Activity In Visual Cortex Research Articles

Attentional guidance through object associations in visual cortex

Efficient behavior requires the rapid attentional selection of task-relevant objects. Preparatory activity of target-selective neurons in visual cortex is thought to support attentional selection, guiding spatial attention and favoring processing of target-matching input. However, naturalistic searches are often guided by nontargets, including target-associated “anchor” objects. For instance, when looking for a pen, we may direct our attention to the office desk on which we expect to find it. Here, using fMRI and eye tracking in a context-guided search task, we tested whether preparatory activity in visual cortex reflected the target, the guiding anchor object, or both. Participants learned associations between targets and anchors, reversing across two scene contexts, before searching for these targets. Participants’ first fixations were reliably guided by the associated anchor. Preparatory activity in lateral occipital cortex (LOC) and right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) represented the target-associated anchor rather than the target. These results shed light on the neural basis of context-guided search in structured environments.

Dynamic estimation of the attentional field from visual cortical activity.

This study explores whether spatial attention can dynamically adapt by shifting and broadening the attentional field. While previous research has focused on the modulation of neural responses at attended locations, less is known about how the size of the attentional field is represented within visual cortex. Using fMRI, we developed a novel paradigm to estimate the spatial tuning of the attentional field and demonstrate that we were able to recover both the location as well as the width of the attentional field. Our findings offer new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the deployment of spatial attention, contributing to a deeper understanding of how spatial attention supports visual perception.

I feel your pain: higher empathy is associated with higher posterior default mode network activity

Abstract Empathy is characterized as the ability to share one's experience and is associated with altruism. Previous work using blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) has found that empathy is associated with greater activation in brain mechanisms supporting mentalizing (temporoparietal junction), salience (anterior cingulate cortex; insula), and self-reference (medial prefrontal cortex; precuneus). However, BOLD fMRI has some limitations that may not reliably capture the tonic experience of empathy. To address this, the present study used a perfusion-based arterial spin labeling fMRI approach that provides direct a quantifiable measurement of cerebral blood flow (1 mL/100 g tissue/min) and is less susceptible to low-frequency fluctuations and empathy-based “carry-over” effects that may be introduced by BOLD fMRI–based block designs. Twenty-nine healthy females (mean age = 29 years) were administered noxious heat (48°C; left forearm) during arterial spin labeling fMRI. In the next 2 fMRI scans, female volunteers viewed a stranger (laboratory technician) and their romantic partner, respectively, receive pain-evoking heat (48°C; left forearm) in real-time and positioned proximal to the scanner during fMRI acquisition. Visual analog scale (0 = “not unpleasant”; 10 = “most unpleasant sensation imaginable”) empathy ratings were collected after each condition. There was significantly (P = 0.01) higher empathy while viewing a romantic partner in pain and greater cerebral blood flow in the right temporoparietal junction, amygdala, anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and precuneus when compared with the stranger. Higher empathy was associated with greater precuneus and primary visual cortical activation. The present findings indicate that brain mechanisms supporting the embodiment of another's experience is associated with higher empathy.

Sustained stimulus-selective multi-unit activity in human primary visual cortex

Sustained stimulus-selective multi-unit activity in human primary visual cortex

Neural correlates of dynamic lightness induction.

The lightness of a surface depends not only on the amount of light reflected off, it but also on the context in which it is embedded. Despite a long history of research, neural correlates of context-dependent lightness perception remain a topic of ongoing debate. Here, we seek to expand on the existing literature by measuring functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to lightness variations induced by the context. During the fMRI experiment, we presented 10 participants with a dynamic stimulus in which either the luminance of a disk or its surround is modulated at four different frequencies ranging from 1 to 8Hz. Behaviorally, when the surround luminance is modulated at low frequencies, participants perceive an illusory change in the lightness of the disk (lightness induction). In contrast, they perceive little or no induction at higher frequencies. Using this frequency dependence and controlling for long-range responses to border contrast and luminance changes, we found that activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) correlates with lightness induction, providing further evidence for the involvement of V1 in the processing of context-dependent lightness.

