Visible Mucous Membranes Research Articles

Idiopathic Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia (IMHA) in a 2.5-Month-old Puppy: A Case Report

Background: A 2.5-month-old puppy was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College of Veterinary Sciences and AH, Jalukie, Nagaland with a complaint of emesis for one week, inappetence, icterus of the lower abdominal area and other visible mucous membrane. Detailed clinical history was collected and clinical examination was conducted. Methods: 4 ml blood peripheral blood was collected from the cephalic vein in the Lev-Lock blood clot activator vacutainer to harvest serum for biochemical analysis. Another 2 ml of whole blood was also collected in Lev-Lock K3 EDTA vacutainer for complete blood count, blood smear examination for blood parasites, morphological changes in the RBC and IDEXX SNAP 4Dx Plus test kit was also used for diagnosis of the blood parasites test. Result: Peripheral blood smear examination and IDEXX SNAP 4Dx Plus test were found to be negative for blood parasites, but spherocytosis could be observed in the blood smears. A complete blood count (CBC) examination revealed severe anaemia of macrocytic normochromic type, neutrophilic leucocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Serum biochemistry revealed a decrease in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine with normal alanine transaminase (ALT). Treatment with whole blood transfusion, corticosteroid and other supportive therapy was successful in this case. Based on the clinical presentation, laboratory findings and its response to the treatment with prednisolone, it was diagnosed as an idiopathic immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) with an extravascular mechanism of haemolysis. A follow-up review after 1 year and 4 months post-treatment reported that the dog was still alive and healthy.

Effectiveness of complex treatment of cats for chronic kidney disease

Treatment of cats with chronic kidney disease should be aimed at slowing the progression of the disease, which contributes to the preservation of residual kidney function, the elimination of clinical signs of CKD, and the quality of life of sick animals. During the II stages of chronic kidney disease in cats, hyporexia (60 %), polyuria and polydipsia (50 %), anemia of mucous membranes (60 %), impaired coordination of movements (30 %), vomiting and ulcerative stomatitis (40 %), an increase in serum levels of creatinine and urea (P > 0.001), the level of symmetric dimethylarginine (P < 0.001), the concentration of cystatin C (P > 0.001), a decrease in the rate of glomerular filtration, the level of total calcium (P < 0.001), an increase in the level of inorganic Phosphorus and Potassium. Arterial hypertension was established in 8 cats; the risk was moderate (148 ± 4.7 / 98 ± 3.8 mmHg). Changes in the physical properties and chemical composition of urine have been established. The application of complex treatment of cats with II stages of chronic kidney disease for 14 days contributed to the restoration of appetite, increased motor activity, the absence of anemia of visible mucous membranes and vomiting, and a decrease in the level of polyuria and polydipsia was established. Hematological indicators improved, the content of symmetric dimethylarginine in blood serum (Р < 0.001), Cystatin C (Р < 0.001), the level of total calcium (Р < 0.001) normalized, azotemia decreased (Р < 0.001), the rate of glomerular filtration increased (Р < 0.001), the level of inorganic Phosphorus and Potassium (Р < 0.001). An increase (Р < 0.001) in the relative density of urine and a decrease in the content of protein and creatinine were noted in the urine. For arterial hypertension in cats with chronic kidney disease, life-long therapy is indicated, which is adjusted according to the needs and condition of the animal.

The effect of transfusion of erythrocyte mass on clinical and haematological indicators of dogs with hemolytic anaemia caused by babesiosis

The relevance of the research is due to the spread of protozoal diseases of animals, which, in the absence of the necessary veterinary care, lead to death. In this regard, the aim of the study was to investigate changes in clinical and haematological parameters in dogs under complex treatment of babesiosis with simultaneous red blood cell transfusion. Transfusions were performed in five animals infected with Babesia canis by intravenous injection of red blood cells, the volume of which was calculated using the Sackmen formula. The diagnosis of babesiosis was made based on anamnesis, clinical symptoms (weakness, refusal to food, pallor of visible mucous membranes, fever up to 40°C), and confirmed by microscopic detection of babesiae in blood smears. Before transfusion, rapid tests were performed to exclude heartworm disease in donor dogs. The compatibility of the blood of the donor and recipient animal was determined using a large cross-test. The condition of the abdominal organs of the patients was assessed using ultrasound diagnostics. Clinical examination of the dogs’ blood before treatment indicated the development of anaemia. The results of biochemical blood tests indicated an increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, which indicates a load on the hepatobiliary system. There were no contraindications to blood transfusion. After haemotransfusion, the clinical condition of the dogs was monitored based on the results of the examination of the animals, taking into account the anamnesis and haematological studies on the second, fifth, and tenth days of treatment. During the second and fifth days, a gradual increase in blood haemoglobin content and haematocrit value was noted. On the tenth day, there was a significant positive trend in the number of red blood cells, haemoglobin content and haematocrit to the reference values. It was established that the use of red blood cell transfusion in dogs with babesiosis as part of therapy contributed to the fastest recovery of the general condition of the animal. The material of the article is of practical value for the use of red blood cell transfusion in the treatment of dogs with babesiosis

