Virus Types Research Articles

Host Viral Load During Triple Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Syncytial Virus

The dynamics of the host viral load during triple coinfection between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A, and the syncytial virus is studied. To explore how the host cells, the infected cells, and the viral load behave as a function of time, numerical simulations are performed. Via numerical simulations, the differential equations are analyzed by considering initial conditions. Since the numerical simulations are performed by using the physiological parameters, the model system can genuinely help to understand the viral dynamics either in vivo or in vitro. The result obtained in this work depicts that a higher viral load is exhibited when the three viruses simultaneously infect the host cells than in a single infection case. This indicates that simultaneous infection with SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and syncytial viruses might be associated with a higher morbidity and mortality rate as these viruses by cooperating with each other facilitate a higher infection rate. Using physiological parameters, we further study the correlation between viral load, susceptible cells, and infected cells. As the three viral species cooperatively infect the host cells, the number of infected cells rises resulting in a higher viral load. Since influenza A has a higher viral reproduction rate than the two types of virus, it dictates the overall dynamics as it has a competitive advantage. Since these viruses share the same resources, the virus production of a given virus can be affected by the other. The interference of these viruses relies on the initial dose, the order of infection, and the strain of the virus. We show that when influenza A and syncytial viruses are initiated a few days after SARS-CoV-2 establishes an infection, while SARS-CoV-2 thrives, and the other two viruses fail to establish an infection. The viruses with an initially higher dose have also a survival advantage. Furthermore, the effect of lymphocytes on the overall viral dynamics is explored via numerical simulations. Since SARS-CoV-2 targets several types of cells and organs, a higher SARS-CoV-2 viral load can be also associated with a higher morbidity and mortality rate.

Information behavior of undergraduates to preventive measures of corona virus: A post COVID experience

This study was conducted with the primarily purpose of evaluating the information awareness, seeking behavior and use of preventive measures of corona virus. The survey research design of the analytical type and a purposive sampling was adopted for the study. The total sample size for this study was five hundred and thirty-eight (538). The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. A total of 443 (92.7%) copies of questionnaire were returned and found usable. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and multiple regression statistical tools. The study revealed that respondents were aware that omicron variant of corona virus is a new type of virus. However, majority agreed that the type of genetic materials in corona virus is DNA which contradicts proven studies and research. Findings on information needs of respondents revealed that majority need information on causes, symptoms, test procedures and transmission level of corona virus among others. The result on the sources by which the undergraduates get their information on corona virus revealed that the internet was the major sources of information while library was the least sources of accessing information. Furthermore, findings on the pattern of the use of preventive measures of corona virus information revealed undergraduates utilized the information on corona virus majorly for symptom identification; patient isolation/quarantine procedure and treatment procedure. The result on the regression analysis revealed a significant effect of information sources on attitude to use preventive measures of corona virus. Finally, the result revealed information awareness, needs and use have a significant influence on attitude of undergraduates to preventive measures of the virus. It was concluded that the library was the less consulted source of information related to the corona virus information on health needs. Hence, library should do more in providing accurate and credible health related information to its respective users.

Dietary Supplementation of Aspirin Promotes Drosophila Defense against Viral Infection.

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is widely consumed as a pain reliever and an anti-inflammatory as well as anti-platelet agent. Recently, our studies using the animal model of Drosophila demonstrated that the dietary supplementation of aspirin renovates age-onset intestinal dysfunction and delays organismal aging. Nevertheless, it remains probable that aspirin plays functional roles in other biological activities, for instance antiviral defense reactions. Intriguingly, we observed that the replications of several types of viruses were drastically antagonized in Drosophila macrophage-like S2 cells with the addition of aspirin. Further in vivo experimental approaches illustrate that adult flies consuming aspirin harbor higher resistances to viral infections with respect to flies without aspirin treatment. Mechanistically, aspirin positively contributes to the Drosophila antiviral defense largely through mediating the STING (stimulator of interferon genes) but not the IMD (immune deficiency) signaling pathway. Collectively, our studies uncover a novel biological function of aspirin in modulating Drosophila antiviral immunity and provide theoretical bases for exploring new antiviral treatments in clinical trials.

