Viscosity Of Binary Mixture Research Articles

Experimental investigations of density and dynamic viscosity of n-hexadecane with three fatty acid methyl esters

The main components of biodiesel are fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). N-hexadecane is commonly used as a reference molecule for modeling diesel fuel thermodynamics properties. In this paper, densities and dynamic viscosities of binary mixtures of n-hexadecane with three fatty acid methyl esters (methyl caprate, methyl laurate, and methyl myristate) were measured at atmospheric pressure from 298.15 to 323.15K over the entire composition range. Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations of the mixtures were calculated from the experimental data and correlated using the Redlich–Kister equation.

Physical properties and solubility parameters of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids/DMSO mixtures at 298.15 K

Densities, refractive indices, conductivities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with dimethyl sulfoxide at 298.15 K are reported. Excess molar volumes have been calculated from experimental data and were fitted with Redlich–Kister equation. The density and refractive index were found to increase with increasing concentration in all cases except [EMIM]COOH. The free mobility of ions has found to enhance conductivity and decrease viscosity to varying extent in all mixtures being studied. It has been observed that solubility parameters, dielectric constants and nature of anions of ILs being used play a vital role in determining the subsequent characteristics. As DMSO has high dielectric constant therefore, it was able to form interactions with most of ILs except with [EMIM]COOH due to anomalous nature of anion.

Densities, viscosities, and excess properties of binary mixtures of two imidazolide anion functionalized ionic liquids with water at T = (293.15 to 313.15) K

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 8-hydrogen-1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]-undec-7-enium imidazolide ([HDBU]IM) and 8-butyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]-undec-7-enium imidazolide ([BDBU]IM) ionic liquids (ILs) with water were measured at temperatures from T=(293.15 to 313.15)K. Excess molar volumes VE and viscosity deviations Δη of the mixtures were calculated to study the intermolecular interactions and structural factors between ILs and water. The results show that the VE values of the two mixtures are negative over the whole composition range, while the Δη values have positive deviations, indicating that the hydrogen bonding interactions between IL and water are dominant in the mixtures. Moreover, the absolute values of VE (|VE|) of {[HDBU]IM (1)+H2O (2)} system are larger than those of {[BDBU]IM (1)+H2O (2)} system at the same condition, indicating that the hydrogen bonding interactions between [HDBU]IM and water are stronger than those between [BDBU]IM and water. Both |VE| and Δη values of the mixtures decrease with the increasing temperature, resulting from the decreasing the hydrogen bonding interactions between IL and water. Other derived properties of the studied systems, such as the apparent molar volumes, partial molar volumes, excess partial molar volumes, Gibbs free energy of activation for viscous flow, and excess Gibbs free energy of activation for viscous flow were also calculated from the experimental values.

Densities and Viscosities of Binary Mixtures of 2-Ethyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium Ionic Liquids with Ethanol and 1-Propanol

Two guanidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs), 2-ethyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([TMGEt][NTf2]) and ethyl sulfate ([TMGEt][C2OSO3]) were synthesized and characterized. Experimental densities and viscosities for the binary mixtures of the ILs with ethanol and 1-propanol from (293.15 to 323.15) K were measured over the whole composition range and at the atmospheric pressure of 0.1 MPa. The excess molar volumes (VmE) and the viscosity deviations (Δη) for the binary systems were calculated and fitted with the Redlich–Kister equation. It is found that the density of [TMGEt][NTf2] is much higher than that of [TMGEt][C2OSO3] at the same temperature, while the viscosity of the former with the value of 74.61 mPa·s is only 1/9 of that of the latter at 293.15 K. This indicates that the difference of the anions has a significant influence on the density and viscosity of the ILs with the same guanidinium cation. The addition of ethanol or 1-propanol leads to negative values of VmE a...

