Visa Restrictions Research Articles

Scrambling for Talent: U.S. Startups’ Reactive Strategy to Cope with Visa Restrictions

Scrambling for Talent: U.S. Startups’ Reactive Strategy to Cope with Visa Restrictions

The short-term effects of visa restrictions on migrants’ legal status and well-being: A difference-in-differences approach on Venezuelan displacement

Most countries across the globe introduce visa restrictions to regulate immigration, yet little is known about their effect on migrants’ decision to migrate and their well-being. I study the mass displacement of Venezuelan nationals, and through a difference-in-differences research design, I compare the effectiveness of introducing visa restrictions in reducing overall migration flows in certain countries across South America. I use a data set of 85,000 migrants and refugees − mostly Venezuelans − surveyed by the UNHCR. Findings suggest that visa restrictions increased the likelihood of irregular entry and irregular visa status for migrants while also leading to changes in their priorities. Unexpectedly, I do not find evidence of increased violence suffered by migrants who switch towards irregular entry channels in specific countries. This research contributes to the academic and policy debate on the effectiveness of visa restrictions on migratory flows, as well the literature on the effects of migration policies on migrants’ well-being.

International exchanges and cooperation in art education in Ukraine: challenges and opportunities

The purpose of the article is to study international exchanges and cooperation in art education in Ukraine, to identify challenges and opportunities in the development of these areas in the future. to achieve this goal, the article uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. The methods of abstraction, comparison, content analysis, and the prognostic method were also used, which made it possible to formulate some comments for the future development of international cooperation in art education in Ukraine. The results of the study highlight the importance of international cooperation, which is becoming an increasingly important aspect of modern art education. The analysis of the legislative framework has shown that Ukraine has created favourable conditions for academic exchange, and joining the Bologna system contributes to the internationalisation of higher education in the arts. These trends are also reflected in the development strategies of art universities in different regions of Ukraine, such as Kharkiv, Lviv and Kyiv, where establishing international exchanges is considered an important priority for educational institutions. In addition, the Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts actively uses digital channels to transmit information, especially in remote locations. Although distance learning has its limitations in art education, the conditions of modern reality, such as Russian aggression, create an opportunity to organise international cooperation with foreign partners without physical risk. It is important to note that there are common challenges to the successful implementation of international exchanges and cooperation in art education, such as cultural and language barriers, financial support, visa and administrative restrictions, as well as academic requirements and potential global threats. However, a possible way to overcome these difficulties is to use the international experience of involving NGOs or special state structures that would coordinate the provision of grants for academic mobility of arts students. The conclusions emphasise that it is also worth considering the possibility of special digital platforms that provide opportunities for internships and distance learning, which can be an effective solution for organising international cooperation in the current situation.

FEATURES OF VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) IN THE TOURISM FIELD

Objective. The objective of the present article is to review the current state of virtual reality in the tourism sphere, analyze virtual reality in the tourism sphere, and determine the features of virtual tourism. Methods. The following methods were used for the peculiarities of the use of virtual reality in the tourism sphere: the method of analysis and synthesis (for the analysis and evaluation of virtual reality in the tourism sphere), the method of systematization and generalization (to determine the key features of virtual reality in the tourism sphere), the abstract-logical method ( to form conclusions) Results. The article examines the current state of virtual reality in the field of tourism, analyzes virtual reality in the field of tourism, and defines the features of virtual tourism with the help of the main provisions on virtual tourism and with the help of the main advantages of virtual reality in tourism. The results of the article are that virtual tourism and virtual visits to museums give the impression of the absence of physical limitations, while they are embodied in a new form - corporeality in virtual space. Virtual tourism is a form of travel that people make with the help of high technologies, visiting different countries, attractions or fictional worlds, but not in physical, but in virtual space. Despite numerous advantages, such as cost savings, no visa restrictions and effective time management, virtual tourism has its own limitations that limit its possibilities. The main goals of virtual tourism were highlighted - information and familiarization; educational and cultural and educational purposes; social and psychological rehabilitation. Features of virtual tourism were also highlighted: environmental friendliness; innovative technologies; accessibility; economy; globality; cartoon; remoteness and interactivity. With the use of virtual reality technologies, people can feel closer to distant places and cultures, enriching their worldview and contributing to the development of the tourism industry as a whole.

