Assessment Of Visual Perception Research Articles

Visual Impact Assessment Method for Cultural Heritage: West Lake Cultural Landscape in Hangzhou, China

Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) is a critical tool in managing cultural heritage, evaluating the impacts of development and construction projects on the visual aspects of heritage values. However, VIA is often constrained by subjectivity, low public participation, and a lack of generalizability. This study aims to develop a methodological framework for a more objective and comprehensive assessment of visual impacts on cultural heritage. The study establishes criteria for indicators based on the value attributes of cultural heritage, develops an assessment indicator system, and integrates visual sensitivity assessment through multi-factor calculations with visual perception assessment using the AHP method and questionnaire surveys. This constructs an assessment framework that combines both objectivity and subjectivity. The Shangri-La Hotel East Building project at the World Heritage site of the West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, China, is employed as a case study to empirically demonstrate the framework’s practicality and effectiveness. The results indicate that the Shangri-La East Building significantly impacts the attributes of the West Lake. The conclusion demonstrates that the indicator system, grounded in the attributes of cultural heritage, enhances the framework’s applicability across different contexts. The integrated assessment framework, which includes both a quantitative assessment of visual sensitivity and a public-participation-based assessment of visual perception, is shown to be effective in predicting the visual impacts of proposed projects on heritage values. The study also underscores the importance of Heritage Impact Assessment as a preliminary evaluation.

Integrating Gestalt Theory Concepts in Visual Perception Assessment for Children with Intellectual Disabilities

Integrating Gestalt Theory Concepts in Visual Perception Assessment for Children with Intellectual Disabilities

ЗРИТЕЛЬНОЕ ВОСПРИЯТИЕ МЛАДШИХ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ ПРИ ВАРЬИРОВАНИИ ВРЕМЕНИ ПРЕДЪЯВЛЕНИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИИ

The paper presents the study of differential thresholds of visual perception of children 7-11 years old in conditions of limited presentation of stimulus. The method of constant stimuli is used. The findings suggest that the conditions of stimulus presentation, being a stress factor, have an impact on the accuracy of the assessment of visual perception of primary school children, expressed in the indicators of their difference thresholds and in the manifestation of the probability of answers “greater.” At the same time, boys and girls have different configurations of differences, which may correspond to different cognitive strategies for assessing stimuli.

Assessment of Visual Perception in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disease (ASD) is a nervous disorder. In this disease children have sensory processing dysfunction and they unable to communicate, interact, and showed repetition in behaviours. The present study was designed to determine visual impairment frequency in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A descriptive study was performed in Paediatrics Department of Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Lahore. Data was collected in six months and 52 patients of both gender were considered. A total of 40 boys and 12 girls of 3-8 years old children were included. A structured Questionnaire based on visual perception was designed to determine the visual sensory processing issues in children with an autism spectrum disorder. The findings showed a strong difficulties in the visual sense particularly in differentiation among the colours and eye tracking in autism children. It was concluded that sense of sight highly affected in the patients of autism spectrum disorder.

Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4

Visual perception in children can be evaluated using the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4th edition (TVPS-4) with normative data developed for the U.S. population. It is widely used by healthcare practitioners in Malaysia, despite reports that children in Asia outperform their U.S. peers in visual perception assessment. We compared TVPS-4 scores among 72 Malaysian preschool children (mean age: 5.06 ± 0.11 years) with U.S. norms and investigated the association between socioeconomic factors and TVPS-4 scores. Malaysian preschoolers had significantly higher standard scores (116.60 ± 7.16) than the U.S. norms (100 ± 15; p < 0.001). They also had significantly higher scaled scores (between 12.57 ± 2.10 and 13.89 ± 2.54) than the U.S. norms (10 ± 3, all p < 0.001) for all subtests. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that socioeconomic variables were not significant predictors for five visual perception subtests and the overall standard score. The visual form constancy score could be predicted by ethnicity (β = -1.874, p = 0.03). The visual sequential memory score could be predicted by the father's employment status (β = 2.399, p < 0.001), mother's employment status (β = 1.303, p = 0.007), and low household income (β = -1.430, p < 0.037). In conclusion, Malaysian preschoolers outperformed their U.S. peers in all TVPS-4 subtests. Socioeconomic variables were associated with visual form constancy and visual sequential memory, but not with the other five subtests or TVPS-4's overall standard scores.