Microelement provision of cows of the western region of Ukraine

The article presents the results of research on the content of trace elements: Cobalt, Zinc, Copper and Manganese in the soils, fodder and blood of cows of the black and spotted Ukrainian breed in farms from the mountain, foothill and plain zones of the Western region of Ukraine. The western biogeochemical zone of Ukraine includes Zakarpattia, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Volyn and Rivne regions.
 It was established (mg per 1 kg of soil) that the amount of Cobalt was 0.5 mg/kg; Cuprum – 7.2; Zinc – 3.1; Manganese – 6.5; in the foothills – Cobalt – 0.6; Cuprum – 4.5; Zinc – 1.8; Manganese – 32; in the plain – Cobalt – 0.55; Cuprum – 5.0; Zinc – 1.5; Manganese – 39. During the analysis of the rations, it was established that the provision of other mineral substances did not meet the physiological needs. Thus, in the diets of cows from mountain, foothill and plain regions, an excess of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Ferrum and a deficiency of Phosphorus, Sulfur, Zinc, Cobalt, Iodine and Copper were observed.
 Clinical studies of cows indicate the prevalence of trace element diseases in them. Anemia of visible mucous membranes and non-pigmented areas of the skin was recorded in cows, the number of erythrocytes in animals of the mountain zone was 5.7±0.29 T/l, in the foothills – 5.8±0.29, and in the plains – 6.2±0.30 T / l. The hemoglobin content in the blood of cows in the mountain zone was at the level of 97.0±5.40 g/l, in the foothills – 94.0±5.30, and in the plain zone – 98.0±3.70 g/l. Physiological values of the number of erythrocytes in the blood of cows range from 5.0–7.5 T/l, and the hemoglobin content – 95–125 g/l.

The results of determining the indicators of the morphological composition of the blood of animals and individual biochemical indicators using a potential drug with a mixture of two active compounds: 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)methyl)morpholine and 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-((4-bromophenyl)ylidene)amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol in milk thistle seed oil

The introduction of new domestic highly effective and safe medicines into medical and veterinary practice is an important task of modern pharmaceutical science. Continuation of the search and conduct of research to bring the biological activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives is one of the promising areas of such activity. At this stage of research, it is known that such 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)methyl)morpholine and 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-((4-bromophenyl)ylidene)amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol have a wide spectrum of biological activity. Interest for further thorough research is precisely the antimicrobial and antifungal effects. The introduction into medical and veterinary practice of newly created drugs for the treatment of fungal diseases on the skin of animals requires further studies of the properties of these compounds and their mixtures. The aim of the work was to determine the indicators of the morphological composition of the blood of animals and individual biochemical indicators when using a preparation with a mixture of two active compounds: 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)methyl)morpholine and 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-((4-bromophenyl)ylidene)amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol in thistle seed oil. Materials and methods. The material for laboratory research was serum and blood plasma, stabilized by adding trilon-B, tissue biopsy. Indicators were determined in healthy animals and experimentally diseased animals on the third and tenth days after the onset of the disease according to the generally accepted method. During the research, in the course of treatment, general clinical examinations and local examinations of purulent wounds were carried out, as well as blood samples taken from each head of the sheep in the experimental and control groups before the beginning and on the third and tenth days of the experiment. The purulent-inflammatory process was caused by injuring the soft tissues in the groin area on the left side, with the help of a specially made template, followed by dilation of the muscle tissue with an angiotrip and implantation of aerobic-anaerobic surgical infection cultures taken from the bed. The resulting wounds had the following dimensions: 10 cm in length, 1 cm in width, and 2 cm in depth. As early as 24 hours after induction of experimental purulent inflammation, characteristic clinical signs appeared in sheep. The general condition of all 12 animals was somewhat depressed, the appetite was normal. The body temperature was in the range of 38.6–40.3 °C, the pulse was 76–82 beats, and the frequency of respiratory movements was 16–18 per minute. The frequency of scar contractions was 3–6 times in 2 minutes. During the examination, slight swelling was also found in the area of the wound and its edges. There was a small amount of serous-bloody exudate on the surface of the wound. On the 3rd day, the maximum manifestation of clinical signs of acute purulent inflammation was observed in all 12 sheep. In particular, the general condition of the animals is depressed. A partial loss of appetite was observed. General temperature 40.4–40.8 °C, pulse 75–82 beats, frequency of respiratory movements 18–22 per minute. The frequency of scar contractions was 3–6 times in 2 minutes. Visible mucous membranes are pale pink in color. When pressing on the area of the wound, a serous-purulent exudate was observed. Results. Laboratory indicators of blood and tissue biopsy that are more optimal than in the control group confirm positive changes in the clinical status of the animals in the experimental group. The use of a potential preparation with a mixture of two active compounds: 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)methyl)morpholine and 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-((4-bromophenyl)ylidene)amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol in thistle seed oil leads to faster healing of purulent wounds, in relation to the use of “Vetmikoderm” liniment (control group). The difference in the areas of the wound defect on the 10–11th day was 17.5 %. Clinical studies were confirmed by laboratory studies and wound biopsies. Conclusions. The preparation with two compounds: 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)methyl)morpholine and 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-((4-bromophenyl)ylidene)amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol had pronounced pharmacokinetic parameters and was bioavailable.

