Virus Isolation Research Articles

Evidence that staphylococcal superantigens promote within-patient bacterial persistence following post-operative surgical site infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of post-operative surgical site infections and persistent bacteremia. Here, we describe a patient who experienced three episodes of S. aureus infection over a period of 4 months following a total knee arthroplasty. The initial bloodstream isolate (SAB-0429) was a clonal complex 5 (CC5) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), whereas two subsequent isolates (SAB-0485 and SAB-0495) were CC5 isolates but methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. The two latter isolates harbored a plasmid encoding three superantigen genes that were not present in the primary MRSA isolate. SAB-0485 and SAB-0495 both expressed the plasmid-encoded staphylococcal enterotoxin R exotoxin and demonstrated increased superantigen activity compared with SAB-0429. Compared to SAB-0429, the latter isolates also demonstrated an increased bacterial burden in a mouse bacteremia model that was dependent on increased interferon-γ production. Curing of the plasmid from SAB-0485 reduced this virulence phenotype. These findings suggest that the superantigen exotoxins may provide a selective advantage in chronic post-surgical infections.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we investigated bacterial isolates from a patient who experienced three recurrent S. aureus infections over a 4 month period following total knee arthroplasty. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of these isolates revealed that they all belonged to clonal complex 5, yet the latter two strains contained an additional plasmid encoding superantigen exotoxins. Subsequent experimental infection experiments in mice demonstrated that the plasmid-encoded superantigens exacerbated bacteremia by promoting liver abscess formation. These experiments suggest that despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, bacterial superantigens may be able to promote persistent infection following post-surgery.

Isolation and Characterization of H1 Subtype Swine Influenza Viruses Recently Circulating in China

Pigs serve as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses and can independently promote the emergence of pandemic strains in humans. During our surveillance of pig populations from 2021 to 2023 in China, 11 H1 subtype swine influenza viruses (SIVs) were isolated. All viruses were reassortants, possessing internal genes of identical origins (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M: pdm09/H1N1 origin, NS: North American triple reassortant origin). The H1N1 isolates were all the dominant G4 EA H1N1 viruses in China. Two H1N2 isolates carried early human pdm09/H1N1 HA genes, suggesting a possible pig-to-human transmission route. Mutations that dictate host range specificity were identified in all isolates, a phenomenon which may enhance the affinity to human receptors. These H1 subtype viruses effectively replicated both in vivo and in vitro without prior adaptation and exhibited different pathogenicity and growth characteristics. Some of the H1 viruses were even found to cause lethal infections in mice. Taken together, our study indicates that the H1 subtype SIVs recently circulating in China pose a potential threat to human health and emphasizes the importance of continuing to closely monitor their evolution and spread.

First Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Phylogenetic Characterization of A3B5 Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Pullets in Chile

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an important pathogen affecting the poultry industry worldwide. IBDV serotype 1, including classical virulent strains (cvIBDV), variant strains (varIBDV), and very virulent strains (vvIBDV), is pathogenic for chickens. IBDV mainly infects immature B-lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, weakening the humoral immune response and leading to secondary infections and increased morbidity and mortality. The Laboratory of Avian Pathology received ten live 8-week-old pullets from a laying hen operation experiencing increased mortality, prostration, diarrhea, and sudden death. Upon necropsy, the affected birds presented swollen, hemorrhagic, and edematous bursa of Fabricius, as well as hemorrhage in the breast and thigh muscles. RT-PCR confirmed that the samples from the bursa of Fabricius were positive for IBDV. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 and VP2 gene nucleotide sequences classified the strain, isolated in embryonated chicken eggs, as the A3B5 genotype. Amino acid sequence analysis of the VP2 hypervariable region revealed the presence of amino acid residues commonly found in vvIBDV. Additional studies are required to investigate the epidemiological situation of this genotype in Chile and to evaluate current vaccination plans and their effectiveness against new variants.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N5) detected in an Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway, 2023

We present the first documented case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N5 in an Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus). The animal was found dead in Svalbard, Norway, in 2023. Sequence analysis revealed the highest genetic similarity with virus isolates from different avian hosts.