Development of Visual Perception Assessment in the Form of an Interactive Digital Book for Students with Mental Disabilities

Children with special needs will achieve good learning outcomes if educators conduct assessments. Assessment is a process to collect information about abilities, advantages and needs that will be used as considerations and decisions related to the preparation of academic programs. This study aims to develop a visual perception assessment product in the form of a digital book for students with intellectual disability which is expected to be able to measure the ability, difficulty and needs in aspects of the development of children's visual perception with cases of mental impairment needed as consideration in planning learning programs, especially in reading learning. The method used in this study adapts the Research and Development method initiated by Borg &amp; Gall. The validity of the resulting product is calculated by Aiken's V formula which compared with the table r value (0.78) obtained a material validity value of 0.95 (very valid), a media validity of 0.90 (very valid) and a system validity of 0.91(very valid). The reliability of the products developed proved to be reliable and consistent based on the Cronbach Alpha test which obtained a value of 0.744, higher than the minimum Cronbach Alpha score limit of 0.60. The implementation of the assessment by students with mental disabilities obtained a score of 96.9 percent, meaning that the product can be used very well. Based on the results of this study, the visual perception assessment in the form of interactive digital books for students with intellectual disability that have been developed is suitable for use.

Comprehensive Assessment of Visual Perceptual Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The purpose of the current study was to assess meaningful variability in visual-perceptual skills using a standardized assessment of visual perception, the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS), across children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In addition to assessing overall accuracy across subtests of the TVPS, we also assessed response variability at the item-level, and the linear relationship between quantitative measures of ASD symptoms, task performance, and item-level variance. We report a significant linear relationship between ASD features and performance on the TVPS Figure Ground subtest. Additionally, results of an item-level analysis point to a significant relationship between within-task variability on the Figure Ground subtest and quantitative ASD traits, with a less variable response pattern being associated with increased ASD symptoms. Findings presented here suggest variability in perceptual processing across ASD may be influenced by individual differences in trait distribution.

Validity of the Wide-range Assessment of Vision-related Essential Skills in Japanese Children with Learning Problems.

Our study revealed that the validity of a new Japanese visual-perceptual test was acceptable. Visual-perceptual abilities are important to activities of daily living; thus, accurate assessment of visual perception is especially important for children with neurodevelopmental disorders and particularly so for those with learning problems. Visual perception refers to the process by which one receives visual information through sensory impulses and then translates those impulses into meaning based on a previously developed view of the environment. A problem in Japan is the paucity of visual perception tests that use normative data from children who are native Japanese. The Wide-range Assessment of Vision-related Essential Skills (WAVES), which measures visual perception and eye-hand coordination skills and is based on Japanese normative data, was recently published in Japan. The validity of this test has not been comprehensively established. To investigate the validity of the WAVES, we used the Pearson correlation coefficient to calculate the degrees of association among WAVES scaled and index scores compared with Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Third Edition, scores from 108 elementary school children with symptoms of learning problems. Participants were recruited at Osaka Medical College Learning Disability Center and Sakai Seikeikai Learning Disability Center. The concurrent validity of the WAVES was supported by moderate correlation (r = 0.67, P < .01) between the total scores for visual perception and eye-hand coordination index from the WAVES and general visual perception index from the Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Third Edition, even though a correlation analysis of subtests found differences between the two tests. Our results showed that the indices from the two tests measured nearly the same underlying visual-perceptual constructs and indicated that the WAVES had acceptable levels of concurrent validity.

Neuropsychological outcomes of children with Optic Pathway Glioma

Optic Pathway Glioma (OPG) is a relatively common brain tumour in childhood; however, there is scarce understanding of neuropsychological sequelae in these survivors. In this study, 12 children with diagnosis of OPG before 6 years of age received a comprehensive standardised assessment of visual perception, general intelligence and academic achievement, using adjustments to visual materials of the tests, to examine the extent of concurrent impairment in these functional domains. Information about vision, clinical and socio-demographic factors were extracted from medical records to assess the associations of neuropsychological outcomes with clinical and socio-demographic factors. Children with OPG exhibited high within-patient variability and moderate group-level impairment compared to test norms. Visual perception was the most impaired domain, while scholastic progression was age-appropriate overall. For cognition, core verbal and visuo-spatial reasoning skills were intact, whereas deficits were found in working memory and processing speed. Visual function was associated with tasks that rely on visual input. Children with OPG are at moderate risk of neuropsychological impairment, especially for visual perception and cognitive proficiency. Future research should elucidate further the relative contribution of vision loss and neurofibromatosis type 1 co-diagnosis within a large sample.