The Influence of Sino-US Trade War on Chinese Students Studying in the United States

China has promulgated a series of policies on trade, immigration, and culture, which will undoubtedly greatly impact Chinese students preparing to study in the United States. This paper focuses on the influence of American policies and a series of chain reactions on Chinese students studying in the United States since the Sino-US trade war in 2018. It analyzes the factors that affect Chinese students decision to study in the United States. This paper conducted a quantitative study by issuing online questionnaires, and 323 valid questionnaires were received. The basic information, educational experience, and factors affecting the respondents going to the United States were investigated, and a series of statistical methods were applied to analyze them. Finally, the following conclusion is drawn: the Sino-US trade war greatly influences Chinese students decision on whether to go to the United States, mainly including the influence of visa and professional restrictions. The factors that affect Chinese students decision to study abroad are family and policy factors, teacher factors, and intermediary factors.

Managing the permanent temporariness of prolonged migration: The role of local and transnational care circulation among Argentine temporary migrants in Australia

AbstractIn the past two decades, Australia has shifted from being a settler nation that promoted state‐supported permanent migration to one where the scale and relative importance of temporary migration schemes have grown significantly. In 2017, Australia was the second largest issuing country of temporary visa permits after the United States, with temporary migrants applying, on average, for 3.3 temporary visas and spending 6.4 years in this multi‐step visa journey to achieve permanent residency . As part of a broader research project on the social implications of temporary migration programs, we examine how Argentine temporary migrants exchange care to navigate temporary visa restrictions and the permanent temporariness in which they live. Our central argument is that transnational and local expressions, practices, and processes of care are co‐constituted in particularistic temporary migrant care configurations that facilitate prolonged migration projects and continuity of care over time, despite the precarity that permanent temporariness brings. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork among Argentine temporary migrants, we illustrate the dynamics in which economic, accommodation, personal, practical, emotional and moral care is exchanged. The findings reveal the central role that transnational economic and practical as well as local, including local virtual, proximity care has in the everyday lives of Argentine temporary migrants. Ironically, their fragile temporariness may be an incentive to develop local support networks or maintain strong transnational ties to survive living in limbo.

Pick me! I am young, healthy and interested in the arts in your city! – exploring the future of travel visas

PurposeThis viewpoint paper aims to explore the past, present and future of travel visas granting permission to travel. Visa restrictions are used by governments as an efficient method of restricting access in advance of travel. This paper explores how this may change in the future resulting in a shift of power from tourist to destination.Design/methodology/approachThe Futures Triangle method was used to create a scenario incorporating the three dimensions of the triangle, i.e. the pulls of the future, the pushes of the present and the weights of the past. An artefact of the future was created to help visualise this future.FindingsThis analysis suggests that the role of visas may change in the future such that visa regimes may become part of a destination strategy. A future scenario is postulated in which destinations demand proof of fit with the destination strategy before granting a visa.Originality/valueThis viewpoint paper develops an artefact of the future based on the changing role of travel visas. It suggests that tourists might need to market themselves to the destination, proving that they are a good destination fit, before they are granted a visa to travel.

The Great Covid Paper Wall: European Strategies to Deal with Chinese Visa Restrictions

ABSTRACT In reaction to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Chinese authorities have installed visa restrictions and strict quarantine rules to prevent foreigners from spreading new infections to the country. This has disrupted a trend of increasing European Union (EU)-China travel and socio-economic exchanges. EU citizens living in or travelling to China have had to deal with the consequences of Beijing’s so-called Zero-Covid strategy. In view of quasi-closed borders, many Europeans have given up on living in or travelling to China. Those who have stayed have come up with strategies of adaptation, while European-owned firms have reacted by adopting initiatives such as doing business online or localising staff. Overall, the Chinese visa restrictions have added a new dimension to the debate on asymmetries in EU-China relations.

Israel’s international mobilities regime: visa restrictions for educators and medics in Palestine

ABSTRACT This article examines Israel’s control of international presence in Palestine as an ‘international mobilities regime’ that has damaging effects for the provision of services in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza. Focusing specifically on educators and medics, the discussion draws on long-term fieldwork to set international visa restrictions in the context of the ‘internal’ control of Palestinians’ mobilities before documenting the effects for education and healthcare provision. Discussion then turns to the scale and function of bureaucracy that produces a further significant effect: to make nothing happen whereby projects are stalled, cancelled or rendered inconceivable. To this methodologically elusive function, the approach proposed here is to attend to an order of ‘what would have been’ to better understand the power of bureaucracy to prevent movement and make people stay in place. Two main arguments are made: that Israel has developed an international mobilities regime that extends its control over Palestinian spaces; and that the scale of control is perceptible only by careful attention to the lost possibilities effected by bureaucratic restriction – and key contributions are explicated for further enquiry into bureaucracy-as-deterrent, the international dimensions of Israel’s mobility restrictions and a turn to ‘unspectacular’ sites of colonial control.

