childhood, while completing Visual Art projects. Analysis of the research data revealed an increase in the test group’s score compared to the control group. There was a marked effect on the test group participants’ ability to record what they visually perceived. Conclusion: This study investigated and highlights shortcomings in the CAPS Visual Art curriculum for Grade 5. Bridging the gap between practice and curriculum shortfalls is important. The study suggests that the Department of Education (DoE) should supplement the Visual Arts curriculum with visual perceptual training for middle childhood learners.

Treinamento para análise de parâmetros da videoendoscopia da deglutição: um protocolo de revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Purpose: to present a scoping review protocol to identify and map available evidence on training for fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing parameter analysis. Methods: the protocol follows the method proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute and the PRISMA-P guidelines for review protocol reports. The survey will be made in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and grey literature. A search strategy has been developed for MEDLINE, which will be adapted for each database. Two independent reviewers will screen the articles by title and abstract. Then, they will read the full text of the included articles, considering the eligibility criteria. The data will be extracted with a standardized form. The results will be presented in a flowchart and narrative summary, following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Literature Review: there is a scarcity of research describing visual-perceptual training methods to analyze FEES parameters and inconsistent data to guide clinical decision-making. This review will provide comprehensive information on developing training for this type of analysis. Conclusion: this scoping review protocol will present the overall state of research on the topic and identify existing gaps in the base of evidence.