Viscosity Of Binary Mixture Research Articles

A comparative study on the interactions of [bmim][NTf2] ionic liquid with selected four- to seven-membered-ring lactones

Experimental densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid, [bmim][NTf2], with selected lactones, namely: β-butyrolactone (BBL), γ-valerolactone (GVL), δ-valerolactone (DVL) and ε-caprolactone (ECL), are measured at atmospheric pressure (p=0.1MPa) in the temperature range from T=(293.15 to 323.15)K over the whole composition range. From the experimental density and viscosity results, we data calculated excess parameters and fitted using Redlich–Kister’s polynomial equation. The thermal expansion coefficients are also derived from the acquired experimental density values. Derived density and viscosity are compared with available literature data for the corresponding {[bmim][NTf2]+GBL (γ-butyrolactone)} binary mixtures. Volumetric and viscometric parameters indicate different interactions and geometrical fitting of the lactone molecule with ionic liquid depending on the number of carbon atoms of the lactone. Thermodynamic parameters of viscous flow are also calculated. The influence of the molecular solvent structure and effects of the lactones properties on the nature of interactions in the studied binary mixtures with [bmim][NTf2] are discussed from the obtained volumetric and viscosity values and also density functional theory calculations provided in this work.

Densities and viscosities for binary mixtures of n-heptane with alcohols at different temperatures

Densities (?) and viscosities (?) of the binary systems n-heptane with alcohols (ethanol, propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol) were measured at temperatures between 288.15 and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure, over the whole composition range. The excess values of molar volume (VE) and viscosity (?E) were calculated from experimental measurements. The excess functions of the binary systems were fitted to Redlich?Kister Equation. Comparison between experimental excess molar volume and the one calculated from Flory and Prigogine?Flory?Patterson theories, has also been done. The viscosity results were fitted to the equations of Grunberg?Nissan, Heric?Brewer, Jouyban?Acree and McAllister. Also, the activation energies of viscous flow have been obtained and their variations with compositions have been discussed.

Viscometric Study of Molecular Interactions in Dimethyl Carbonate +n-Alkoxyethanol Mixtures at Different Temperatures

The viscosities (η) and densities (ρ) have been measured for the binary mixtures of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with 2-alkoxyethanols such as 2-methoxyethanol (MOE), 2-ethoxyethanols (EOE) and 2-butoxyethanols (BOE) over the entire range of mole fraction at T=(303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15) K and at constant atmospheric pressure. The excess/deviation properties such as deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow are calculated. Excess/deviation properties are correlated by the Redlich-Kister equation to obtain the binary coefficients and standard deviations. Further several semi empirical models such as Grunberg-Nissan, Katti- Chaudhri, Heric-Brewer and Hind et al. are used to correlate the viscosity of binary mixtures. The values of Δη, which refers to the deviation of the experimental values of the viscosity of the mixture from the mole fraction mixture law rules, are found to be negative for all the mixtures. The results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions due to physical, chemical and structural effects between the unlike molecules.

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures N , N -dimethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)cyclohexylammonium tosylate with water and methanol at T = (303.15 to 328.15) K

Abstract Densities, ρ and viscosities, η of N , N -dimethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)cyclohexylammo-nium tosylate ([CyN 1,1 PrSO 3 H][Tos]) with water and methanol were measured, at temperatures from 303.15 K to 328.15 K with 5 K interval and 0.1013 MPa, as a function of [CyN 1,1 PrSO 3 H][Tos] molality (or mass fraction). The isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, molecular volume, standard molar entropy, and lattice energy of the pure IL were obtained based on the density data of pure IL. The apparent molar volume, V φ , infinite dilution apparent molar expansibility, E φ ∞ and energy barrier, E were calculated from the experimental data. The Redlich-Mayer equation was used to evaluate infinite dilution apparent molar volume, V φ ∞ . In addition, viscosities can be described satisfactorily by Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation. The V φ ∞ values of the IL in water are higher than those in methanol, which suggests that the ion-solvent interactions for [CyN 1,1 PrSO 3 H][Tos] + water binary system are stronger than those for [CyN 1,1 PrSO 3 H][Tos] + methanol. And the energy barrier values decrease with the drop of IL mass fraction in both systems, indicating that the viscosity changes of binary mixtures are more sensitive to the temperature at high composition of the IL.