Volumetric and viscometric study of binary mixtures of 1,8-cineole with o-, m- and p-cresol at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K

The densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1,8-cineole + o-, m- and p-cresol have been measured at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K temperatures at atmospheric pressure. Using experimental values of densities, excess molar volume have been calculated. Similarly, from the densities and viscosities values, deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow has been calculated. Various viscosity correlating interaction parameters like Dolezalek–Schulze (), Grunberg–Nissan (), Tamura–Kurata (), Katti–Chaudhri () and McAllister 3-body relation (, ) have been calculated. The Kendall–Munroe relation, Bingham relation and Arrhenius–Eyring relation have also been calculated. The calculated results were fitted using Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The results show negative value for excess molar volume and positive value for deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow for all three binaries that indicates the presence of strong interactions between binary components.

Rheological properties of {[bmim]PF6 + methanol} mixtures at different temperatures, shear rates and compositions

In this work, the shear-, temperature- and composition-dependencies of the viscosity of binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with methanol {[bmim]PF6+methanol} have been studied. The results showed that adding alcohol causes a gradual change in the behavior of the mixtures from moderate non-Newtonian (in pure ionic liquid) to Newtonian (in pure alcohol) over a wide range of shear rate ((14 to 56.0)s−1) in the temperature range of (283.15 to 333.15)K. The activation parameters, namely, ΔH⁎ (enthalpy of activation), ΔG⁎ (free energy of activation), ΔS⁎ (entropy of activation), and ΔCp⁎ (change in heat capacity of activation) for their viscous flow were evaluated. The values of ΔH⁎ and ΔS⁎ nicely compensated each other. The temperature and composition dependencies of viscosities have been fitted using proper equations. Also, the law of corresponding states can be seen in the viscosity behavior of these mixtures based on two different equations. The excess molar properties were calculated from the experimental data and the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation was used to fit these data. An artificial neural network (ANN) method has been developed to model simultaneously the shear-, temperature- and composition- dependencies of the viscosities of these mixtures.

Temperature dependence and chain length effect on density and viscosity of binary mixtures of nitrobenzene and 2-alcohols

Densities and viscosities of binary nonelectrolyte systems including nitrobenzene+2-propanol, 2-butanol and 2-pentanol at temperatures 293.15 to 323.15K and normal atmospheric pressure were measured using an Anton-Paar SVM 3000 Stabinger viscometer. Excess molar volumes VmE and viscosity deviations Δη were calculated and correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation to estimate the standard uncertainty. These values are negative over the full range of composition for all studied mixtures. Free volume theory coupled with the Peng–Robinson equation of state was used to correlate liquid viscosities of pure compounds and binary mixtures. The agreement between measured viscosity data and values calculated from this model is within experimental uncertainties.

Thermodynamic and transport properties of binary mixtures; friction theory coupled with PC-SAFT model

Density and viscosity measurements were performed on binary liquid mixtures of diethylamine and 2-propanol, 2-butanol and 2-pentanol at temperatures (293.15 to 323.15)K and ambient pressure. Using these experimental data, excess molar volumes VmE, and viscosity deviations Δη, have been calculated. Results were analyzed to gain insight about liquid mixture interactions. Also the friction theory founded on the PC-SAFT model was used to calculate the viscosities of binary mixtures. The model, which links viscosity to the repulsive and attractive pressure terms of the PC-SAFT model, performs very well in all cases, with a global average absolute deviation of 3% and shows predictive capabilities for heavier compounds.

Orientation effect on sign and magnitude of excess thermodynamic and transport properties of binary liquid mixtures at different temperatures

Experimental values of the density (ρ), speed of sound (u), and viscosity (η) have been measured for binary mixtures of 2-chloroaniline with toluene and xylenes (o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene) at temperatures of 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. By using this data, the excess molar volumes (VE), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκs), and viscosity deviation (Δη) for the binary systems at the above mentioned temperatures were calculated and fitted to Redlich–Kister equation to determine the fitting parameters and the root-mean-square deviations. The excess molar volumes, deviation in isentropic compressibility, and viscosity deviation and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow have been analyzed in terms of n–π interactions, charge-transfer complexes, and dipole–induced dipole interaction between unlike molecules. The results obtained for viscosities of binary mixtures were used to test the semi-empirical relations of Grunberg–Nissan, Katti–Chaudhri, and Hind et al., equations.