In Vivo and In Vitro Studies Assessing the Antiviral Efficacy of Double Combinations Against Coxsackievirus B Infection.

Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infections, ranging from mild to severe diseases, lack specific antiviral treatments, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Drug therapy is an important tool for controlling enterovirus infections, but clinically effective drugs do not currently exist, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Combination therapy with two or more drugs has the potential to successfully inhibit viral infection more effectively than either drug alone as well as delay the development of resistance. This study explores the consecutive alternating administration (CAA) scheme in mice with CVB1 infection, utilizing double antiviral combinations consisting of pleconaril and MDL-860, with guanidine hydrochloride and oxoglaucine. The CAA combinations of pleconaril achieved a survival rate, in infected mice, of up to 59%, while the combinations of MDL-860 showed no significant effects. CAA reduced mortality, prolonged mean survival time (up to 5 days), and mitigated drug resistance compared to monotherapy or simultaneous administration. Monotherapeutic courses and daily administration of double combinations had no effect. Phenotypic characterization using the IC50 marker of virus isolates from brain tissue of infected and treated mice was of particular importance for the evaluation of the CAA treatment scheme. The results show increased susceptibility of the virus isolates to the partner compounds in double CAA combinations. In contrast, virus isolates from the monotherapeutic groups manifested a diminished susceptibility to their respective compound, which signals the development of drug resistance. All data obtained prove the potential of the CAA scheme for the development of effective chemotherapy of enterovirus infections.

Rapid and comprehensive detection of viral antibodies and nucleic acids via an acoustofluidic integrated molecular diagnostics chip: AIMDx.

Precise and rapid disease detection is critical for controlling infectious diseases like COVID-19. Current technologies struggle to simultaneously identify viral RNAs and host immune antibodies due to limited integration of sample preparation and detection. Here, we present acoustofluidic integrated molecular diagnostics (AIMDx) on a chip, a platform enabling high-speed, sensitive detection of viral immunoglobulins [immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM] and nucleic acids. AIMDx uses acoustic vortexes and Gor'kov potential wells at a 1/10,000 subwavelength scale for concurrent isolation of viruses and antibodies while excluding cells, bacteria, and large (>200 nanometers) vesicles from saliva samples. The chip facilitates on-chip viral RNA enrichment, lysis in 2 minutes, and detection via transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, alongside electrochemical sensing of antibodies, including mucin-masked IgA. AIMDx achieved nearly 100% recovery of viruses and antibodies, a 32-fold RNA detection improvement, and an immunity marker sensitivity of 15.6 picograms per milliliter. This breakthrough provides a transformative tool for multiplex diagnostics, enhancing early infectious disease detection.

Polarized Calu-3 Cells Serve as an Intermediary Model for SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Human nasal epithelium (HNE) organoid models of SARS-CoV-2 infection were adopted globally during the COVID-19 pandemic once it was recognized that the Vero cell line commonly used by virologists did not recapitulate human infection. However, the widespread use of HNE organoid infection models was hindered by the high cost of media and consumables, and the inherent limitation of basal cells as a scalable continuous source of cells. The human Calu-3 cell line, generated from a lung adenocarcinoma, was shown to largely recapitulate infection of the human epithelium and to preserve the SARS-CoV-2 genomic fidelity. We have previously shown that continuous cancer cell lines can polarize along the apical-basal axis when embedded in matrix and to more closely mimic infection of human cells when compared to their non-polarized, simple monolayer state. We have established and demonstrated that polarized Calu-3 cells constitute a robust SARS-CoV-2 infection model. The polarized Calu-3 cells are implemented in our respiratory virus isolation and amplification pipeline as an inexpensive, scalable, intermediary culture system to complement the HNE organoid model against which all respiratory culture models are benchmarked.