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices for binary and ternary mixtures of formamide (1) + N,N-dimethylacetamide (2) + 2-methyl-1-butanol (3) at 298.15 K for the liquid region and at ambient pressure

This article reports experimental densities ρ, viscosities η, and refractive indices nD, of the ternary systems of formamide (1)+N,N-dimethylacetamide (2)+2-methyl-1-butanol (3) and the binary systems of formamide (1)+N,N-dimethylacetamide (2), formamide (1)+2-methyl-1-butanol (3), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (2)+2-methyl-1-butanol (3) over the entire range of composition at T=298.15K for the liquid region and at ambient pressure. Excess molar volumes VmE, deviations in the viscosity Δη, and deviations in the refractive index ΔnD, for the mixtures were derived from the experimental data. The binary and ternary data of VmE, Δη, and ΔnD, were correlated as a function of the mole fraction by using the Redlich–Kister and the Cibulka equations, respectively. The results are consistent with the self-association of alcohol and the polar characters of used amide. McAlister’s multibody interaction model is used for correlating the kinematic viscosity of binary mixtures, with mole fraction. The experimental and the constituted binary and ternary systems are analyzed to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures.

MEASUREMENT OF VOLUMETRIC AND VISCOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF BINARY MIXTURES OF METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) + 1-ALCOHOL FROM 293.15 TO 308.15 K AND AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) with 1-alkanols include 1-butanol, or +1-pentanol, or +1-hexanol, or +1-heptanol were measured as a function of composition from 293.15 to 308.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The temperatures studied were 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K. The experimental results have been used to calculate the viscosity deviation Dh and volumetric properties such as , and . Both and Dh values were negative over the entire range of mole fraction for all temperatures and systems studied. The results for all volumetric and viscometric properties are discussed on the basis of molecular interactions between the components of the mixtures.

Effect of polarity and temperature on the binary interaction between D2EHPA extractant and organic solvents (kerosene, n-heptane, chlorobenzene and 1-octanol): Experimental and thermodynamics

The density and viscosity of binary mixtures of D2EHPA + organic solvent were measured in the temperature range of 303.15–333.15 K and 0.1 MPa. The common organic solvents, having different dielectric constants, namely kerosene (2.0), n-heptane (1.92), chlorobenzene (5.62) and 1-octanol (10.3) were employed in this work. The experimental density and viscosity data were validated employing Nasrifar-Moshfeghian (NM) equation of state (EOS) and Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation: data correlations proved to be a good fit according to the RAD values in the range of 0.01–2.00%. Further, the excess molar volume and viscosity deviation were calculated in order to investigate the nature of the solute-solvent binary mixtures. For all binary mixtures, the excess molar volume and viscosity deviations have negative deviations from ideality over the temperature range. The strongest interaction of D2EHPA extractant occurred in kerosene solvent affected by its large hydrophobic molar volume. In addition, other thermodynamic properties of mixtures such as apparent molar volume, thermal expansion coefficients, excess Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of activation of viscous flow were calculated.

Volumetric and viscometric properties of ethyl caprate + 1-propanol, + 1-butanol, and + 1-pentanol from 283.15 K to 318.15 K

Densities and kinematic viscosities of binary mixtures for ethyl caprate with 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol were measured at temperatures from 283.15K to 318.15K and at ambient pressure (0.1MPa) over the entire composition range. Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations of the mixtures were derived from the experimental data and correlated using the Redlich–Kister equation. In addition, viscosities were correlated using the McAllister three-body model, whereas densities were fitted to a third-order polynomial as a function of temperature and mole fraction.