Densities and Viscosities of Binary Mixtures Containing Ethyl Formate and 2-Alkanols: Friction Theory and Free Volume Theory

The present study reports the densities and viscosities of mixing at various temperatures [(293.15 to 323.15) K] for mixtures composed of ethyl formate and 2-alkanols (from 2-propanol to 2-pentanol). From these measurements, excess molar volumes VmE and viscosity deviations Δη were calculated. These results were fitted to Redlich–Kister type polynomials. Positive excess molar volumes and negative viscosity deviations for studied mixtures indicate that no strong specific interactions occur in the mixtures. The data of viscosities have been used to study the performance of two viscosity models. The evaluated models are friction theory and free volume theory. Overall two models can describe the fluid viscosity with good accuracy. Results show that the performance of friction theory for correlating the viscosities is more satisfactory.

Densities and Viscosities of Binary Mixtures of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone and Water at Temperatures (288.15 to 313.15) K

Densities and Viscosities of Binary Mixtures of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone and Water at Temperatures (288.15 to 313.15) K

Density, Viscosity, Thermal Expansion Coefficients and Heat Capacity Ratios of an Environmentally Hazardous Dye Tartrazine in Aqueous Solutions in the Temperature Range 293.15–333.15 K

Density and dynamic viscosity of binary mixtures of water and tartrazine have been measured over the entire concentration regime in the temperature range (293.15–333.15 K) at 5 K intervals. A Mettler Toledo, DE45 delta range density meter and an automated Anton Paar microviscometer were used for the measurements of density and viscosity respectively. A peltier based thermostat is incorporated in both instruments for the regulation of temperature with a precision of ±0.1 K. Temperature dependent density has been utilized for evaluation of thermal expansivity and heat capacity ratio. Temperature dependence of density and thermal expansivity for this system have been described by an empirical second-order quadratic polynomial equation and viscosity data were analysed by a simple linear equation. The results have been critically discussed in terms of specific and molecular interactions.

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of n-decane + 1-pentanol, + 1-hexanol, + 1-heptanol at temperatures from 293.15 to 363.15 K and atmospheric pressure

Densities (ρ) and dynamic viscosities (η) for three binary mixtures of n-decane with 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol and 1-heptanol are presented at temperatures from 293.15 to 363.15K and atmospheric pressure over the entire composition range. The density and viscosity are measured using a vibrating tube densimeter and a cylindrical Couette type rotating viscometer, respectively. Excess molar volumes (VE), viscosity deviations (Δη) and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔG⁎E) are calculated from the experimental measurements. Intermolecular and structural interactions are indicated by the sign and magnitude of these properties. Partial molar volumes and infinity dilution molar partial volumes are also calculated for each binary system. These results are correlated using Redlich–Kister type equations.

Density and Viscosity of Ionic Liquid Binary Mixtures of 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate with Acetonitrile, N,N-Dimethylacetamide, Methanol, and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

In this study, thermodynamic properties of the binary mixtures of ionic liquid with an organic compound, as potential solvent systems in pharmaceutical industry applications, are studied. The densities and viscosities of the binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4]) with acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylacetamide, methanol, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were measured at atmospheric pressure over the [C4mim][BF4] mole fraction range from 0.1 to 0.9 and at temperatures from 303.15 to 333.15 K at intervals of 10 K. The densities were measured using a vibrating-tube digital density meter and the viscosities were measured using a capillary viscometer. The excess molar volumes (VE) and viscosity deviations (Δη) were calculated from densities and viscosities of mixture, respectively, and fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial. The optimally fitted parameters are also determined and the correlation results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the excess molar volumes of binary mixtures of ionic liquid with different organic compounds are compared and discussed using the Hansen solubility parameter.