An essential role for the latero-medial secondary visual cortex in the acquisition and retention of visual perceptual learning in mice

Perceptual learning refers to any change in discrimination abilities as a result of practice, a fundamental process that improves the organism’s response to the external environment. Visual perceptual learning (vPL) is supposed to rely on functional rearrangements in brain circuity occurring at early stages of sensory processing, with a pivotal role for the primary visual cortex (V1). However, top-down inputs from higher-order visual areas (HVAs) have been suggested to play a key part in vPL, conveying information on attention, expectation and the precise nature of the perceptual task. A direct assessment of the possibility to modulate vPL by manipulating top-down activity in awake subjects is still missing. Here, we used a combination of chemogenetics, behavioral analysis and multichannel electrophysiological assessments to show a critical role in vPL acquisition and retention for neuronal activity in the latero-medial secondary visual cortex (LM), the prime source for top-down feedback projections reentering V1.

Network influence determines the impact of cortical ensembles on stimulus detection.

Observation of neural firing patterns can constrain theories for the types of activity patterns that the brain uses to guide behavior. However, directly perturbing these patterns, ideally with great specificity, is required to causally test any particular theory. We combined two-photon imaging and cellular resolution optogenetic photo-stimulation to causally test how neural activity in the mouse visual cortex is read out to detect visual stimuli. Contrary to expectations, targeted activation of highly sensitive neural ensembles did not preferentially modify behavior compared to random ensembles, contradicting a longstanding hypothesis for how neural activity drives stimulus detection. Instead, the main predictor of a targeted neural ensemble's impact on perception was its effect on network activity. This argues that downstream regions summate visual cortex activity without preferentially weighting more informative neurons to make sensory detection decisions. Comparing mouse behavioral performance to decoding models of neural activity implies that mice employ this simple, albeit suboptimal strategy to solve the task. This work challenges conventional notions for how sensory representations mediate perception and demonstrates that specific neural perturbations are critical for determining which features of neural activity drive behavior.

Running into differences.

Body movement does not significantly increase neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex of marmosets, in contrast to the effects observed in mice.

Neural mechanisms for secondary suppression of emotional distractors: Evidence from concurrent electroencephalography-magnetoencephalography data.

Distractor suppression allows us to remain on-task in the presence of distractions by filtering task-irrelevant information from ongoing cognitive processing and responding. Electrophysiological studies have revealed that this key feature of selective attention is a dynamic process that involves at least two distinct stages of processing. Two important aspects of these processing stages remain unclear: Whether the processing of emotional distractors at an earlier stage is automatic, as reflected in the N2/early posterior negativity (EPN) component; and what functional-anatomical brain systems are recruited in each stage. The present study addresses these issues by measuring brain activity with concurrent electroencephalography-magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings while participants performed a combined rapid serial visual presentation and motion tracking task. Event-related potentials (ERP) showed significant effects of attentional capture and attentional modulation during two time windows marked by the N2/EPN and P3b ERP components. Source reconstruction of concurrent MEG measurements revealed activation of the left visual association cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during the N2/EPN time window, activation of the insula during the early phase of the P3b and anterior cingulate cortex activity during the later phase of the P3b. The findings provide novel evidence establishing a connection between the increased N2 response to negative pictures and the activation of the cingulate gyrus, which facilitates the suppression of distractions during demanding cognitive tasks. In addition, distinct activation patterns were observed in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex during the P3b time window, indicating that attentional control mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex operates to suppress the processing of distracting emotional stimuli. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Decision-related activity and movement selection in primate visual cortex.

Fluctuations in the activity of sensory neurons often predict perceptual decisions. This connection can be quantified with a metric called choice probability (CP), and there is a longstanding debate about whether CP reflects a causal influence on decisions or an echo of decision-making activity elsewhere in the brain. Here, we show that CP can reflect a third variable, namely, the movement used to indicate the decision. In a standard visual motion discrimination task, neurons in the middle temporal (MT) area of primate cortex responded more strongly during trials that involved a saccade toward their receptive fields. This variability accounted for much of the CP observed across the neuronal population, and it arose through training. Moreover, pharmacological inactivation of MT biased behavioral responses away from the corresponding visual field locations. These results demonstrate that training on a task with fixed sensorimotor contingencies introduces movement-related activity in sensory brain regions and that this plasticity can shape the neural circuitry of perceptual decision-making.