MOLECULAR AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ISOLATES IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION

Abstract Introduction. According to international studies, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isolates from individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are characterized by specific molecular genetic features compared to immunocompetent individuals. In Russia, no studies have yet been conducted to assessing EBV molecular genetic diversity in HIV-patients. The aim of the study is to assess EBV molecular genetic diversity in adult HIV-patients in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Materials and methods. EBV isolates derived from blood leukocytes of 138 HIV-infected patients aged 20–69 years (HIV(+) group) and 68 HIV-uninfected sex- and age-matched (HIV(-) group) individuals were studied. For differential detection of EBV-1/EBV-2, there were used PCR variant with electrophoretic detection of amplification products in agarose gel. Nucleotide sequences of the C-terminal fragment LMP-1 gene were determined by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA X software. Results. In the typical pattern of Nizhny Novgorod region EBV isolates in the adults HIV(-) group, only EBV-1 was detected. In the HIV(+) group detection rate of EBV-1 was 88.2±3.4%, EBV-2 – 5.4±2.3%, EBV-1+VEB-2 – 6.4± 2.6% cases. In the EBV strain structure based on the classification by R. Edwards et al. five LMP-1 variants were identified: B95-8, China 1, Med-, NC and Alaskan, among which B95-8 was dominant. However, their frequency rate did not differ between the HIV(+) and HIV(-) groups. In general, in HIV infection, the appearance of recombinant EBV LMP-1 variants, a wider range of deletions, prominent variability in the tandem repeat region with the presence of modified motifs and point amino acid substitutions therein have been noted, and 57 amino acid substitutions have been described that were previously found in the Nizhny Novgorod region EBV isolates was not detected. Conclusion. For the first time in Russia, molecular genetic EBV diversity in adult HIV-patients was carried out. The results obtained build up the basis for a prospective study on a relationship between clinical and laboratory characteristics for EBV+HIV co-infection and genetic heterogeneity of EBV population at the level of virus types, variants and subvariants.

Complete genome sequence of a Bangladesh-developed live-attenuated lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccine strain.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle is managed through live-attenuated vaccines. Bangladesh LSD vaccine was developed from LSD virus isolate Bangladesh LSD-29 by passaging 60 times in cell culture. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Bangladesh LSD vaccine strain.

Optimizing Tongue Fluid Sampling and Testing Protocols for Enhanced PRRSV Isolation from Perinatal Swine Mortalities.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major concern for swine health. Isolating PRRSV is essential for identifying infectious viruses and for vaccine formulation. This study evaluated the potential of using tongue fluid (TF) from perinatal piglet mortalities for PRRSV isolation. Four collection protocols were tested: extracting TF from fresh tissues using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), extracting TF from fresh tissues using virus transportation medium (VTM group), extracting TF from freeze-thawed tissue (freeze-thaw group), and using tissue homogenates (homogenate group). Two cell lines (ZMAC and MARC-145) and primary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were evaluated for their effect on successful PRRSV isolation. An eligible PRRSV-positive unstable breeding herd in Midwestern USA was chosen for the study. Tongues were collected in 20 batches (~30 mortalities per batch). Within each batch, each tongue tissue was cut into four quarters, with each quarter randomly assigned to one of the four collection protocols and RT-qPCR tested. Virus isolation (VI) was attempted on 10 batches. The mean RT-qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values for the PBS, VTM, freeze-thaw, and homogenate groups were 21.9, 21.8, 22.6, and 24.8, respectively. The VI success rate was 22.6%, 12.1%, 2.8%, and 2.8% in the PBS, VTM, freeze-thaw, and homogenate groups, respectively. The probability of successful VI was 3.1% and 21.0% in the MARC-145 and ZMAC cell lines, respectively, and 4.8% in the PAM cells. TF from perinatal mortalities is an option for PRRS VI, aiding in PRRSV monitoring and control programs.