Visual Perception Entropy Measure

This paper is about a theoretical framework on perceptual reproduction quality assessment. Visual perception is the main theme for two approaches on image metrics: visual performance and image quality. Visual performance looks at the perception of standard elementary images, such as gratings, by different observers or by a single observer in different visual conditions; image quality looks at the perception of variations of the same complex scene by a standard observer. In the audiovisual field, all the configurations approved by the creative team must be reproduced in the final viewing. This cannot be measured by visual performance or image quality indexes. A third approach is needed, which may be called perceptual reproduction quality assessment. Visual perception assessment is not measuring defects, per se; it is built to evaluate the perceptual effectiveness of a given scene coding through a given reproduction technology. It is only dependent on the number of configurations being perceived through a given theater system relative to the various configurations reproduced and approved in the review room. As such, it is a statistical measure. It is, in fact, similar to the definition of relative entropy. One important fact is that this evaluation must include a model of visual perception. This paper illustrates how relative entropy and entropy loss can be estimated, while taking into account the coding transform, the projector performances, maximum light, and the characteristics of the human visual system. This scheme works easily for monochromatic content. Color, trichromacy, is quite challenging. The size of configurations goes from 2 12 to 2 36 , around 6 billion configurations. Calculation and memory requirements are huge. Nonlinearities are adding complexity, leading to calculation of an upper limit only of entropy loss. The presentation of results is also a challenge. One way to solve this is to separately process lightness and chromatic information. In summary, the main arguments in this paper are: 1) besides image quality and visual performance, there is a need for perceptual reproduction quality assessment; 2) entropy is the proper statistical estimator for evaluating the perceptual reproduction quality; and 3) color reproduction quality estimation requires processing lightness and chromatic attributes separately.

A systematic review of the technology-based assessment of visual perception and exploration behaviour in association football

ABSTRACTTo visually perceive opportunities for action, athletes rely on the movements of their eyes, head and body to explore their surrounding environment. To date, the specific types of technology and their efficacy for assessing the exploration behaviours of association footballers have not been systematically reviewed. This review aimed to synthesise the visual perception and exploration behaviours of footballers according to the task constraints, action requirements of the experimental task, and level of expertise of the athlete, in the context of the technology used to quantify the visual perception and exploration behaviours of footballers. A systematic search for papers that included keywords related to football, technology, and visual perception was conducted. All 38 included articles utilised eye-movement registration technology to quantify visual perception and exploration behaviour. The experimental domain appears to influence the visual perception behaviour of footballers, however no studies investigated exploration behaviours of footballers in open-play situations. Studies rarely utilised representative stimulus presentation or action requirements. To fully understand the visual perception requirements of athletes, it is recommended that future research seek to validate alternate technologies that are capable of investigating the eye, head and body movements associated with the exploration behaviours of footballers during representative open-play situations.

Validity of the growth model of the ‘computerized visual perception assessment tool for Chinese characters structures’

Morphological awareness is the foundation for the important developmental skills involved with vocabulary, as well as understanding the meaning of words, orthographic knowledge, reading, and writing. Visual perception of space and radicals in two-dimensional positions of Chinese characters' morphology is very important in identifying Chinese characters. The important predictive variables of special and visual perception in Chinese characters identification were investigated in the growth model in this research. The assessment tool is the "Computerized Visual Perception Assessment Tool for Chinese Characters Structures" developed by this study. There are two constructs, basic stroke and character structure. In the basic stroke, there are three subtests of one, two, and more than three strokes. In the character structure, there are three subtests of single-component character, horizontal-compound character, and vertical-compound character. This study used purposive sampling. In the first year, 551 children 4–6 years old participated in the study and were monitored for one year. In the second year, 388 children remained in the study and the successful follow-up rate was 70.4%. This study used a two-wave cross-lagged panel design to validate the growth model of the basic stroke and the character structure. There was significant correlation of the basic stroke and the character structure at different time points. The abilities in the basic stroke and in the character structure steadily developed over time for preschool children. Children's knowledge of the basic stroke effectively predicted their knowledge of the basic stroke and the character structure.

Critical Analysis of Children’s Drawings as a Diagnostic Tool for Body Schema and Body Image Disorder in Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a multiple disability manifested by motor deficits and impairments of cognition, language, and body perception. To assess if body schema and body image distortion in children and youth with cerebral palsy can be represented through draw-a-person-test, outcome measure of conscious and subconscious body awareness, visual perception and cognition in two age-matched groups, one with cerebral palsy and other with developmental disability, were collected. The outcome was compared within the two groups and with reference data (healthy population) and correlated with the outcome of draw-a-person test. Decreased scores in the draw-a-person test in subjects with cerebral palsy compared both to subjects with developmental disorders and to healthy population had strongly correlated with decreased scores in visual perception. This suggests that draw-a-person test may provide a preliminary guidance for the assessment of visual perception. No statistically significant effect of cognitive abilities on performance in the draw-a-person test was found. The influence of both conscious and subconscious body awareness on the scores in the draw-a-person test was not significant, which confirms that this test alone is not fully reliable to detect the body schema and body image disorder in cerebral palsy.