Oriental theileriosis associated with a new genotype of Theileria orientalis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves in Uttar Pradesh, India

Theileria orientalis is known to cause a benign infection in cattle and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). However, the Ikeda and Chitose genotypes of the parasite cause lethal disease in beef and dairy cattle. Recently an outbreak of clinical oriental theileriosis occurred in buffalo calves in a Government Animal Husbandry and Agricultural Farm located in Uttar Pradesh, India. Examination of Giemsa stained thin blood smears revealed typical rod-shaped T. orientalis piroplasms in the erythrocytes. The clinical signs included pyrexia, nasal discharge, lacrimation, lethargy, inappetence and anaemia with varying degrees of paleness of the visible mucous membranes. Vascular congestion in internal organs, pulmonary emphysema and consolidation of lungs, focal areas of necrosis in the heart with mononuclear cell infiltration, focal mononuclear cell aggregation in the cortex and tubular degeneration of the kidney were significant necropsy findings. The T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR product revealed 84.8% identity between the T. orientalis Uttar Pradesh isolate and other reference genotypes available in the public domain. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis of the MPSP gene sequence ratified that this is a new genotype of T. orientalis. This is the first report of a clinical outbreak of oriental theileriosis in Indian buffalo calves caused by a novel genotype of T. orientalis.

Efficacy of decoquinate in pelleted feed in case of eimeriosis in lambs

Eimeriosis of sheep reduces the profitability of the production of wool, leather, meat, and milk, which causes substantial damage to the sheep industry, and therefore requires the introduction of effective means of prevention and treatment of animals from this infestation. The purpose of this study was to establish the efficacy of decoquinate in granular feed in case of lamb eimeriosis. As a result of coproscopic studies according to DSTU 5079 2008 “Veterinary medicine. Methods of laboratory diagnosis of eimerioses” determined the extent of invasion of lambs by oocysts of various Eimeria species, namely E. arloingi – 41%, E. crandallis – 29%, E. intricate – 15%, E. faurei – 15%, which are registered in animals of separate farms of the Cherkasy region. Clinical symptoms of eimeriosis are observed in young animals from the age of one month and are characterized by anaemia of visible mucous membranes, diarrhoea, depression of the general condition, weakness, and predominantly acute course of invasion with high mortality. The manifestation of clinical symptoms of the disease depends on many factors, namely the age of lambs, the sanitary situation on the farm, changes in feed fattening programs, stressful situations that arise due to the movement of sheep to other premises or weaning lambs from ewes. In older lambs, as a rule, the disease has a chronic and asymptomatic course. In such animals, Eimeria oocysts are excreted in faeces in much smaller quantities than in one-month-old lambs during an acute course of infection. The maximum values of invasion extensiveness (100%) and invasion intensiveness (12,000 oocysts in 1 g of faeces) were found in two-month-old lambs. Invasion in the digestive canal of these animals worsens the absorption of feed nutrients, which contributes to a decrease in the average daily weight gain (on average 155.3 g/day), which increases with treatment of animals with decoquinate (on average 185.7 g/day). In general, the use of decoquinate in sick lambs at a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight for 28 days shows prominent therapeutic and preventive effectiveness. Therewith, extensefficiency is 90%, and parasite carrier is observed only in 10% of animals. Therefore, for the effective treatment of lambs of distinct age groups, the decoquinate preparation can be recommended, which is especially important for farms with intensive rearing of young sheep

