Viral Diarrhea In Children Research Articles

Pathogenic characteristics of viral diarrhea in children under five years of age in sentinel surveillance in Lulong County of Hebei Province, 2010-2020

Objective: To analyze pathogenic characteristics of viral diarrhea in children aged <5 years in Hebei Province and provide reference for the prevention and control of viral diarrhea in children. Methods: Stool samples were collected from in-patients with diarrhea under five years old from sentinel hospitals in Lulong County of Hebei between 2010 and 2020. ELISA detected rotavirus antigen, and then positive samples were genotyped by semi nested reverse transcription PCR of two rounds. Calicivirus, genotyping astrovirus, and adenovirus were detected by real-time fluorescence quantification PCR. The data were analyzed by using software SPSS 20.0. Results: In 2 925 detected stool samples, 1 919 (65.61%) were positive. The positive rates of rotavirus, calicivirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were 42.80% (1 252/2 925), 22.12% (647/2 925), 6.19% (181/2 925), 3.56% (104/2 925). Viral diarrhea was mainly caused by rotavirus infection, accounting for 59.30% (1 017/1 715) between 2010 and 2017, and by calicivirus infection accounting for 53.43% (109/204) between 2018 and 2020. The peak positive rate of rotavirus occurred in winter, with the highest rate in infants aged 12 to 17 months (52.96%,483/912). In the rotavirus positive samples, G9P[8] was mainly detected strains (58.31%,730/1 252), followed by G3P[8] (8.15%,102/1 252). The calicivirus-positive samples were mainly infected with norovirus GⅡ. Sequence analysis indicated that the main type was GⅡ.4 [P31] between 2011 and 2016 and GⅡ.3 [P12] in 2018. Conclusions: Rotavirus and calicivirus were the main pathogens causing infant diarrhea in children under five years old in Hebei from 2010 to 2020. Winter was the main epidemic season.

Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus in Pakistani Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Gastroenteritis under the Age of Five Years.

Acute gastroenteritis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among infants and children around the globe. Along with other enteropathogens, human adenovirus (HadV) is a major etiological agent associated with diarrhea in young children. However, information about the epidemiology of Adenoviruses in Pakistan is limited or has not been reported. A total of 1082 stool samples were collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis under the age of five years with symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps who visited Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi and Children’s hospital in Lahore of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Of this, 384 cases with no blood in their stool, negative for Rotavirus, and under the age of five years were recruited in this study. Human Adenoviruses were isolated in the human epithelial HEp-2 cell line. Furthermore, adenovirus antigen detection was carried out by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and then all positive and negative samples were confirmed by nested PCR. After inoculating a clear stool supernatant on HEp-2 cell lines, we observed a positive cytopathic effect in 65 (16%) cases. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HAdV antigens were detected in 54 (14.06%) of the clear supernatant from gastroenteritis cases. However, HAdV hexon coding regions were amplified in 57 (14.80%) fecal samples, mainly from patients ≤24 months of age. The findings of this study suggest that adenovirus circulates significantly in the children population under the age of five years and may be the potential etiological factor of acute gastroenteritis in the mentioned cities. This study provides baseline data about the possible role of adenovirus in causing viral diarrhea in children. Further large-scale epidemiological surveys are recommended to better understand disease burden, etiological agents, and its clinical impact across the country.

Age‐specific spectrum of etiological pathogens for viral diarrhea among children in twelve consecutive winter‐spring seasons (2009–2021) in China

Viral diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children. This study was conducted to disclose the etiological cause and epidemiological features of viral diarrhea among children in China. From 2009 to 2021, active surveillance was performed on pediatric patients with acute diarrhea and tested for five enteric viruses. Positive detection was determined in 65.56% (3325/5072) patients and an age‐specific infection pattern was observed. A significantly higher positive rate was observed in 12–23‐month‐old children for rotavirus (47.46%) and adenovirus (7.06%), while a significantly higher positive rate was observed for norovirus (37.62%) in 6–11‐month‐old patients, and for astrovirus (11.60%) and sapovirus (10.79%) in 24–47‐month‐old patients. A higher positive rate of rotavirus in girls and norovirus in boys was observed only among 6–11 months of patients. We also observed more norovirus among patients from rural areas in the 0–5‐ and 36–47‐month groups and more rotavirus among those from rural areas in the 12–23‐month group. Diarrhea severity was greater for rotavirus in the 6–23‐month group and norovirus in the 6–11‐month group. Coinfections were observed in 29.26% (973/3325) of positive patients, and were most frequently observed between rotavirus and others (89.31%). Our findings could help the prediction, prevention, and potential therapeutic approaches to viral diarrhea in children.

Ефективність препарату Новірин у дітей із вірусними діареями

Стаття присвячена питанням лікування вірусних діарей. Основним напрямком лікування гострих кишкових інфекцій вірусної етіології є застосування регідратації та засобів симптоматичної терапії. Також даними досліджень неодноразово підтверджена ефективність противірусних засобів. Останніми роками при лікуванні захворювань вірусної етіології у дітей успішно використовується інозин пранобекс, противірусний засіб з імуномодулюючими властивостями. У наведеному авторами дослідженні продемонстрована ефективність препарату Новірин (інозин пранобекс) при лікуванні вірусних діарей у дітей: призначення Новірину дозволило припинити діарею в перші 5 днів від початку лікування у вірогідно більшого числа дітей (80 %) порівняно з контрольною групою (43 %).