Evaluation of Visual Cortex Activity Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Primary Open Angle and Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma: A Pilot Study.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess visual cortical activity in patients with primary open angle (POAG) and primary angle closure (PACG) glaucomas. There was decreased activity in the visual cortex of glaucoma patients correlating with the severity of glaucoma. To evaluate visual cortex activity using fNIRS in POAG and PACG compared with healthy controls. A total of 30 POAGs, 31 PACGs, and 30 healthy aged-matched controls from a single centre were recruited in this cross-sectional observational pilot study with purposive sampling. The POAG and PACG groups were age-matched but were not matched for disease severity at recruitment. All participants underwent fNIRS testing using a multichannel continuous-wave near-infrared system NIRSport 8×7 device (NIRx Medizintechnik GmbH). The visual cortex activity was evaluated in terms of the maximum amplitude of change in oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) concentration over 10 seconds, and a comparison was done among 3 groups. Both POAG and PACG groups were combined (termed as glaucoma group) to assess the relationship of visual cortical activity with disease severity (by visual field defect (mean deviation) and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness). All participants showed the characteristic response of increased OxyHb and decreased deoxyhemoglobin during stimulus presentation. The maximum amplitude of change in OxyHb concentration over 10 seconds was significantly lower in both POAG and PACG groups compared with control in the right and left middle occipital gyri ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between PACG and POAG. Importantly, there was a negative correlation between the visual cortex activity with the visual field defects (mean deviation; P < 0.05) and a positive correlation with retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in the glaucoma group ( P < 0.05). In patients with glaucoma, a reduction in visual cortical activity was observed, which may be indicative of neuronal degeneration occurring in the occipital cortex. Disease severity in glaucoma appears to be closely correlated with visual cortex activity. fNIRS can serve as a useful neuroimaging modality for assessing the hemodynamic and neurodegenerative changes in glaucoma.

Brain2GAN: Feature-disentangled neural encoding and decoding of visual perception in the primate brain.

A challenging goal of neural coding is to characterize the neural representations underlying visual perception. To this end, multi-unit activity (MUA) of macaque visual cortex was recorded in a passive fixation task upon presentation of faces and natural images. We analyzed the relationship between MUA and latent representations of state-of-the-art deep generative models, including the conventional and feature-disentangled representations of generative adversarial networks (GANs) (i.e., z- and w-latents of StyleGAN, respectively) and language-contrastive representations of latent diffusion networks (i.e., CLIP-latents of Stable Diffusion). A mass univariate neural encoding analysis of the latent representations showed that feature-disentangled w representations outperform both z and CLIP representations in explaining neural responses. Further, w-latent features were found to be positioned at the higher end of the complexity gradient which indicates that they capture visual information relevant to high-level neural activity. Subsequently, a multivariate neural decoding analysis of the feature-disentangled representations resulted in state-of-the-art spatiotemporal reconstructions of visual perception. Taken together, our results not only highlight the important role of feature-disentanglement in shaping high-level neural representations underlying visual perception but also serve as an important benchmark for the future of neural coding.

Visual cortical area contributions to the transient, multifocal and steady-state VEP: A forward model-informed analysis

Abstract Central to our understanding of how visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) contribute to visual processing is the question of where their anatomical sources are. Three well-established measures of low-level visual cortical activity are widely used: the first component (“C1”) of the transient and multifocal VEP, and the steady-state VEP (SSVEP). Although primary visual cortex (V1) activity has often been implicated in the generation of all three signals, their dominant sources remain uncertain due to the limited resolution and methodological heterogeneity of source modelling. Here, we provide the first characterisation of all three signals in one analytic framework centred on the “cruciform model”, which describes how scalp topographies of V1 activity vary with stimulus location due to the retinotopy and unique folding pattern of V1. We measured the transient C1, multifocal C1, and SSVEPs driven by an 18.75 Hz and 7.5 Hz flicker, and regressed them against forward models of areas V1, V2, and V3 generated from the Benson-2014 retinotopy atlas. The topographic variations of all four VEP signals across the visual field were better captured by V1 models, explaining between 2 and 6 times more variance than V2/V3. Models with all three visual areas improved fit further, but complementary analyses of temporal dynamics across all three signals indicated that the bulk of extrastriate contributions occur considerably later than V1. Overall, our data support the use of peak C1 amplitude and SSVEPs to probe V1 activity, although the SSVEP contains stronger extrastriate contributions. Moreover, we provide elaborated heuristics to distinguish visual areas in VEP data based on signal lateralisation as well as polarity inversion.