The development and discussion of computerized visual perception assessment tool for Chinese characters structures - Concurrent estimation of the overall ability and the domain ability in item response theory approach.

Visual perception is the fundamental skill required for a child to recognize words, and to read and write. There was no visual perception assessment tool developed for preschool children based on Chinese characters in Taiwan. The purposes were to develop the computerized visual perception assessment tool for Chinese Characters Structures and to explore the psychometrical characteristic of assessment tool. This study adopted purposive sampling. The study evaluated 551 kindergarten-age children (293 boys, 258 girls) ranging from 46 to 81 months of age. The test instrument used in this study consisted of three subtests and 58 items, including tests of basic strokes, single-component characters, and compound characters. Based on the results of model fit analysis, the higher-order item response theory was used to estimate the performance in visual perception, basic strokes, single-component characters, and compound characters simultaneously. Analyses of variance were used to detect significant difference in age groups and gender groups. The difficulty of identifying items in a visual perception test ranged from -2 to 1. The visual perception ability of 4- to 6-year-old children ranged from -1.66 to 2.19. Gender did not have significant effects on performance. However, there were significant differences among the different age groups. The performance of 6-year-olds was better than that of 5-year-olds, which was better than that of 4-year-olds. This study obtained detailed diagnostic scores by using a higher-order item response theory model to understand the visual perception of basic strokes, single-component characters, and compound characters. Further statistical analysis showed that, for basic strokes and compound characters, girls performed better than did boys; there also were differences within each age group. For single-component characters, there was no difference in performance between boys and girls. However, again the performance of 6-year-olds was better than that of 4-year-olds, but there were no statistical differences between the performance of 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds. Results of tests with basic strokes, single-component characters and compound characters tests had good reliability and validity. Therefore, it can be apply to diagnose the problem of visual perception at preschool.

9. Visual stimulation for long-term monitoring of brain functions via evoked potentials evaluation

Introduction At present, predominantly stationary visual stimulators are used for diagnostic examination of visual evoked potentials (VEPs). They cover significantly the central visual field of the tested subject and such examination does not allow any other parallel activity during the stimulation. Therefore, it cannot be used e.g. for a long-term monitoring and evaluation of functional changes of CNS functions – for continual assessment of visual perception. Methods We have introduced a visual stimulator (Czech Republic patent No. 303192 pending), the principle of which is that the source of light stimuli is in periphery of the visual field – a row of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is placed on the head of a stimulated subject on a standard peak (a part of a baseball cap). A control unit switches individual LEDs (flash or motion stimuli are generated) and synchronizes VEPs evaluation. The set of LEDs is located about 20° from the center of the stimulus field. There are several variants of stimulation available because of significant inter-individual differences in reactivity of subjects to particular stimuli. The motion stimuli have similar parameters as stimulations used for clinical diagnostic purposes (see Kuba, M., Kubova, Z., Kremlacek, J., et al. Motion-onset VEPs: Characteristics, methods, and diagnostic use. Vision Res., 2007, vol. 47, p. 189–202 – http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.09.020 ). Recording of VEPs (with the use of built-in amplifiers) and on-line evaluation of their parameter changes can be done via “blue-tooth” transmission to a standard computer or in a built-in microprocessor (in preparation). Results Since using of this kind of VEPs examination does not interfere with common human activities, it is possible to use it not only for standard diagnostic purposes in neuro-ophthalmological diseases but also for monitoring of CNS function changes or level of vigilance/fatigue, e.g. in drivers or some other professions. Supported by EU project CZ.1.05/3.1.00/13.0284 and by Charles University project PRVOUK P37/07.

Electrophysiological Assessment of Visual Function in Autism Spectrum Disorders

The human visual system is characterized by a set of parallel, hierarchical multistage systems that are special- ized to process different types of visual stimuli. There are two major parallel streams: the parvocellular (or ventral) and magnocellular (or dorsal) pathways. The former projects to the inferior temporal cortex for object and color vision, whereas the latter connects to the parietal cortex for motion and spatial vision. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often show inferior global motion perception but superior performance in detailed form (local structure) percep- tion. These unique behaviors suggest the possibility of an impairment of the parallel visual pathways in ASD. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and event-related potentials (ERPs) are non-invasive electrophysiological methods that provide objective information about the function of the visual system. We have recently developed VEPs and ERPs with visual stimuli designed to preferentially stimulate the different levels of each visual pathway. In this review, we introduce the application of VEP and ERP techniques for the assessment of visual perception in ASD. Current data indicate that the atypical visual perception observed in ASD may be caused by the dysfunction of complicated brain networks within the parallel visual pathways, and may contribute to the impaired social communication involved in ASD. Therefore, we con- clude that electrophysiological techniques are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of ASD.