Genetic Diversity of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) isolates from tobacco growing fields of Western Anatolia, Türkiye

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an important plant virus that is common in agriculture. It is the first evidence of the existence of viruses in history. Studies on the genetic diversity of the CP gene of TMV, which plays a leading role in host interaction, are limited both in our country and around the world. Genetic diversity analyses were conducted on ten isolates of the full CP gene region of TMV obtained from the most intensive tobacco cultivation areas in our country, and compared with global isolates. TMV infection was detected in 32 out of 300 plants collected from the Aegean and Marmara regions (Çanakkale, Balıkesir, İzmir, Manisa, Uşak, Aydın and Denizli) between 2019 and 2020 using conventional molecular techniques. To genetically characterize the virus, 10 samples were selected from each region, and the complete CP gene region sequences were determined. The aligned CP gene region sequences of TMV from Türkiye and its global isolates exhibited nucleotide homology ratios ranging from 87.7% to100%, with amino acid ratios ranging from 88.7% to 100%. The Türkiye isolates displayed similarity rates of 98.5% to 100% at the nucleotide level and 98.7% and 100% at the amino acid level. In phylogenetic analysis, the 196 known isolates of TMV registered in GenBank, belong to the CP gene region, were divided into two main clades (I and II) and two subclades (Ia and Ib). Turkish isolates were clustered in the major branch with the main clade I and subclade Ia isolates. Therefore, genetic analyses were performed on the CP gene region isolates obtained from different parts of the world and a wide range of hosts, including the isolates obtained from Türkiye. The results showed high genetic stability, similar to many tobamoviruses.

Characteristics of the monkeypox virus isolate obtained from the first patient in Russia and its sensitivity to 7-[N-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-tricyclo-[3.2.2.0^2,4]non-8-en-6-carboxylic acid

Introduction. Since early May 2022, more than 90,000 cases of monkeypox virus infection have been reported in more than 70 countries around the World. This is the largest outbreak of monkeypox ever recorded outside of Africa. The aim of the study is to confirm the first case of monkeypox in Russia, to isolate and sequence a new strain of monkeypox virus (MPXV), and to assess its sensitivity to the 7-[N-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]-tricyclo-[3.2.2.0^2,4]non-8-en-6-carboxylic acid (NIOCH-14) antipox drug. Materials and methods. The biological materials obtained from the affected area of the skin (contents of vesicles), a nasopharyngeal smear, sputum and venous blood from a patient with suspected monkeypox were used. The disease was confirmed by PCR followed by determination of the nucleotide sequence of viral DNA by sequencing. Isolation of the new MPXV strain from clinical samples was carried out in Vero E6 cells. The antiviral effectiveness of NIOCH-14 against the new MPXV strain was assessed using an adapted spectrophotometric method. Results. A diagnostic study of the biological samples of a patient who returned from a tourist trip to European countries with complaints of skin rashes all over the body revealed MPXV DNA. A new strain of MPXV was isolated from vesicles in Vero E6 cells, and the genomic sequence MPXV-pustule S45 was assembled using high-throughput parallel sequencing (NGS). Discussion. The effectiveness of the finished dosage form of NIOCH-14 against the new strain of MPXV based on the results of determining the 50% virus inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.02 μg/mL, and the selectivity index (SI) was 15,000. Conclusion. In this study, the pathogen of monkeypox was detected and identified using real-time PCR, NGS and electron microscopy, and the first imported case of this disease in Russia was confirmed. It has been proven that the drug NIOCH-14 exhibits high antiviral activity in vitro against the new MPXV strain.

Pacmanvirus isolated from the Lost City hydrothermal field extends the concept of transpoviron beyond the family Mimiviridae.