Synergistic effects and specific molecular interactions in the binary mixtures of [bmim][BF4] and poly (ethylene glycol)s

Solvent systems composed of ionic liquid (IL)+poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) provide “hybrid green” systems where “green meets green.” In this work, the density and viscosity of binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroburate ([bmim][BF4]) and PEG with different number average molecular weights (i.e. 200, 400, 600, and 1000) were measured and analyzed as a function of temperature and composition. Excess molar properties of these mixtures were calculated and interpreted. A synergistic effect or super-viscosity was observed in the mixtures of [bmim][BF4] with PEG400, PEG600, and PEG1000 in which the mixture viscosity is higher than the viscosity of both pure components. By adding PEG to [bmim][BF4] in these mixtures, the decrease in the columbic attractive and van der Waals interactions is overcompensated by the formation of extensive H-bonding interactions which is responsible for observing the synergistic effect in the viscosity behavior of these mixtures. This effect can also influence on the excess properties. The FTIR spectroscopy was used for better analysis of molecular interactions. The variation in the positions and intensities of the peaks of FTIR spectra may be attributed to the possibility of H-bonding between C2 hydrogen of [bmim]+ and terminus OH as well as ethoxy O of PEG.

Temperature and Concentration Dependence of Viscosity of Binary Mixtures of PEG-1000 + water

Abstract Viscosities of binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol-1000 (PEG-1000) and water were measured precisely in the temperature range 293.15–343.15 K at atmospheric pressure using a high precision viscometer. Viscosity data were used to calculate the activation energy of viscous flow. The activation energy was observed to increase with increase in the concentration of aqueous solutions of PEG which indicated that more energy is required to move the molecule inside the structure with increase in concentration. The measured data provided better understanding to explain the behaviour of macromolecules with respect to change in concentration and temperature. The results were discussed in the light of polymer-solvent interactions. At lower concentration range, the molecules exhibit weak interaction due to dominant repulsive force and at higher concentration the entanglement of polymer chain increases. In view of greater force of interaction between solute and solvent molecules forming hydrogen bonding, there will be an increase in interaction with temperature and concentration.

Viscosity Measurements for Binary Mixtures of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate with Acetonitrile, Ethylene Glycol, and Methanol

The viscosities of binary mixtures of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, and methanol were measured. The dynamic viscosities of IL binary mixtures of a range of compositions under atmospheric pressure and at temperatures from 303.15 to 333.15 K were studied. Marked reductions in the viscosity values of the mixtures were noted when organic solvents were added to the IL. Furthermore, the viscosities decrease with increasing temperature. The viscosity deviations of the IL binary mixtures were then calculated and were found to be negative. The negative viscosity deviation indicates that the anion–cation interaction in pure ILs is weakened by the addition of organic solvents and that the viscosity decrease is considerable. The calculated viscosity deviations were correlated using a four parameter Redlich–Kister equation. Satisfactory correlation results were obtained; the optimally fitted parameters are described. Furthermore, to analyze the intermolecular interactions in these three binary mixtures, the experimental reduced Redlich–Kister viscosity deviations, excess molar volumes, excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow, and Arrhenius activation energy for viscous flow were calculated.

Non-ideal viscosity and excess molar volume of mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4]) with water

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with water over the salt-rich region concentrations are reported for a temperature range of (283.15 to 373.15) K and compared with literature. The temperature dependence of the mixture densities and dynamic viscosities are accurately described by an empirical, linear relationship and by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation, respectively. We identify a correlation between the excess mixture viscosity and the excess molar volume in the ionic liquid rich regime that is motivated by free volume theory. The broader validity of this correlation is tested against literature data for aqueous mixtures of similar ionic liquids.