Assessment of visual perception in adolescents with a history of central coordination disorder in early life – 15-year follow-up study

IntroductionCentral nervous system damage in early life results in both quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of psychomotor development. Late sequelae of these disturbances may include visual perception disorders which not only affect the ability to read and write but also generally influence the child's intellectual development. This study sought to determine whether a central coordination disorder (CCD) in early life treated according to Vojta's method with elements of the sensory integration (S-I) and neuro-developmental treatment (NDT)/Bobath approaches affects development of visual perception later in life.Material and methodsThe study involved 44 participants aged 15-16 years, including 19 diagnosed with moderate or severe CCD in the neonatal period, i.e. during the first 2-3 months of life, with diagnosed mild degree neonatal encephalopathy due to perinatal anoxia, and 25 healthy people without a history of developmental psychomotor disturbances in the neonatal period. The study tool was a visual perception IQ test comprising 96 graphic tasks.ResultsThe study revealed equal proportions of participants (p < 0.05) defined as very skilled (94-96), skilled (91-94), aerage (71-91), poor (67-71), and very poor (0-67) in both groups. These results mean that adolescents with a history of CCD in the neonatal period did not differ with regard to the level of visual perception from their peers who had not demonstrated psychomotor development disorders in the neonatal period.ConclusionsEarly treatment of children with CCD affords a possibility of normalising their psychomotor development early enough to prevent consequences in the form of cognitive impairments in later life.

Construct and ecological validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST)

This paper reports on the construct validity (scale design and convergent validity) and ecological validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST). The performance of 208 participants following stroke on the OT-APST and a reference tool (either the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) or the LOTCA-Geriatric version (LOTCA-G)) was compared. The OT-APST performance of the stroke sample was compared with a healthy normative sample (n=356). The relationship between the OT-APST performance and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM™) score of the participants following stroke was also examined. Factor analysis and internal consistency results supported the scale design of the OT-APST. Significant correlations between the performance of the participants following stroke on the OT-APST and the reference tool supported the convergent validity of the OT-APST. The ability of the OT-APST to separate the two participant groups provided further evidence of its construct validity. Significant correlations between OT-APST and FIM™ scores supported the ecological validity of this tool. This study shows that the OT-APST is an ecologically valid tool with demonstrated construct validity in the assessment of visual perception.

Criterion validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST)

This paper reports on the criterion validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST) including concurrent criterion validity and its sensitivity and specificity. The performance of 208 people following stroke on the OT-APST and a reference tool (either the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) or the LOTCA – Geriatric version (LOTCA-G)) was compared. The OT-APST subscale scores and performance outcome (intact or impaired) on related subscales of the reference tool was analyzed to evaluate the concurrent criterion validity of the OT-APST and its sensitivity and specificity at selected cut-off scores. Significant correlations were found between participants’ performance (intact or impaired) on the reference tool and scores on the OT-APST. The sensitivity and specificity of the OT-APST were analyzed at selected cut-off scores to explore the validity of decisions based on OT-APST performance when compared with the reference tool. This study shows that the OT-APST is a tool with demonstrated concurrent criterion validity for the assessment of visual perception.

Neurological and visual impairment—strategies for assessment

RBS.RVIB.VAF, trading as Royal Blind Society, receives a significant number of referrals for the provision of assessments and/or training to clients with both neurological and vision impairment. The techniques for assessing a client with a vision impairment only, are quite different to those for a client with a vision and neurological impairment. As a provider of services to clients who have a vision impairment or are blind, it is important that we spend time working with those clients who will benefit from these services, and that we can identify appropriate referrals.One of the primary difficulties with assessment is to determine the individual impacts of the vision and neurological status. A client may present as having a vision difficulty from a functional point of view, for example making a cup of tea, but sometimes it is the perceptual processes that have been affected rather than the vision per se.This paper will explore some of the assessment techniques that can be carried out by any rehabilitation worker, to determine exactly where the client's primary difficulties lie. It is based on Mary Warren's pyramid model for visual perception assessment. It will include details of each stage of the visual perceptual process and provide simple examples for screening each of these stages.The paper aims to provide service providers with the skills necessary to identify clients who will benefit from our vision specialist services, and those who may be referred on to more appropriate services.