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane with n-octane

Densities and viscosities of the binary system 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane with n-octane have been measured at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure, over the whole composition range. The excess values of molar volume, excess viscosity, and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow were calculated from experimental measurements. Based on the variation of the excess functions with composition, conclusions about the molecular interactions in these kinds of mixtures were obtained. Emmerling et al., Jouyban–Acree, and Gonzales–Olmos–Iglesias models were used to correlate the density of these binary mixtures. Heric–Brewer, McAllister, Jouyban–Acree, and Herráez models have been used to calculate viscosity coefficients and these were compared with experimental data for the mixtures.

Molecular Interactions in Binary Organic Liquid Mixtures Containing Ethyl Oleate and Ethanol at 2MHz Frequency

Molecular interactions of binary mixtures of Ethanol with a new organic compound Ethyl Oleate are investigated at a constant ultrasonic frequency of 2MHz under the temperature range of 303.15K-318.15K. The effect of mole fraction of Ethyl Oleate on velocity of sound wave and the density and viscosity of binary mixtures at various temperatures were studied. The effects on density (ρ), viscosity (η), adiabatic compressibility (βad), inter molecular free length (Lf) and internal pressure (Пi) also was studied.

Molecular Interactions in Binary Organic Liquid Mixtures Containing Ethyl Oleate and Ethanol at 2MHz Frequency

Molecular interactions of binary mixtures of Ethanol with a new organic compound Ethyl Oleate are investigated at a constant ultrasonic frequency of 2MHz under the temperature range of 303.15K-318.15K. The effect of mole fraction of Ethyl Oleate on velocity of sound wave and the density and viscosity of binary mixtures at various temperatures were studied. The effects on density (ρ), viscosity (η), adiabatic compressibility (βad), inter molecular free length (Lf) and internal pressure (Пi) also was studied.

Shear rate-, temperature- and composition-dependencies of viscosity behavior of mixtures of {[bmim]NO3 + ethanol}

The shear rate-, temperature- and composition-dependencies of the viscosity of binary mixtures of 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium nitrate with ethanol {[bmim]NO3 (x)+ethanol} have been studied in this work. The results showed that these mixtures are non-Newtonian over a wide range of shear rate ((14 to 56.0) s−1) in the temperature range of 283.15 to 333.15K and over all composition range. The activation parameters, namely, ΔH⁎ (enthalpy of activation), ΔG⁎ (free energy of activation), ΔS⁎ (entropy of activation), and ΔCp⁎ (change in heat capacity of activation) for their viscous flow were evaluated. The values of ΔH⁎ and ΔS⁎ nicely compensated each other. The temperature and composition dependencies of viscosities have been fitted using proper equations. Also, the law of corresponding states can be seen in the viscosity behavior of these mixtures based on two different equations. The excess molar properties were calculated from the experimental data and the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation was used to fit these data. An artificial neural network (ANN) method has been developed to model simultaneously the shear-, temperature- and composition-dependencies of the viscosities of these mixtures.

Evaluation of thermodynamic properties of fluid mixtures by PC-SAFT model

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIK) with polar solvents namely, 2-propanol, 2-butanol and 2-pentanol, were measured at 7 temperatures (293.15–323.15 K) over the entire range of composition. Using the experimental data, excess molar volumes VmE, isobaric thermal expansivity αp, partial molar volumes V¯m,i and viscosity deviations Δη, have been calculated due to their importance in the study of specific molecular interactions. The observed negative and positive values of deviation/excess parameters were explained on the basis of the intermolecular interactions occur in these mixtures. The Perturbed Chain Statistical Association Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) has been used to correlate the volumetric behavior of the mixtures.

Correlation and prediction of thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures from perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory

Densities and viscosities for binary mixtures of Diethanolamine (DEA) + 2 alkanol (2 propanol up to 2 pentanol) were measured over the entire composition range and temperature interval of 293.15–323.15 K. From the density and viscosity data, values of various properties such as isobaric thermal expansibility, excess isobaric thermal expansibility, partial molar volumes, excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were calculated. The observed variations of these parameters, with alkanols chain length and temperature, are discussed in terms of the intermolecular interactions between the unlike molecules of the binary mixtures. The ability of the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) to correlate accurately the volumetric behavior of the binary mixtures is demonstrated.