The microbial sampling of submarine hydrothermal vents remains challenging, with even fewer studies focused on viruses. Here we report the first isolation of a eukaryotic virus from the Lost City hydrothermal field, by co-culture with the laboratory host Acanthamoeba castellanii. This virus, named pacmanvirus lostcity, is closely related to previously isolated pacmanviruses (strains A23 and S19), clustering in a divergent clade within the long-established family Asfarviridae. Its icosahedral particles are 200nm in diameter, with an electron-dense core surrounded by an inner membrane. Its genome of 395 708bp (33% G + C) is predicted to encode 473 proteins. However, besides these standard properties, pacmanvirus lostcity was found associated with a new type of selfish genetic element, 7kb in length, whose architecture and gene content are reminiscent of those of transpovirons, hitherto specific to the family Mimiviridae. Like previously described transpovirons, this element propagates as an episome within its host virus particles and exhibits partial recombination with its genome. In addition, an unrelated 2kb long episome was also associated with pacmanvirus lostcity. Together, the transpoviron and the 2kb episome might participate to exchanges between pacmanviruses and other large DNA virus families. It remains to be elucidated if the presence of these mobile genetic elements is restricted to pacmanviruses or was simply overlooked in other members of the Asfarviridae.

Identification of Potential Vectors and Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Mosquitoes Collected Before and During the 2022 Outbreak in Rwanda.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus of One Health importance that caused two large outbreaks in Rwanda in 2018 and 2022. Information on vector species with a role in RVFV eco-epidemiology in Rwanda is scarce. Here we sought to identify potential mosquito vectors of RVFV in Rwanda, their distribution and abundance, as well as their infection status. Since an outbreak of RVF occurred during the study period, data were obtained both during an interepidemic period and during the 2022 Rwanda RVF outbreak. Five districts of the eastern province of Rwanda were prospected using a combination of unbaited light traps and Biogents (BG Sentinel and Pro) traps baited with an artificial human scent during three periods, namely mid-August to mid-September 2021, December 2021, and April to May 2022. Trapped mosquitoes were morphologically identified and tested for viral evidence using both RT-PCR and virus isolation methods on a Vero cell line. A total of 14,815 adult mosquitoes belonging to five genera and at least 17 species were collected and tested as 765 monospecific pools. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most predominant species representing 72.7% of total counts. Of 527 mosquito pools collected before the 2022 outbreak, a single pool of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed evidence of RVFV RNA. Of 238 pools collected during the outbreak, RVFV was detected molecularly from five pools (two pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus, two pools of Anopheles ziemanni, and one pool of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato), and RVFV was isolated from the two pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus, from Kayonza and Rwamagana districts, respectively. Minimum infection rates (per 1000 mosquitoes) of 0.4 before the outbreak and 0.6-7 during the outbreak were noted. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicates that RVFV detected in these mosquitoes is closely related to viral strains that circulated in livestock in Rwanda and in Burundi during the same RVF outbreak in 2022. The findings reveal initial evidence for the incrimination of several mosquito species in the transmission of RVFV in Rwanda and highlight the need for more studies to understand the role of each species in supporting the spread and persistence of RVFV in the country.

Rev-RRE activity modulates HIV-1 replication and latency reactivation: Implications for viral persistence and cure strategies.

The HIV-1 Rev-RRE regulatory axis plays a crucial role in viral replication by facilitating the nucleo-cytoplasmic export and expression of viral mRNAs with retained introns. In this study, we investigated the impact of variation in Rev-RRE functional activity on HIV-1 replication kinetics and reactivation from latency. Using a novel HIV-1 clone with an interchangeable Rev cassette, we engineered viruses with different Rev functional activities and demonstrated that higher Rev-RRE activity confers greater viral replication capacity while maintaining a constant level of Nef expression. In addition, a low Rev activity virus rapidly acquired a compensatory mutation in the RRE that significantly increased Rev-RRE activity and replication. In a latency model, proviruses with differing Rev-RRE activity levels varied in the efficiency of viral reactivation, affecting both initial viral release and subsequent replication kinetics. These results demonstrate that activity differences in the Rev-RRE axis among different viral isolates have important implications for HIV replication dynamics and persistence. Importantly, our findings indicate that bolstering Rev/RRE activity could be explored as part of latency reversal strategies in HIV cure efforts.