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) in Russia and Epstein - Barr Virus Types: Analysis of the Influence of Gender, Ethnic and Age Factors on the Virus Types Spread in NPC Patients

Introduction: The discovery of two molecular types of Epstein-Barr virus, EBV-1 and EBV-2, with different biological properties, stimulated the search for new neoplasms associated with each type of the virus. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of EBV-1 and EBV-2 in NPC patients from different climatic and geographical regions of Russia, representatives of different gender, ethnic and age groups of patients. Materials and Methods: Using nested PCR EBV types were determined in blood plasma of NPC and other non-EBV-associated tumors of the oral cavity (OTOC/EBV-) patients from the North Caucasus (NCFD) and the Central (CFD) Federal Districts of Russia. IgG and IgA antibody titers to viral capsid antigen (VCA) were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Results: The studies carried out have shown that NPC and OTOC/EBV- patients were infected with both EBV types in roughly the same ratio. There were also no statistically significant differences in serological activities of NPC patients infected with EBV-1 or EBV-2. The prevalence of EBV-2 types 1 and 2 was not influenced by gender or ethno-geographic affiliation of NPC patients. The only difference was EBV-2 predominance in NPC patients under 60, and EBV-1 predominance in those over 60 years old. Conclusion: The absence of a predominance of one of the EBV types in NPC patients indicates that neither EBV-1 nor EBV-2 is strictly NPC-associated in Russia, and that different ethnic and climatic-geographical factors in the spread of virus types in NPC patients are not playing an essential role.

Risk of mortality of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and other causes of viral pneumonia in Chile

Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to respiratory viruses is highly prevalent in Chile. Common etiologies include Influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Hantavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 since 2020. To identify clinical and laboratory features associated with 20-day mortality in severe viral CAP in a high complexity health care center in southern Chile. The observational study included two cohorts of patients with severe CAP according to IDSA/ATS criteria: the years 2013-2018 (No COVID-19) and the year 2020 (COVID-19). Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and 30-day mortality data were collected. We used Chi-square and Student's T for categorical and continuous variables. We used a binary logistic regression model for mortality analysis, reporting the results as Odd ratios (ORs). Mortality at 30 days was: Hantavirus 54.4%, Influenza H1N1 36.8%, other influenza 30.4%, RSV 25%, and COVID-19 23.6%. We found no significant difference regarding type of virus (COVID-19 or NO COVID-19). Mortality was associated with older age (OR: 4.6; p-value < 0.01), immunosuppression (OR: 5.8; p-value 0.01), and cyanosis (OR: 3.8, p-value 0.02). COVID-19 was not associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality compared to other common respiratory viruses in our study. Older age, immunosuppression, and cyanosis were associated with higher risk among patients with severe viral CAP.

Plant-derived single domain COVID-19 antibodies.

Data show a decrease in the risk of hospitalization and death from COVID-19. To date, global vaccinations for SARS-CoV-2 protections are underway, but additional treatments are urgently needed to prevent and cure infection among naïve and even vaccinated people. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are very promising for prophylaxis and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, traditional large-scale methods of producing such antibodies are slow, extremely expensive and possess a high risk of contamination with viruses, prions, oncogenic DNA and other pollutants. The present study is aimed at developing an approach of producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein in plant systems which offers unique advantages, such as the lack of human and animal pathogens or bacterial toxins, relatively low-cost manufacturing, and ease of production scale-up. We selected a single N-terminal domain functional camelid-derived heavy (H)-chain antibody fragments (VHH, AKA nanobodies) targeted to receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and developed methods of their rapid production using transgenic plants and plant cell suspensions. Isolated and purified plant-derived VHH antibodies were compared with mAbs produced in traditional mammalian and bacterial expression systems. It was found that plant generated VHH using the proposed methods of transformation and purification possess the ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein comparable to that of monoclonal antibodies derived from bacterial and mammalian cell cultures. The results of the present studies confirm the visibility of producing monoclonal single-chain antibodies with a high ability to bind the targeted COVID-19 spike protein in plant systems within a relatively shorter time span and at a lower cost when compared with traditional methods. Moreover, similar plant biotechnology approaches can be used for producing monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against other types of viruses.

PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF THE SPREAD OF THE COVID-19 VIRUS AND VACCINATION ACTIVITIES

Covid-19 is a type of virus that is currently on the rise, and its spread throughout the world is increasing; the spread of this virus is quite fast because almost everyone in the world has been infected; As a result, all governments around the world are working hand in hand to eradicate and inhibit the growth of this covid-19, and take steps to reduce it, one of which is the provision of a covid-19 vaccine. The Covid-19 vaccine is one form of effort made by governments around the world to combat the current case of the spread of Covid-19, where the proliferation of Covid-19 cases which are increasingly mushrooming has made it difficult for all parties, especially the government, to restore order. This material is collected through library research operations from various related journals/articles, to ensure that the contents are relevant to the themes discussed.

Modern approaches to the therapy of genital herpes in women

Genital herpes (GH) is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is characterized by lifelong infection and periodic reactivation. Until recently, GH was more often caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2), but now it very common infection cases by HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and in some countries are even more common than HSV-2. More than 400 million people currently have GH caused by HSV-2 in the world. In the United States nearly one in five adults (approximately 40 million people) are infected with HSV-2. About 1 million new infections occur every year.Recently, much attention has been paid to the issue of new approaches to GH therapy in women. The problem is extremely urgent, since this infection is very common in the world. The main causes of GH are HSV-1 and HSV-2.Approaches to the treatment of GH differ depending on the type of virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2), as well as the absence or presence of clinical manifestations. The analysis of literature data shows that is there are two ways of GH treatment: episodic antiviral therapy, when patients undergo short courses of antiviral therapy during GH relapse, or suppressive antiviral therapy, when patients take medication daily to prevent relapses.Our clinical experience allows us to recommend the ukrainian drug Virostat (manufacturer “Kyiv Vitamin Plant”) for the treatment of HSV infection in women. The scheme of treatment with the Virostat depends on whether these are the first manifestations of infection or its recurrence.There are no approved vaccines for the treatment and prevention of GH, therefore, active prevention and early diagnosis increase the chances of safe and effective treatment of GH in women of different age groups and at different stages of the disease.

Effects of ambient temperature and humidity on viruses activity on different architectural coatings and kinetics study

The inactivation rates of non-encapsulated virus (MS2, φA039, enterovirus EV71) and enveloped virus (influenza A virus H3N2) on architectural coating with different porosity were measured at different temperatures and relative humidity (RH). To study the variation of virus activity on different architectural coating with temperature and humidity and provide reference for the control of indoor building surface virus. The inactivation rate of the virus on different surfaces was analyzed at 15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C and at RHs of 30 %, 60 %, and 90 % for 12 h or 24 h. Overall, the architectural porous coating is adsorbent to viruses. Under low temperatures and high RH conditions (15 °C, 90 % RH), the viruses can survive longer on the surface of the architectural nonporous (few pores) coating. At low humidity, water can evaporate rapidly on the porous surface, which contributes to virus inactivation, especially for nonenveloped viruses. Architectural porous coating can absorb and retain more water, which reduces the impact of high temperature on the virus under high humidity conditions. The inactivation rate of H3N2 on porous surfaces decreased with the decrease of humidity. In addition, the first-order kinetic and nonlinear Weibull models are used to describe the virus inactivation data. The inactivation of the virus on the surface of the architectural coating and the goodness of fit of the virus inactivation rate is related to the porosity of the architectural coating, temperature, RH, and the type of virus.