From learned value to sustained bias: how reward conditioning changes attentional priority.

Attentional bias to reward-associated stimuli can occur even when it interferes with goal-driven behavior. One theory posits that dopaminergic signaling in the striatum during reward conditioning leads to changes in visual cortical and parietal representations of the stimulus used, and this, in turn, sustains attentional bias even when reward is discontinued. However, only a few studies have examined neural activity during both rewarded and unrewarded task phases. In the current study, participants first completed a reward-conditioning phase, during which responses to certain stimuli were associated with monetary reward. These stimuli were then included as non-predictive cues in a spatial cueing task. Participants underwent functional brain imaging during both task phases. The results show that striatal activity during the learning phase predicted increased visual cortical and parietal activity and decreased ventro-medial prefrontal cortex activity in response to conditioned stimuli during the test. Striatal activity was also associated with anterior cingulate cortex activation when the reward-conditioned stimulus directed attention away from the target. Our findings suggest that striatal activity during reward conditioning predicts the degree to which reward history biases attention through learning-induced changes in visual and parietal activities.

Activation and depression of neural and hemodynamic responses induced by the intracortical microstimulation and visual stimulation in the mouse visual cortex.

Objective. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) can be an effective method for restoring sensory perception in contemporary brain-machine interfaces. However, the mechanisms underlying better control of neuronal responses remain poorly understood, as well as the relationship between neuronal activity and other concomitant phenomena occurring around the stimulation site.Approach. Different microstimulation frequencies were investigatedin vivoon Thy1-GCaMP6s mice using widefield and two-photon imaging to evaluate the evoked excitatory neural responses across multiple spatial scales as well as the induced hemodynamic responses. Specifically, we quantified stimulation-induced neuronal activation and depression in the mouse visual cortex and measured hemodynamic oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin signals using mesoscopic-scale widefield imaging.Main results. Our calcium imaging findings revealed a preference for lower-frequency stimulation in driving stronger neuronal activation. A depressive response following the neural activation preferred a slightly higher frequency stimulation compared to the activation. Hemodynamic signals exhibited a comparable spatial spread to neural calcium signals. Oxyhemoglobin concentration around the stimulation site remained elevated during the post-activation (depression) period. Somatic and neuropil calcium responses measured by two-photon microscopy showed similar dependence on stimulation parameters, although the magnitudes measured in soma was greater than in neuropil. Furthermore, higher-frequency stimulation induced a more pronounced activation in soma compared to neuropil, while depression was predominantly induced in soma irrespective of stimulation frequencies.Significance. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying depression differs from activation, requiring ample oxygen supply, and affecting neurons. Our findings provide a novel understanding of evoked excitatory neuronal activity induced by ICMS and offer insights into neuro-devices that utilize both activation and depression phenomena to achieve desired neural responses.

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex in response to threat omission is associated with subsequent explicit safety memory

In order to memorize and discriminate threatening and safe stimuli, the processing of the actual absence of threat seems crucial. Here, we measured brain activity with fMRI in response to both threat conditioned stimuli and their outcomes by combining threat learning with a subsequent memory paradigm. Participants (N = 38) repeatedly saw a variety of faces, half of which (CS+) were associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) and half of which were not (CS-). When an association was later remembered, the hippocampus had been more active (than when forgotten). However, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex predicted subsequent memory specifically during safe associations (CS- and US omission responses) and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during outcomes in general (US and US omissions). In exploratory analyses of the theoretically important US omission, we found extended involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex and an enhanced functional connectivity to visual and somatosensory cortices, suggesting a possible function in sustaining sensory information for an integration with semantic memory. Activity in visual and somatosensory cortices together with the inferior frontal gyrus also predicted memory performance one week after learning. The findings imply the importance of a close interplay between prefrontal and sensory areas during the processing of safe outcomes—or ‘nothing’—to establish declarative safety memory.