Results of a clinical study of the blood of service dogs with acute enterocolitis

The paper presents the results of a morphological study of the blood of healthy dogs and dogs with acute enterocolitis. Also, a physical examination was carried out on sick animals. On external examination, it was noted that the dogs with enterocolitis were mostly apathetic, some took a forced lying position. Of the studied 10 sick dogs, 7 had satisfactory fatness, 3 dogs had unsatisfactory fatness. In a significant part of dogs with enterocolitis, the coat is matte, the coat is ruffled and poorly retained in the hair follicles, the skin turgor is reduced. The color of the visible mucous membranes in dogs with enterocolitis varies from pale pink to grayish with an icteric tinge. The main revealed pathological changes in the study of the digestive system of dogs with enterocolitis were: increased defecation, diarrhea, feces of a mushy consistency with mucus admixtures, sometimes with blood, oligophagia or anorexia, abdominal wall tension, intestinal soreness with penetrating palpation, increased peristalsis with mediocre auscultation. In animals with signs of enterocolitis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis and hyperchromemia were noted. At the same time, the hematocrit index was 20.9% higher in sick dogs, compared with this indicator in healthy animals. When analyzing the leukogram of animals of both groups, no significant changes were found.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID GLAND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCLEROSING HULL OF THE VULVA IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE

Sclerosing lichen (SL) of the external genitalia is a chronic slowly progressive disease with pronounced focal atrophy of the skin of the perineum and visible mucous membranes of the vulva and has two main peaks of clinical manifestations: childhood and perimenopausal age. It is associated with an increased risk of developing vulvar cancer, even though it is not a malignancy in itself. The true precursor of SL-associated cancer is intraepithelial vulvar neoplasia (VIN). The diagnosis is usually clinical, but in some cases a biopsy may be performed, especially to rule out VIN or cancer. In this study, 180 patients with SL vulva were examined on the basis of two clinical bases (National Cancer Institute, MC "Verum"). After examining the patients, the diagnosis was made on the basis of examination, complaints, advanced biochemical blood test, detailed blood test, hormonal examination and ultrasound. In most cases, the diagnosis of SL vulva is clinical. As a result of a number of examinations of patients of reproductive age in patients with SL vulva, it was found that SL vulva is a consequence of thyroid disease (82.2%) of different types compared with patients in the control group (32.7%). The diagnosis of SL vulva was established in young patients mainly with AIT (48.6%) and with AIT accompanied by hypothyroidism or nodular thyroid disease (27%). When comparing the diagnostic findings of thyroid disease in patients with SL vulva and the control group, no significant differences were found. Therefore, timely detection of latent forms of AIT, hypothyroidism, nodular goiter, adequate treatment of thyroid dysfunction will allow to normalize changes in the reproductive system and prevent the formation of pathological lesions of the reproductive organs of women.

Fifth generation (5G) telecommunication systems and human health

Reviews of experimental and epidemiological studies on supposed damaging and carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves have been published recently. This review is focused on millimeter waves used in 5G communication systems. The literature on this topic is controversial; some reports are of questionable objectivity. Under these conditions, importance of theoretical argumentation increases. Millimeter waves have low penetration depth being absorbed by the skin and visible mucous membranes. It is concluded in this review that there is no convincing evidence of non-thermal mechanisms of tissue damage under the impact of millimeter waves. Theoretically, there is no reason to expect more damaging or carcinogenic effects from electromagnetic radiation per unit of absorbed energy than from infrared rays. Bias and systematic errors are possible in epidemiological studies. According to conclusions of international organizations, the incidence of brain tumors has generally not reacted to the global spread of mobile communications. The incidence increase in some regions and age groups can be explained by improvements of magnetic resonance and other diagnostic methods. In the recent past, cumulative time of mobile phone use was associated with personal incomes and, correspondingly, with diagnostic quality and frequency of examinations. This bias could explain some correlations between the mobile phone use and incidence of certain diseases. Reliable results can be obtained in animal experiments comparing the average life duration in experimental and control groups. To make results extrapolable to humans, exposure parameters in experiments must be comparable to those associated with professional activities or cell phone use.