Bivalent mRNA vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

BackgroundSequential infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Alpha, Delta, Omicron and its sublineages may cause high morbidity, so it is necessary to develop vaccines that can protect against both wild-type (WT) virus and its variants. Mutations in SARS-CoV-2’s spike protein can easily alter viral transmission and vaccination effectiveness.MethodsIn this study, we designed full-length spike mRNAs for WT, Alpha, Delta, and BA.5 variants and integrated each into monovalent or bivalent mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines. A pseudovirus neutralization assay was conducted on immunized mouse sera in order to examine the neutralizing potential of each vaccine.ResultsMonovalent mRNA vaccines were only effective against the same type of virus. Interestingly, monovalent BA.5 vaccination could neutralize BF.7 and BQ.1.1. Moreover, WT, Alpha, Delta, BA.5, and BF.7 pseudoviruses were broadly neutralized by bivalent mRNA vaccinations, such as BA.5 + WT, BA.5 + Alpha, and BA.5 + Delta. In particular, BA.5 + WT exhibited high neutralization against most variants of concern (VOCs) in a pseudovirus neutralization assay.ConclusionsOur results show that combining two mRNA sequences may be an effective way to develop a broadly protective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine against a wide range of variant types. Importantly, we provide the optimal combination regimen and propose a strategy that may prove useful in combating future VOCs.

The relationship between the anxiety level of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) about covid-19 and covid-19 vaccination compliance

HIV is a type of virus that infects white blood cells causing a decrease in human immunity. The incidence of HIV in Indonesia is 50,282 people and AIDS is 7,036 people. HIV and AIDS cases have increased, from 2018-2019 HIV numbered 219 people to 249 people and AIDS numbered 226 people to 354 people. The aim of the researchers was to find out the anxiety of PLWHA during the Covid-19 pandemic with the compliance of PLWHA taking the Covid-19 vaccination. This type of quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. Total population of 152 people, using the Slovin formula obtained 61 samples, determined using accidental sampling technique. Data collection using a questionnaire. The results of the study The majority of respondents were anxious about Covid-19 in the No anxiety/mild category, namely 32 people (52.5%). And a minority of respondents experienced moderate/severe anxiety with a total of 29 people (47.5%) during the Covid-19 pandemic . The results of the chi square test obtained a significant relationship between the anxiety of PLWHA on covid-19 and the compliance of PLWHA following the covid-19 vaccination p value = 0.00 ≤ 0.05 then Ha is accepted. The implications of this research are expected to reduce the anxiety of PLWHA about COVID-19 so that they comply with the COVID-19 vaccination

Evaluation of virus-neutralizing antibody level after novel coronavirus infection COVID-19: development of an instant assay assessing protective antibodies using a pseudovirus-based reaction

The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune evasion properties of concern, such as Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529), calls into question the extent of the antibody-mediated immune response from the virus. The presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the blood serum of recovered and immunized volunteers is the most accurate indicator of the level of protective activity. Methods for reliable, sensitive and rapid detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nAbs are needed for preclinical and clinical vaccine research. In addition, quantification of virus-neutralizing antibodies in recovered COVID-19 subjects may be useful in identifying potential donors for passive immunization and therapeutic use of class G immunoglobulins. Pseudoviruses are actively used as an alternative to infectious viral isolates of pathogenicity groups III in serological studies to determine the titers of neutralizing antibodies formed in vaccinated or infected volunteers. In addition, using several pseudotypes with different reporter genes, it is possible to simultaneously detect antibodies to different types of viruses in one biological sample. Currently, the pseudolentiviral system is widely used, in which pseudoviral particles are obtained by transfection of producer cells with vectors of a multiplasmid system of 45 plasmids: one for the vector genome, the second for Gag-Pol, the third for Rev, and one or two for protein(s) envelope, or for the co-expression of a labeled viral protein such as GAG-GFP or VPR-GFP, the main advantage of which is safety due to the minimal risk of generating a replication-competent virus. The article discusses the development of a technique that allows to determine the presence of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 antigen in the blood serum of volunteers who have had a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and/or immunized with specific prophylaxis drugs, healthy volunteers in a neutralization reaction on a HEK 293-cell culture. T-hAce2 using pseudotyped viral constructs based on human immunodeficiency virus. The results of the development and validation of the method, as well as its subsequent prospects for use, are shown.