Visual Deprivation during Mouse Critical Period Reorganizes Network-Level Functional Connectivity.

A classic example of experience-dependent plasticity is ocular dominance (OD) shift, in which the responsiveness of neurons in the visual cortex is profoundly altered following monocular deprivation (MD). It has been postulated that OD shifts also modify global neural networks, but such effects have never been demonstrated. Here, we use wide-field fluorescence optical imaging (WFOI) to characterize calcium-based resting-state functional connectivity during acute (3 d) MD in female and male mice with genetically encoded calcium indicators (Thy1-GCaMP6f). We first establish the fundamental performance of WFOI by computing signal to noise properties throughout our data processing pipeline. Following MD, we found that Δ band (0.4-4 Hz) GCaMP6 activity in the deprived visual cortex decreased, suggesting that excitatory activity in this region was reduced by MD. In addition, interhemispheric visual homotopic functional connectivity decreased following MD, which was accompanied by a reduction in parietal and motor homotopic connectivity. Finally, we observed enhanced internetwork connectivity between the visual and parietal cortex that peaked 2 d after MD. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that early MD induces dynamic reorganization of disparate functional networks including the association cortices.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging signal has sub-second temporal accuracy

Neuronal activation sequence information is essential for understanding brain functions. Extracting such timing information from blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals is confounded by local cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR), which varies across brain locations. Thus, detecting neuronal synchrony as well as inferring inter-regional causal modulation using fMRI signals can be biased. Here we used fast fMRI measurements sampled at 10 Hz to measure the fMRI latency difference between visual and sensorimotor areas when participants engaged in a visuomotor task. The regional fMRI timing was calibrated by subtracting the CVR latency measured by a breath-holding task. After CVR calibration, the fMRI signal at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) preceded that at the visual cortex by 496 ms, followed by the fMRI signal at the sensorimotor cortex with a latency of 464 ms. Sequential LGN, visual, and sensorimotor cortex activations were found in each participant after the CVR calibration. These inter-regional fMRI timing differences across and within participants were more closely related to the reaction time after the CVR calibration. Our results suggested the feasibility of mapping brain activity using fMRI with accuracy in hundreds of milliseconds.

Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? A neuropsychological case study.

According to a seminal hypothesis stated by Crick and Koch in 1995, one is not aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex (V1) because this region lacks reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex (PFC). We provide here a neuropsychological illustration of this hypothesis in a patient with a very rare form of cortical blindness: ventral and dorsal cortical pathways were lesioned bilaterally while V1 areas were partially preserved. Visual stimuli escaped conscious perception but still activated V1 regions that were functionally disconnected from PFC. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a causal role of PFC in visual awareness.

Cortical dynamics in visual areas induced by the first use of multifocal contact lenses in presbyopes

A common non-spectacle strategy to correct presbyopia is to provide simultaneous images with multifocal optical designs. Understanding the neuroadaptation mechanisms behind multifocal devices usage would have important clinical implications, such as predicting whether patients will be able to tolerate multifocal optics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the brain correlates during the initial wear of multifocal contact lenses (CLs) using high-density visual evoked potential (VEP) measures. Fifteen presbyopes (mean age 51.8 ± 2.6 years) who had previously not used multifocal CLs were enrolled. VEP measures were achieved while participants looked at arrays of 0.5 logMAR Sloan letters in three different optical conditions arranged with CLs: monofocal condition with the optical power appropriate for the distance viewing; multifocal correction with medium addition; and multifocal correction with low addition. An ANOVA for repeated measures showed that the amplitude of the C1 and N1 components significantly dropped with both multifocal low and medium addition CL conditions compared to monofocal CLs. The P1 and P2 components showed opposite behavior with an increase in amplitudes for multifocal compared to monofocal conditions. VEP data indicated that multifocal presbyopia corrections produce a loss of feedforward activity in the primary visual cortex that is compensated by extra feedback activity in extrastriate areas only, in both early and late visual processing.