Indicators of the Condition of Newborn Calves after Difficult Labor Syndrome

Difficult Labor Syndrome is recorded in 37.9 % of newborn calves. Newborn calves assessed on the Apgar scale of 2 points, are assigned to the cluster class born after easy labor, 1 point – after moderate labor and 0 points for difficult labor. The characteristic features of newborn calves after light birth are the manifestation of statistical functions and free movement. In newborn calves born with moderate and severe labor severity, weakly expressed motor-food reflexes are manifested. Visible mucous membranes are pale in color. Breathing is slow and shallow. Heart sounds are weak, the pulse is arrhythmic, slowed down with a decrease in the pulse wave. Decrease in glucose concentration, increase in total bilirubin level by 1.9 times with moderate severity of labor and 2.5 times with severe course of labor. An excess of creatinine contributes to the liborilization of the function of eosinophils, as a result, a symptom develops due to sensitization of the body. The activity of gamma-lutamyl transpeptidase in newborn calves after the Difficult Labor Syndrome in one hour increases 18.6 times, the activity of alkaline phosphatase during this period increases 1.5 times, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase - 1.6 times, lactate dehydrotransferase - 1.3 times. The most significant increase in the first 24 hours is the activity of γ-glutamyl transferase. At the age of one day, it exceeds the initial one by 95.6 times. The studies carried out indicate that the concentration of double bonds in the blood of newborn calves after the Difficult Labor Syndrome is marked by an increase of 20.46 % with an average severity of labor and 34.13 % with a severe course of labor when compared with a mild severity of labor. The level of diene conjugates in the blood of newborn calves with mild labor severity in comparison with moderate labor severity was statistically significantly increased (p <0.05), and 1.87 times with severe labor (p <0.01). The concentration of intermediate products of ketodienes and conjugated trienes in the blood of newborn calves with mild labor severity was statistically significantly increased by 1.75 times compared with moderate labor severity and 3.54 times with severe labor (p <0.01). Reduced glutathione is among the considered indicators of the least sensitivity (26.0 %) and specificity (43.0 %) in newborn calves after the Difficult Labor Syndrome.

Fifth generation (5G) telecommunication systems and human health

Reviews of experimental and epidemiological studies on supposed damaging and carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves have been published recently. This review is focused on millimeter waves used in 5G communication systems. The literature on this topic is controversial; some reports are of questionable objectivity. Under these conditions, importance of theoretical argumentation increases. Millimeter waves have low penetration depth being absorbed by the skin and visible mucous membranes. It is concluded in this review that there is no convincing evidence of non-thermal mechanisms of tissue damage under the impact of millimeter waves. Theoretically, there is no reason to expect more damaging or carcinogenic effects from electromagnetic radiation per unit of absorbed energy than from infrared rays. Bias and systematic errors are possible in epidemiological studies. According to conclusions of international organizations, the incidence of brain tumors has generally not reacted to the global spread of mobile communications. The incidence increase in some regions and age groups can be explained by improvements of magnetic resonance and other diagnostic methods. In the recent past, cumulative time of mobile phone use was associated with personal incomes and, correspondingly, with diagnostic quality and frequency of examinations. This bias could explain some correlations between the mobile phone use and incidence of certain diseases. Reliable results can be obtained in animal experiments comparing the average life duration in experimental and control groups. To make results extrapolable to humans, exposure parameters in experiments must be comparable to those associated with professional activities or cell phone use.

Endoscopic changes in the gastrointestinal tract in children with helicobacteriosis

Background: All over the world, chronic gastroduodenal pathology (CGDP) occurs in children from 3.2% to 52% and takes 2nd place after diseases of the respiratory system. The main pathogen is Helicobacter pylori (HP), and the problem of studying endoscopic changes in the stomach and duodenum in n these children remains relevant. This study investigated changes observed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) examination of the mucous layer of the upper digestive tract in children CGDP and its features in HP infection. Methods: A total of 128 children aged 6 to 15 years exhibited CGDP. All patients underwent EGD, with a description of the visible mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. Research on HP infection was carried out by two methods: a breath test and an immunochromatographic faecal test. Results: It was noted that the rate of Helicobacter pylori infection was higher in patients with ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract than in patients with inflammatory processes (on average 1: 0.6). A high prevalence of gastroesophageal and duodenogastric reflux was revealed in patients with HP infection. In children with HP infection, atrophic lesions of the antrum and body of the stomach, bulbar and distal duodenum prevailed. Conclusions: Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers developed 94% more often in children with HP infection than in HP-uninfected patients (P<0.005), and atrophic changes in the mucous layer of the stomach and intestines were 4 times more common against the background of the more common gastroduodenal (by 77.6%) and duodenogastric (by 67.4%) reflux.