Genetic variation of hemolysin co-regulated protein 1 affects the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei.

Hemolysin co-regulated protein 1 (Hcp1) is a component of the cluster 1 Type VI secretion system (T6SS1) that plays a key role during the intracellular lifecycle of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Hcp1 is recognized as a promising target antigen for developing melioidosis diagnostics and vaccines. While the gene encoding Hcp1 is retained across B. pseudomallei strains, variants of hcp1 have recently been identified. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of hcp1 variants in clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei, assess the antigenicity of the Hcp1 variants, and the ability of strains expressing these variants to stimulate multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) formation in comparison to strains expressing wild-type Hcp1 (Hcp1wt). Sequence analysis of 1,283 primary clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei demonstrated the presence of 8 hcp1 alleles encoding three types of Hcp1 proteins, including Hcp1wt (98.05%), Hcp1variant A (1.87%) and Hcp1variant B (0.08%). Compared to strains expressing Hcp1wt, those expressing the dominant variant, Hcp1variant A, stimulated lower levels of Hcp1variant A-specific antibody responses in melioidosis patients. Interestingly, when Hcp1variant A was expressed in B. pseudomallei K96243, this strain retained the ability to stimulate MNGC formation in A549 cells. In contrast, however, similar experiments with the Hcp1variant B demonstrated a decreased ability of B. pseudomallei to stimulate MNGC formation. Collectively, these results show that B. pseudomallei strains expressing variants of Hcp1 elicit variable antibody responses in melioidosis patients and differ in their ability to promote MNGC formation in cell culture.

Recovery of Recombinant Marburg Virus by Reverse Genetics.

Reverse genetics systems can be used to study parts or all of the viral life cycle. Recovery systems are reverse genetics systems used for the generation of infectious recombinant viruses that can carry targeted mutations or express reporter genes. The former can help address basic research questions to better understand certain steps of viral replication, while recombinant viruses expressing reporter genes, such as luciferases or fluorescent proteins, can be used for drug screening assays. Accordingly, recombinant viruses can be of great use for a variety of research purposes, including antiviral compound screenings and development of other countermeasures if no virus isolates are available. In this protocol, we describe a T7-driven reverse genetics system to generate recombinant Marburg virus from full-length cDNA.

Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert® Mpox and STANDARD™ M10 MPX/OPX for the detection of monkeypox virus.

Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of two point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of monkeypox virus (MPXV): Xpert® Mpox (Cepheid, Inc., USA) and STANDARD™ M10 MPX/OPX (SD Biosensor, Inc., Korea). Diagnostic accuracy of both POC platforms was evaluated using 53 upper-respiratory swabs (URS) and 32 skin lesions swabs (SS) collected from mpox and COVID-19 patients in the UK against the Sansure (Sansure Biotech Inc.) and CDC reference qPCR tests. The analytical sensitivity of both platforms was assessed using a viral isolate from II, B.1 lineage. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert® Mpox was 97.67% [95% CI 87.71-99.94%] and 88.57% [95% CI 73.26-96.80%] and 97.44% [95% CI 86.52-99.94%] and 74.42% [95% CI 58.83-86.48%] comparing the Sansure and CDC qPCR, respectively and for the M10 MPX/OPX was 87.80% [95% CI 73.80-95.92%] and 76.60% [95% CI 61.97-87.70%] and 94.29% [95% CI 80.84-99.30%] and 86.67% [95% CI 73.21-94.95%] with the Sansure and CDC qPCR. The Xpert® Mpox had good diagnostic accuracy for both sample types while the M10 MPX/OPX clinical accuracy was deficient with URS. Our data supports the use of URS during the first 3 days of symptoms onset for mpox diagnosis.

Isolation and characterization of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from farmed bastard halibut

Isolation and characterization of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from farmed bastard halibut

Isolation and characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus from field outbreaks in Pakistan

Isolation and characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus from field outbreaks in Pakistan