Filial Nationalism: How the Trump Administration Impacted Chinese International Students

Historically, Chinese international students have chosen the United States as their top destination to study abroad. Many of those ultimately return to their mother country, despite years of Western education, hoping to integrate China into the developed world. In 2011, Vanessa Fong depicted this strong moral attachment as “filial nationalism”. However, this idea took on a different form under the Trump administration – the desire to study in the United States diminished. During the pandemic era, Chinese descendants retain a strong sense of belonging to their mother country, but their interest in the United States has significantly declined. By examining the stringent visa restrictions, increased anti-Asian sentiments, and the United State’s immediate response to COVID-19 – factors that contribute to Chinese international students’ growing reluctance to study in the United States – this essay draws on Fong’s previous longitudinal study and analyzes filial nationalism in recent contexts.

Flourishing as international students and scholars in the US

International students and scholars in the US face many internal and external challenges: barriers in writing, presentations, and interviews, difficulties in building professional networks, visa and funding restrictions, and ineligibility for many fellowship opportunities. Here, three international students and scholars use first-person narratives to share their unique experiences tackling these challenges. They also suggest what institutions can do to support the international student and scholar community.

Australia joins the ‘global Magnitsky movement’

ABSTRACT So-called Magnitsky laws allow states to use the tools available to the domestic system to sanction human rights abusers and corrupt actors that commit their violations abroad. Such tools include visa bans, asset freezes and restrictions on the use of banking systems. Other major Western powers have already enacted Magnitsky laws: in December 2021 Australia followed suit, and thus joined what has been dubbed the ‘global Magnitsky movement’. This commentary considers the relatively short history of Magnitsky laws, including the death of their namesake, Russian tax advisor Sergei Magnitsky. The seeming impunity of those behind his murder triggered a campaign for states to use domestic law to somehow punish perpetrators of egregious human rights violations and serious corruption, where they have not otherwise been held to account. By joining the global Magnitsky movement, Australia falls in line with its allies; depending on how the government elects to use its new sanctions power, this will inevitably come at some diplomatic cost.

Medically underserved areas and International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in the United States: challenges during the COVID-19 era

ABSTRACT Background: Given that nearly a quarter of the US physician workforce are international medical graduates (IMGs), many of whom remain on temporary work visas for prolonged periods due to processing delays, the pandemic has posed unique challenges to these frontline workers and has arbitrarily limited our physician workforce. Methods: This is cross-sectional survey data obtained from IMGs on temporary work visas pertaining to their role in healthcare, impact of visa-related restrictions on their professional and personal lives was sent to the participants. Results: A total of 2630 IMGs responded to the survey. Most of the respondents (1493, 56.8%) were physicians in active practice, with Internal Medicine (1684, 65.7%) being the predominant specialty encountered. 64.1% were practicing in Medically Underserved Areas (MUA) or Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSA), with 45.6% practicing in a rural area. Nearly 89% of respondents had been involved with direct care of COVID-19 patients, with 63.7% assuming administrative responsibilities for COVID-19 preparedness. 261 physicians (11.5%) were subject to quarantine, while 28 (1.2%) reported a confirmed COVID-19 infection. 93% physicians expressed inability to serve in COVID-19 surge areas due to visa-related restrictions, while 57% had been approached by recruiters due to staffing shortages. 72% physicians reported that their families would be at risk for deportation in case of their disability or death. Most respondents (98.8%) felt that permanent resident status would help alleviate the above concerns. Conclusion: A significant proportion of the US physician workforce is adversely impacted by work-based visa restrictions and processing backlog. Mitigating these restrictions could significantly bolster the current physician workforce and prove beneficial in our response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

United States Imposes Economic Sanctions and Visa Restrictions on International Criminal Court Officials

On September 2, 2020, the Trump administration announced that the United States had added the International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, and the head of the Office of the Prosecutor's Jurisdiction, Complementarity, and Cooperation Division, Phakiso Mochochoko, to the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons. The action followed Executive Order 13,928, signed in June, which authorized economic sanctions and visa restrictions on ICC employees who are investigating whether U.S. forces committed war crimes in Afghanistan. Governments and human rights groups decried the sanctions as an attack on international justice.