Molecular genetic characterization of the epstein–Barr Virus: a relationship with the clinical features of pediatric infectious mononucleosis

Introduction. Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an high priority viral infection in children. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the main etiological agent of IM. EBV is classified into two main types EBV-1 and EBV-2. In addition, different variants of the virus are isolated based on individual genes, among which the LMP-1 gene and the oncoprotein it encodes are the most well known. So far, the study of the clinical significance of EBV genetic diversity in EBV-IM in children in Russia has not been conducted. The aim of the study was to evaluate a relationship between EBV LMP-1 molecular genetic variants and clinical and laboratory manifestations of IM in children.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The material of the study was presented by blood leukocyte and saliva samples of children aged 117 years with EBV-IM (n = 69). A total of 132 EBV isolates were studied. For differential detection of EBV-1/EBV-2, we used a previously optimized one-round PCR variant with electrophoretic detection of amplification products in agarose gel. The nucleotide sequences of the C-terminal region of the LMP-1 gene were determined by Sanger sequencing followed by analysis of the obtained sequences using the MEGA X software. Multiple Factor Analysis was used to search for the relationship between LMP-1 variants and clinical and laboratory manifestations of IM (32 signs and 8 groups of signs).&#x0D; Results. It was established that only one type of virus, EBV-1, was identified in all children. At the same time, the severity of clinical manifestations of EBV-IM in children varied significantly (from 15.5 to 35.5 scores in total). Molecular genetic analysis of the sequences of the LMP-1 C-terminal region in Nizhny Novgorod region EBV isolates demonstrated a significant heterogeneity of the viral population, which was not limited only to their grouping according to known variants. According to the frequency of detection, B95-8 was the dominant variant of LMP-1 (60.66.0% of cases), other variants were less common (China 1, NC, Med and China 1+В95-8). It was found that EBV-IM proceeded more easily and with less severity of the intoxication syndrome in cases of infection with a virus having the molecular genetic profile of EBV-1/B95-8, in particular EBV-1/B95-8/E214D. Conversely, EBV-1/Med, as well as EBV-1/Med/L338S, EBV-1/Med/S229T, EBV-1/China 1/L338S and EBV-1/NC/S229T profiles were associated with more severe infection.&#x0D; Conclusion. For the first time, the influence of the genetic diversity of EBV on the clinical manifestations of IM in children was revealed. In the context of the tasks to be solved in this study, it is necessary to conduct a larger-scale and systemic studies in different territories of Russia.

Fabrication of biodegradable masks from banana leaves by thermal compression method

Medical face masks based on polypropylene non-woven fi-bres have been commonly used to prevent coronavirus and other types of viruses. However, the waste from medical masks causes pollution problems and negatively impacts the environment and human health. Biodegradable masks based on banana leaves are a potential solution for reduc-ing the amount of disposal of medical face masks because of their high cellulose content and abundant source in South-east Asia. This research used the thermal compression method to fabricate the cellulose film after banana leaves were treated with NaOH and H2O2. These cellulose films were designed into the biodegradable mask product for use. The properties of the banana-fibre film, such as me-chanical property, water absorption, biodegradability, and pH, were analysed and evaluated. The results showed that the cellulose film obtained a tensile strength and modulus of 2.55 and 119.18 MPa, respectively; a water absorption rate of 14.62% and the surface of cellulose film was hydropho-bic as shown by the contact angle of 92.5o. The banana-fi-bre film was biodegradable; the film’s mass decreased by 93.86% after 9 weeks and completely decomposed after 13 weeks. The banana-fibre mask achieved a pH of 6.96, which was in the pH range that is safe and suitable for humans.