THE QUESTION OF EIMERIOSIS OF LAMBS IN SMALL FARMS

The article provides data on keeping lambs in small farms and homesteads in the Cherkasy region. Coprological studies have identified eimeria oocysts, in particular E. crandallis, E. intricate, E. arloingi, E. faurei, which are found in lambs and cause a lot of damage to their bodies. The presence of eimeria oocysts is associated with insufficient sanitary measures in cages and pens, which significantly affect the economic indicators of the profitability of small farms, which in turn limit the increase in the attractiveness of sheep farming. It has been established that eimeriosis in lambs often runs chronically, sometimes acutely. In lambs from the age of one month, characteristic clinical signs are observed: anemia of visible mucous membranes, diarrhea, depression, weakness and death. It has been noted that the intestinal epithelium of lambs is damaged during infestation. This worsens their assimilation of nutrients from food. It has been established that sick or sick lambs cause significant economic losses for such small farms, in particular, the profitability of wool, leather, and meat production decreases. It has been studied that at the beginning of the infestation, visible clinical signs in lambs depend on certain factors, in particular their age, weaning from the ewe, feeding, sanitary conditions in cages and pens, as well as various stressful situations. In older lambs, there is a tendency to infection with eіmeria. At the same time, eіmeriosis in them can be chronic or not clinically manifested, but Eimeria oocysts are excreted in their feces in a small amount, compared to one-month-old lambs during an acute course. In this regard, it is important, taking into account the time of year, to carry out diagnostic studies and medical and preventive measures for lambs of different age groups in small farms and homesteads.

Protein-synthesizing, bile-forming, urea-forming and carbohydrate functions in cows with fatty degeneration of the liver

In dairy farms of Ukraine, where highly productive dairy cows are kept, liver lesions are often diagnosed in the postpartum period. Postmortem studies of the liver of cows that were forcibly slaughtered showed that in mostly animals were diagnosed with fatty degeneration of the liver. The main causes of fatty hepatosis were violations of the structure of rations, imbalance of feeding on essential nutrients and biologically active substances, low content of easily digestible carbohydrates and high protein content. The study was performed on cows aged 4–5 years with productivity for the previous lactation of 5.600–7.500 L of milk, in a winter-stall period of keeping, 2–3 weeks after calving. According to clinical and biochemical blood tests, two groups of cows were formed – 50 clinically healthy and 50 cows with fatty liver disease. In cows diagnosed with fatty liver degeneration, the disease was manifested by decreased productivity and fatness, loss of appetite, oppression, hypotony of the rumen, reticulum and omasum. In some cows, there was pain at the liver area, increasing boundaries of hepatic dullness, jaundice of the visible mucous membranes and sclera. The blood serum of all cows with fatty liver disease established a decrease in albumin content, indicating impaired protein synthesis function of the liver. In some cows, the content of total protein in the serum increased due to globulin fractions, mainly gamma globulins. The ratio between the content of albumins and globulins decreased, which indicates the development in the blood of sick animals dysproteinemia. The development of fatty infiltration of the liver caused an increase in the concentration of bile acids in the serum of all sick cows. This is due to reduced conjugation and excretion of cholates by affected hepatocytes from the bile capillaries. The formation, absorption, conjugation, and excretion of bilirubin in the bile is disturbed, which causes the accumulation of total and conjugated bilirubin in the serum of sick animals. The cholesterol content in the blood of cows decreased, caused a violation of the esterification of its esters by hepatocytes. The established changes in the content of bile acids, total and conjugated bilirubin, and cholesterol in the blood of sick cows indicate a violation of bile secretion, bile production, and cholestasis development. In some cows with fatty liver degeneration, urea formation function and carbohydrate function are impaired, leading to a decrease in blood urea content and glucose.

PATHOHISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PIGS WITH MYCOPLASMOSIS

A pathological autopsy was performed on 6 corpses of piglets in the first week of life who died from mycoplasmosis. Examination of the visible mucous membranes revealed hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and thymus. Simultaneous lesions of the pharyngeal, parotid, cervical, mandibular lymph nodes were noted. They were slightly enlarged, from dark pink to dark red. The heart is irregularly shaped due to the expansion of the right ventricle or the diffuse expansion of all departments. Lungs have doughy consistency, uneven color. In some cases, there are diffuse red areas covering the entire lobe of the lungs, in other cases, there is a defeat of small areas. The liver has a smooth surface, soft or pasty consistency, the parenchyma pattern is slightly smoothed in section. The color of the liver is different: dark red areas, without clear boundaries turn into creamy-clay. Flatulence was a characteristic feature of the stomach and intestines. Catarrhal enteritis was registered in animals, which manifested itself in the form of moderate hyperemia of the intestinal mucosa and serous membranes. Microscopically, there is a significant blood supply to the vessels in the lungs. Alveoli are half fall down, in the form of slit-like lumens. In areas of tissue infiltration by inflammatory infiltrate, the alveolar wall is thickened, alveocytes are in a state of turbid swelling and vacuolar dystrophy, they are impregnated with erythrocytes. Peribronchial pneumonia of lymphocytic character is observed. The liver is in a state of acute venous hyperemia. The central and intraparticle capillaries are sharply dilated and filled with blood in some lobes, and the hepatic beams are compressed accordingly. In the center of other lobes, diffuse infiltration of liver tissue by erythrocytes as a consequence of diapedesis is noted. Hepatocytes are in a state of granular dystrophy. Destructive changes are strongly expressed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine: desquamation of the epithelium, necrosis of epitheliocytes and villi, destruction of crypts. In the brain tissue, there is dilation of the lumens of large and small blood vessels, extracellular and perivascular edema, areas of reactive necrosis.

Продуктивність курей-несучок і морфологічні параметри яєць за впливу астаксантину та лікопіну

The introduction of feed for poultry carotenoids that are not transformed in the body, including lycopene and astaxanthin, causes an attractive commercial appearance of chicken egg yolks. The production of high-quality and safe table eggs involves limiting the use of synthetic yolk dyes and switching to natural dyes, including tomato and seaweed products. The aim of this study was to determine the egg productivity of poultry, morphological composition of eggs, as well as feed and water intake with the addition of oil extracts of lycopene (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg or feed) or astaxanthin (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg of feed) to the diet. laying hens. The experiment was performed on 45 chickens of the High Line W36 cross at the age of 24 weeks. Each additive was fed to laying hens for 30 days in increasing concentrations. The use of lycopene or astaxanthin in different doses to laying hens did not have a negative impact on the clinical condition of the bird and behavior, did not cause death of birds of the experimental groups throughout the experiment. The condition of feathers and visible mucous membranes in chickens during the use of experimental diets was characteristic of clinically healthy birds. It was found that the addition of lycopene at doses of 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg and astaxanthin at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg of compound feed for 30 days did not significantly affect feed consumption and egg productivity. Increasing the content of astaxanthin to 20 and 30 mg/kg of compound feed, as well as lycopene to 60 mg/kg of compound feed resulted in a slight decrease in water consumption by laying hens. Feeding laying hens supplements of astaxanthin oil extract at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg or lycopene at doses of 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg of compound feed for 90 days did not significantly affect the weight of eggs, as well as the weight of protein, yolk and shell. Additions of lycopene and astaxanthin oil extracts to the diet of laying hens may be promising for use in correcting the color of egg yolks.

Визначення токсичності наносполук Селену

The aim of this work was to investigate the toxicity of selenium preparations and probiotic by intragastric administration to laboratory animals, weight coefficients of internal organs of white rats, haematological parameters of white rat blood on the 30th day of the experiment. During the experiment, 3 groups of white rats were formed, which received sodium selenite with probiotic and bionanoselenium for a month at doses of fed compound 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg. We took into account such indicators of animals as appearance, behavior, condition of hair, visible mucous membranes, attitude to food, rhythm, respiratory rate, time of onset and nature of intoxication, its severity, course, time of death of animals or their recovery. Studies had shown the absence of animal’s deaths or diseases with intragastric use of the studied compounds, which allows to classify them as toxicity class 4 – low-toxic substances. At autopsy, no pathological changes in the internal organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and no significant changes in the weights of the liver, heart, lungs and kidneys, compared with the control group, with 30-day use of the studied supplements with simultaneous weight gain of the spleen. No signs of inflammation, circulatory disorders and trophism were found in the parenchymal organs. Long-term admission of the studied drugs caused a probable increase in hematological parameters (hemoglobin concentration, number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, hematocrit) in the experimental animals. The conducted primary toxicological study is the basis for the development and use of low-toxic, effective and environmentally friendly drugs for industrial poultry and livestock that do not cause side effects.