President Trump Authorizes Economic Sanctions and Visa Restrictions Aimed at International Criminal Court

In the spring of 2020, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court (ICC) authorized the ICC's prosecutor to investigate alleged international crimes committed in Afghanistan. The Trump administration strongly condemned this decision. In an escalation of retaliatory measures against the ICC, President Trump signed an executive order authorizing economic sanctions against foreign persons involved in the investigation and visa restrictions against those persons and their immediate family members. The ICC described these actions as a threat to the rule of law.

Stop Them in Their Tracks: Migration Policies, Drug Markets, and Terrorism

Do migration policies shape the drug-terrorism nexus? A narrow empirical scholarship shows that drug trafficking heightens the rate of terrorism. To date, however, scholars have not investigated how state policies affect the connection between drug markets and terrorism. I address this lacuna by showing that visa and mobility restrictions temper but do not eradicate the drug-terrorism connection. While visa policies are effective, overall migration policy changes have inconclusive effects on the nexus. This article contributes to the crime-terror literature by highlighting the conditions under which the connection can be mitigated by state policies.

Organizational and economic levers to activate the cooperation of the Chinese People's Republic and Ukraine in the sphere of tourism, resorts and hotel management

Organizational and economic levers to activate the cooperation of the Chinese People's Republic and Ukraine in the sphere of tourism, resorts and hotel management

The Global Evolution of Travel Visa Regimes.

The Global Evolution of Travel Visa Regimes.

International Cooperation People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the Spheres of Tourism, Resorts and Hotel Industry

Scientific work presents the results of the research status and problems in international cooperation People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the tourism spheres, resorts and hotel industry, and provides suggestions and recommendations aimed at strengthening this cooperation with regard to the current state of relations between the two countries. Analyses are the normative-legal framework regulating the international cooperation in the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hospitality industry. The tendencies of the entry of PRC citizens in Ukraine have been analysed. Key issues have been identified and they can have a negative impact on the intensification of the tourist flow from China to Ukraine and from Ukraine to China. Visa restrictions have been identified, as well as on possible ways of mutual simplification in visa procedures (formalities). The revealed tendency of increase in the number of tourism products on the tourist services markets of both countries, which provide the mutual visits possibility. The most popular tourist destinations in Ukraine for citizens of China and of China to citizens of Ukraine. The possibilities of increasing tourist flows have been identified by increasing the potential for cooperation in thematic segments (types of tourism), including in the field of educational tourism. Opportunities for enhancing cooperation on attraction of opportunities of the Chinese organizations in the creation and development in Ukraine of a modern tourist resort and hotel infrastructure have been identified. Evidence-based suggestions and recommendations have been made to optimize international cooperation of the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine in the field of tourism, resorts and hospitality industry. Perspectives of scientific research in this direction.

The Influence of Visa Restrictions on the Choice of Travel Destination among the Academic and Senior Staff of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike

This research evaluated the influence of visa restrictions on the choice of travel destination among academic and senior staff of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU). The travel and tourism industry has witnessed a lot of restrictions imposed by nation-states for various reasons, while a hot debate rages among scholars of the positive and negative influences restrictions have on tourism destinations, this study tried to understand the to what extent the restrictions influence the choice of travel destinations among academic and senior staff of MOUAU. Guided by three research questions, the research tried to apply the Random Utility Maximization (RUM) model to sample respondents’ opinions. Data for the study was collected using a twenty item structured questionnaire which made use of simple descriptive statistics and a four-point scale. Simple frequency percentage and mean statistics were used to analyze the data generated by the research. The findings of the analysis proved that even though there are various forms of visa restrictions experienced by the academic and senior staff of MOUAU, these restrictions are not really considered by the respondents when choosing their travel destinations. The study found out that visa denials, being allowed limited time within the host country, outrageous visa requirement(s) and ineligibility to apply were the major forms of visa restrictions experienced among the academic and senior staff of MOUAU. The study also found security, curbing illegal immigration, wrong application format, ineligibility and incomplete information as the main causes of the restrictions experienced. Analysis of the mean response of respondents on the suggested ways of minimizing visa restrictions experienced indicated that respondents generally agreed that making visa application process and requirement open, orientating visa officials towards a pro-tourism approach, reducing visa issuance criteria, devising other means of securing a country other than travel restrictions and developing an international standard for visa issuance were ways of minimizing the forms of visa restrictions experienced. The study finally tried to make suggestions and recommendations on carrying out more studies to understand other factors which influence to a greater extent the choice of travel destinations among travelers in general. The work also recommends carrying out a similar study on a different social group in order to verify its findings.