Efficacy and Safety of Two-Drug Regimens That Are Approved from 2018 to 2022 for the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease and Its Opportunistic Infections.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of virus that targets the body's immune cells. HIV infection can be divided into three phases: acute HIV infection, chronic HIV infection, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-infected people are immunosuppressed and at risk of developing opportunistic infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, and Salmonella infection. The two types of HIV are known as HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the predominant and more common cause of AIDS worldwide, with an estimated 38 million people living with HIV-1 while an estimated 1 to 2 million people live with HIV-2. No effective cures are currently available for HIV infection. Current treatments emphasise the drug's safety and tolerability, as lifelong management is needed to manage HIV infection. The goal of this review is to study the efficacy and safety of newly approved drugs from 2018 to 2022 for the treatment of HIV by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA). The drugs included Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine, Fostemsavir, Doravirine, and Ibalizumab. From the review, switching to doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DOR/3TC/TDF) was shown to be noninferior to the continuation of the previous regimen, efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF) in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1. However, DOR/3TC/TDF had shown a preferable safety profile with lower discontinuations due to adverse events (AEs), lower neuropsychiatric AEs, and a preferable lipid profile. Ibalizumab was also safe, well tolerated, and had been proven effective against multiple drug-resistant strains of viruses.

Pengaruh Covid-19 di Dunia Pendidikan

At the beginning of 2020, a new type of virus (SARS-COV-2) was identified and the disease was called Corona Virus Disease 2019, which indicated that the first case came from Wuhan, China (Yuliana, 2020). By declaring the Covid-19 disease a global disaster, it can be said that the virus has had a negative impact on the world of education because learning is mostly held online because otherwise you will be infected with the Corona virus.

Unveiling the Mysteries of Gut CrAssphages: A Step Forward in Understanding the Human Virobiome

A recent study published in the journal Nature and as preprint has revealed a new structural atlas of gut crAssphages, a type of virus that is commonly found in the human gut microbiome.1,2 This ground breaking research sheds light on the structure and function of these viruses, which play a crucial role in the ecology of the human gut microbiome. The human gut microbiome is a complex and diverse ecosystem of microorganisms that play an important role in human health and disease. Viruses, including crAssphages, are an integral part of this ecosystem, but their structure and function have remained poorly understood until now. The study used a combination of cryo-electron microscopy and bioinformatics analysis to generate a high-resolution structural atlas of gut crAssphages.1,2 The results revealed a previously unknown structural organization, with unique features that distinguish them from other known viruses. The findings have important implications for understanding the ecology and evolution of the human gut microbiome. The crAssphages play a key role in controlling the populations of gut bacteria,3,4 and a better understanding of their structure and function could lead to new strategies for manipulating the microbiome to treat or prevent disease. Moreover, this research has significant implications for the field of virology as a whole. The discovery of new viruses and the elucidation of their structures and functions is critical for developing new antiviral therapies and vaccines. However, there are still many unanswered questions about the role of crAssphages in the human gut microbiome.5-7 For example, it is still unclear how these viruses interact with the host immune system and how they are transmitted from person to person. It is also unclear if crAssphages play any role in influencing the gut-brain and/or gut-cardiac axis. Considering their biphasic role in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome8 it is likely that crAssphages may have an influence on gut-brain and/or gut-cardiac axis. Nonetheless, this study represents a significant step forward in understanding the structure and function of gut crAssphages and their role in the human microbiome. The insights gained from this research could ultimately lead to new strategies for manipulating the microbiome to improve human health and prevent disease. Read more...

Respiratory virus concentrations in human excretions that contribute to wastewater: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Concentrations of nucleic acids from a range of respiratory viruses in wastewater solids collected from wastewater treatment plants correlate to clinical data on disease occurrence in the community contributing to the wastewater. Viral nucleic acids enter wastewater from excretions deposited in toilets or drains. To relate measured concentrations in wastewater at a treatment plant to the number of community infections, viral nucleic-acid concentrations in human excretions are needed as inputs to a mass balance model. Here, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the concentrations and presence of influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and seasonal coronaviruses in stool, urine, mucus, sputum, and saliva. We identified 220 data sets from 50 articles and reported viral concentrations and presence in these excretions. Data were unevenly distributed across virus type (with the most available for influenza) and excretion type (with the most available for respiratory excretions). Most articles only reported the presence or absence of the virus in a cross-sectional study design. There is a need for more concentration data, including longitudinal data, across all respiratory virus and excretion types. Such data would allow quantitatively linking virus wastewater concentrations to numbers of infected individuals.