Excess molar volumes, speeds of sound and viscosities for binary mixtures of 3-chloroaniline with selected di- and tri-chloro substituted benzene at various temperatures: Comparison with Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory

Excess volume (VE), excess isentropic compressibility (κsE), viscosity deviation (8η) and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow (G*E) for binary mixtures of 3-chloroaniline (CA) with 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) at selected compositions are determined from the measured values of densities, speeds of sound, and viscosities of pure components and their mixtures at (T) of 303.15–318.15K, at atmospheric pressure of 0.1MPa. The excess volume (VE), excess isentropic compressibility (κsE), viscosity deviation (8η) and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow (G*E) have been analyzed in terms of interactions arising due to structural effect, charge–transfer complexes and dipole–dipole interaction between unlike molecules from the experimental data. Excess properties are correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation. The partial molar volumes (V̅m,1, V̅m,2), partial molar isentropic compressibilities (K̅s,m,1, K̅s,m,2), excess partial molar volumes (V̅m,1E and V̅m,2E) and excess partial molar isentropic compressibilities (K̅s,m,1E and K̅s,m,2E) over whole composition range; partial molar volumes (V̅m,1° and V̅m,2°), partial molar isentropic compressibilities (K̅s,m,1° and K̅s,m,2°), excess partial molar volumes (V̅m,1°E and V̅m,2°E) and excess partial molar isentropic compressibilities (K̅s,m,1°E and K̅s,m,2°E) of the components at infinite dilution have also been calculated. The VE results have been analyzed in the light Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory. An analysis of each of the three contributions viz. interactional, free volume and P* to VE shows that interactional contribution is positive for all binary systems. The free volume effect and P* contribution are negative for all mixtures. The variations of these parameters with composition and temperature have been discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions prevailing in these mixtures.

Experimental densities and viscosities of binary mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or glycerol with sulfolane and their molecular interaction by COSMO-RS

Thermophysical properties of solvent are set of data that are essential for designing processes in industry. But in the absence of experimental data, an accurate predictive method is required. In this context, density (ρ) and viscosity (η) of sulfolane with glycerol and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide have been measured over the entire range of composition with temperature ranging from 298.15K to 363.15K at atmospheric pressure. From these experimental values, thermal expansion (α), excess molar volume (VE), viscosity deviation (Δη) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) were calculated. The predicted values were close to the corresponding experimental data with all the standard deviation lower than 1×10−3. Quantum chemical based COSMO-RS was used to predict the molecular interaction and non-ideal liquid phase activity coefficient for all mixtures. It has been interpreted that strong interaction for the sulfolane+[BMIM][NTf2] system, meanwhile weak interaction was deduced for the sulfolane+glycerol system. The molar enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG) of viscosity were calculated. Simultaneous effects of composition and temperature for the binary mixtures were also reported.

Experimental and Computational Studies of Binary Mixtures of Isobutanol + Cyclohexylamine

The densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of isobutanol + cyclohexylamine have been measured over the entire range of composition at the various temperatures (293.15–313.15 K) and at atmospheric pressure. From these measurements, the thermal expansion coefficients, isothermal coefficient of pressure excess molar enthalpy, excess molar volumes, and deviations in viscosities have been calculated too. The nonideality behavior of the mixture was evidenced in the excess molar volumes and deviations in viscosities. The results have been fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The Grunberg–Nissan equation was used to correlate the viscosity data. The most stable geometry of isobutanol–isobutanol, cyclohexylamine–isobutanol, and cyclohexylamine–cyclohexylamine were studied using the density functional theory (DFT) in gases phase. In liquid phase, the molecular dynamics simulations have been performed and used to calculate the densities, mean square displacement (MSD), self-diffusion coefficients,...