Features of the Manifestation of Marek's Disease in Poultry Farms of the Rostov Region, Russian Federation

The authors carried out monitoring studies to examine the epizootic process features and the manifestation of clinical signs and pathological changes in Marek’s disease in various poultry farms in the Rostov region. The disease was most often in chickens aged 1.5 to 6 months. Two forms of the disease were registered: classical (nervous) - 63.3% of cases, and tumor (visceral) - 36.7% of cases. There was an unequal manifestation of symptoms of the disease, because of the different state of natural resistance and immunological reactivity of sick birds. The main clinical signs of Marek’s disease in chickens included: oppression; loss of appetite; development of paresis and paralysis; violation of movement coordination; cachexia; anemic crest, earrings and visible mucous membranes; change in the shape and constriction of the pupil; depigmentation of the iris of the eyes; partial or complete loss of vision; lameness; damage to the feather follicles; and the formation of tumors on the skin. The mortality rate of birds with nervous lesions was 70%. The surviving birds died within 1–2 months from the development of neoplastic changes in the internal organs. The main pathological changes in Marek’s disease were thickening and destructive changes in nerve fibers; and neoplastic changes in the parenchymal organs, lungs, intestinal mesentery, gastrointestinal tract, muscle tissue and skin. Most often, the disease was registered in the personal subsidiary plots of citizens. It manifested itself in massive epizootic outbreaks, usually in a nervous form with a high morbidity and mortality. In poultry farms, the disease was recorded extremely rarely. As a rule, it manifested itself in a tumor-like form, in isolated cases among a small percentage of poultry.&#x0D; Keywords: poultry, chickens, Marek’s disease, clinical signs, pathological changes

Experience in use of L­-carnitine in treatment of patients with epidermolysis bullosa

Objective — to study the effectiveness of L-carnitine in patients with various forms of congenital epidermolysis bullosa (CEB).Materials and methods. We observed 120 patients with CEB aged 1 to 12 years. A simple form of the disease was diagnosed in 60, dystrophic form — in 60 children. According to genealogical maps, 17 (28.3 %) of 60 patients with dystrophic CEB had an autosomal dominant type of inheritance, and 43 (71.7 %) of 60 had autosomal recessive inheritance. In the autosomal dominant type, the multiple blisters, miliums and atrophic scarrings, mainly on the extremities, as well as anonychias were dominant as clinical manifestations. In the autosomal recessive type, multiple blisters, erosions, crusts, atrophic scars, onychodystrophy, pseudosyndactylies on the upper and lower extremities, as well as disabling contractures of the hands, feet, elbows and knees were observed.L-carnitine at a dose of 1 ml/kg during 3 months was prescribed as part of the complex therapy to patients with CEB. The standard treatment for patients with CEB was the correct use of external means and dressings to reduce trauma to the foci and accelerate the epithelialization of erosive rashes.Results and discussion. For clinical evaluation of the efficacy of L-carnitine, patients with CEB were divided into groups comparable by sex, age, duration and form of the disease: group I consisted of 30 patients with simple CEB who received standard treatment, group II — of 30 patients with simple CEB who received standard treatment in combination with L-carnitine, group III — of 30 patients with dystrophic form of CEB who received standard treatment, group IV — of 30 patients with dystrophic form of CEB who received standard treatment in combination with L-carnitine. The positive result of therapy (epithelialization of erosions and the absence of new rashes) was achieved in 19 (63.3 %) of 30 patients of group I, in 26 (86.7 %) of 30 patients of group II, in 11 (36.7 %) of 30 patients of group III, in 16 (53.3 %) of 30 patients of group IV. This confirms the effectiveness and feasibility of using L-carnitine in various forms of CEB.Conclusions. The use of L-carnitine in the complex therapy of patients with CEB allows accelerating the epithelialization of erosive formations on the skin and visible mucous membranes.