Host Viral Load During Triple Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Syncytial Virus

The dynamics of the host viral load during triple coinfection between SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, and the Syncytial virus is studied. To explore how the host cells, the infected cells, and the viral load behave as a function of time, numerical simulations are performed. Via numerical simulations, the differential equations are analyzed by considering initial conditions. Since the numerical simulations are performed by using the physiological parameters, the model system can genuinely help to understand the viral dynamics either in vivo or in vitro. The result obtained in this work depicts that a higher viral load is exhibited when the three viruses simultaneously infect the host cells than in a single infection case. This indicates that simultaneous infection with SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, and Syncytial virus might be associated with a higher morbidity and mortality rate as these viruses by cooperating with each other facilitate a higher infection rate. Using physiological parameters, we further study the correlation between viral load, susceptible cells, and infected cells. As the three viral species cooperatively infect the host cells, the number of infected cells rises resulting in a higher viral load. Since Influenza A has a higher viral reproduction rate than the two types of virus, it dictates the overall dynamics as it has a competitive advantage. Since these viruses share the same resources, the virus production of a given virus can be affected by the other. The interference of these viruses relies on the initial dose, the order of infection, and the strain of the virus. We show that when Influenza A and Syncytial viruses are initiated a few days after SARS-CoV-2 establishes an infection, while SARS-CoV-2 thrives, and the other two viruses fail to establish an infection. The viruses with an initially higher dose have also a survival advantage. Furthermore, the effect of lymphocytes on the overall viral dynamics is explored via numerical simulations. Since SARS-CoV-2 targets several types of cells and organs, a higher SARS-CoV-2 viral load can be also associated with a higher morbidity and mortality rate.

Епізоотологічні особливості геморагічної хвороби кролів, викликаної вірусами першого (GI.[1) та другого (GI.[2) типів в Україні у 2021 – 2022 рр.

Goal. To determine the epizootological features of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) caused by viruses of the first and the second types in Ukraine in 2021–2022. Methods. The work was performed based on 28 rabbit farms from 10 regions of Ukraine and in the laboratory of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of NAAS. Epizootological, clinical, pathomorphological, molecular-genetic, immunochromatographic, bacteriological, and statistical research methods were used. Results. It was established that the form of manifestation of the epizootic process in RHD in 2021–2022 were outbreaks of the disease registered in 10 regions: in 17 farms it was caused by a virus of the first type (English — RHDV (GI. 1)), and in 11 farms — by a virus of the second type (English — RHDV2 (GI. 2)). The indicator of the adversity of Ukraine with RHD caused by both types of viruses was 40% in 2021, and 28% in 2022. Based on the study of indicators of the epizootic process, such as the damage and death of rabbits of a certain age (technological) groups, the significance of morbidity, mortality, and lethality, the course of the disease in rabbits of different age groups, as well as the seasonality of its outbreaks, the features were determined of the course of hemorrhagic disease caused by RHDV2 (GI. 2), compared to the “classical” RHDV (GI. 1). The obtained results indica­ted a lower virulence of RHDV2 (GI. 2) circulating in Ukraine compared to the “classic” strain of the virus. However, the established features of the seasonal manifestation of RHD outbreaks, taking into account the short observation period, require further research. Conclusions. In 2021–2022, RHD epizootic outbreaks caused by RHDV (GI. 1) occurred more often in Ukraine, and the country’s vulnerability to this disease was 36%. The second type of virus (GI. 2) was less common, with a prevalence of 16%. RHDV2 (GI. 2) circulated mainly in the central and northern regions, and RHDV (GI. 1) was distributed throughout the country. In general, the epizootic process caused by the virus RHDV2 (GI. 2) had many differences from the process caused by RHDV (GI. 1).