Viscosities of binary mixtures containing 1-butanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane or + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene at high pressures for the thermophysical characterization of biofuels

A wide variety of oxygenated additives from renewable origin may be used in next-generation biofuels.In order to contribute to the international effort aimed at developing and using environmentally sustainable fuels, the present study focuses on the thermophysical characterization of new blends of hydrocarbons and 1-butanol (known as a second generation biofuel) through viscosity measurements.A vibrating-wire viscometer was developed to accurately measure dynamic viscosities at T=(293.15–373.15)K and p=(0.1–140)MPa. The relative expanded uncertainty of the dynamic viscosity was estimated at 1.5% for a coverage factor k=2.As an initial characterization of biofuels, the dynamic viscosities of (1-butanol+2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and (1-butanol+1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) mixtures, as well as 1-butanol, are reported at different temperature and pressure conditions.

Viscosity of binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid with four organic solvents

This paper reports experimental values of dynamic viscosity for four binary systems of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Emim][BF4], with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile (ACN), ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,4-dioxane over the temperature ranges from 293.15K to 353.15K at p=0.1MPa. All binary mixtures were completely miscible over the entire range of mole fraction, except the system with 1,4-dioxane. The viscosity results have been correlated by the one parameter Grunberg–Nissan and Fang and He equations and the two-parameter McAllister, Eyring-UNIQUAC, Eyring-NRTL and Eyring-Wilson models and the results were compared.Additionally, the viscosity deviations, Δη, and the excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow, G∗E, were calculated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. The results show that all Δη values are negative over the whole composition range and the G∗E values are positive, except for the system with EG. The results of the excess functions are discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Measurement and correlation of density and viscosity of n-hexadecane with three fatty acid ethyl esters

This work reports the density and viscosity of binary mixtures for n-hexadecane with three fatty acid ethyl esters (ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, and ethyl laurate) in the overall composition range at temperatures from 298.15 to 323.15K and at atmospheric pressure (0.1MPa). Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations have been obtained. In addition, the viscosities of the binary mixtures were correlated using a rough hard-sphere model. The average absolute relative deviations between the experimental data and the calculated values were 0.26% for n-hexadecane/ethyl caprylate, 0.30% for n-hexadecane/ethyl caprate, and 0.24% for n-hexadecane/ethyl laurate with optimized adjustable parameters. It indicates that the rough hard-sphere model is able to reproduce the viscosity behavior of the studied binary mixtures very well.

Density and Viscosity for Binary Mixtures of the Ionic Liquid 2,2-Diethyl-1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium Ethyl Sulfate with Water, Methanol, or Ethanol

The ionic liquid (IL), 2,2-diethyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium ethyl sulfate ([(C2)22(C1)2(C1)23gu][C2OSO3]), was synthesized and characterized. The density and viscosity data were determined for the binary mixtures of [(C2)22(C1)2(C1)23gu][C2OSO3] with water, methanol, or ethanol over the whole concentration range at different temperatures T = 293.15–323.15 K and atmospheric pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The excess molar volume, VmE, and viscosity deviation, Δη, for the binary mixtures are calculated and fitted with the Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation. The values of VmE for [(C2)22(C1)2(C1)23gu][C2OSO3] + water system are observed to be negative, and those for [(C2)22(C1)2(C1)23gu][C2OSO3] + methanol/ethanol system change from negative to positive against the mole fraction (x1) of the IL, which exhibit the minimum values around x1 = 0.2 and the maximum values near x1 = 0.8. The Δη values for all of the three binary systems are negative, and the minimum values occur near x1 = 0.6. The temperature depen...

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Density, viscosity and speed of sound of benzaldehyde with benzene at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K

The values of density, viscosity and speed of sound for the binary liquid mixture of Benzaldehyde with Benzene were measured over the entire range of composition at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K. These values are used to calculate the excess molar volume (VE), deviation in viscosity (Δη), deviation in speed of sound (ΔU), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δβs), excess internal pressure (Δπ), excess intermolecular free length (ΔLf), excess free volume (VEf) and excess acoustic impedance (ΔZ). McAllister’s three-body interaction model is used for correlating Kinematic Viscosity of binary mixtures. The excess values were correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations. The thermophysical properties (density, viscosity, and speed of sound) under the study were fit to the Jouyban–Acree model.