NITAZOXANIDE IN TREATMENT OF ROTAVIRUS DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN: A SINGLE CENTER STUDY

BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVE: As Rota virus leads to significant morbidity in children 2 months to 5 years, this study was done to observe the effect of one dose of nitazoxanide on the total duration of rotavirus diarrhea. The primary objective was to evaluate the reduction in the mean duration of viral diarrhea in children after administration of first dose of Nitazoxanide.&#x0D; METHODLOGY: This descriptive study was done in the Department of Pediatric Medicine Unit I, Mayo Hospital, Lahore from Jan 2016 to June 2016 after approval from the ethical review committee. Sample size calculated was 175 using WHO sample size calculator. Patients of 4–5 years were given 200 mg nitazoxanide twice daily for 3 days; 100 mg nitazoxanide was given twice daily to 12–47 months age group, and patient of &lt;12 months age were given 7.5 mg/kg twice day along with routine care and were followed 12 hourly till the passage of normally formed stools. Duration of diarrhea was recorded.&#x0D; RESULTS: Out of 175 cases, 58.9% (n=103) were between 2-36 months age while 41.2% (n=72) were 37-60 months age, mean+SD was calculated as 35.06+13.34 months, mean reduction in duration of rotavirus diarrhea in children after administration of first dose of Nitazoxanide was recorded as 32.85+2.32 hours.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: With the use of nitazoxanide along with routine care for rotavirus diarrhea children, the mean duration of rotavirus diarrhea was reported to be less than 1.5 days.

Epidemiology of Acute Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Hospitalized Children Under Five Years of Age in Hefei, China, During 2015 - 2018

Background: Rotavirus infection is still the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children under five years of age worldwide. It is also a serious public health concern in China. Objectives: This study aimed to obtain information about rotavirus diarrhea among hospitalized children in Hefei City, Anhui Province, China, in recent years. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study over four years (2015 - 2018) examining hospital admission records of rotavirus infections at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University in Hefei City of Anhui Province, China. Results: A total of 1,095 cases with acute viral gastroenteritis requiring hospital admission from January 2015 to December 2018 were analyzed. Among them, 276 cases were positive for rotavirus A infection, accounting for 25.21% of the total number of children suffering from acute diarrhea. The detection rate of rotavirus A was the highest in children aged 1 - 2 years. The peak month for rotavirus infection during 2015 - 2018 was December and January. The hospitalized children with rotavirus infection showed dehydration, electrolyte disorder, liver function abnormality, and myocardial enzyme abnormality. Conclusions: Rotavirus is still the first pathogen of acute viral diarrhea in children in Hefei, especially children &lt; 2 years of age, which highlights the need for widespread rotavirus immunization in young children.

Treating Viral Diarrhea in Children by Probiotic and Zinc Supplements.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to analyze the effects of probiotics and zinc supplements on the mean duration and frequency of acute diarrhea in children aged 6 months to 2 years.MethodsIn this clinical trial of infants aged between 6 months and 2 years, eligible patients were divided into 3 groups: Zinc Receiving Group (ZRG), Probiotic Receiving Group (PRG), and a control group receiving supportive care alone. The frequency of diarrhea was evaluated in the test groups during the first 24 hours and 48–72 hours, along with the duration of hospitalization and diarrhea persistence for 3–7 days.ResultsDiarrhea persisted for until the third day of admission in 100% of the infants in PRG compared with only 76.1% in ZRG. The relative risk of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 1.31 times more than in ZRG until the third day. Also, 80% of diarrhea cases in the PRG persisted until the fourth day of admission, compared with 47.8% in the ZRG group, and this value was significant. The relative incidence of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 36.4 times greater than in the ZRG until the day 4. Also, the percentage of post-treatment complications was 35.5% in the PRG and 2.6% in the ZRG, which was significant.ConclusionIn our study, the effectiveness of zinc at a dose of 20 mg was higher than that of probiotics. The complications associated with zinc supplementation were lower than those of probiotics.

Clinico-laboratory efficacy of the drug Viferon® in viral lesions of the gastroin-testinal tract in children

In recent years, viral lesions of the gastrointestinal tract take the leading place in the etiological structure of acute intestinal infections. The study of the clinical course and treatment of viral diarrhea in children is an urgent task in modern conditions. We analyzed the disease of 2568 children aged 1 month to 17 years who were hospitalized in a Hospital No 3 in St. Petersburg in the period of 2016-2017. All patients underwent a standard laboratory examination. The etiological interpretation was carried out with the help of polymerase chain reaction, bacteriological and serological methods of investigation. Of the 2568 children in 1502 (58.5%) patients, the diagnosis was confirmed. The share of bacterial diarrhea was 31.8%, viral lesions of the gastrointestinal tract – 68.2%. Among the decoded viral lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, the share of rotavirus infection was 52.8%, norovirus infection – 24.8%, mixed infection – 19.6%. A high proportion of viral lesions of the gastrointestinal tract was established in children under 3 years of age (71.7%). The main reason for hospitalization of children under 5 years of age is rotavirus infection, from 5 to 12 years – norovirus infection. Almost always (87.6%), viral diarrhea proceeded in a moderate form. In infants, mixed viral infection was recorded in severe form. The use of Viferon® in the form of rectal suppositories to supplement the basic therapy of viral intestinal infections significantly reduces the duration of intoxication syndrome, fever, diarrhea, catarrhal syndrome, the duration elimination of viruses, and the length of stay in the hospital.

Protective effects and immunomodulation on piglets infected with rotavirus following resveratrol supplementation.

Rotavirus (RV), belonging to Reoviridae family, is the leading cause of acute severe viral diarrhea in children (under 5 years old) and infant animals worldwide. Although vaccines are commonly used to prevent infection, episodes of diarrhea caused by RV frequently occur. Thus, this study was conducted to determine whether resveratrol had protective effects against RV infection in piglets. Following pretreatment with resveratrol dry suspension through adding into the basal diet for 3 weeks, the piglets were orally challenged with RV. We found that resveratrol could alleviate diarrhea induced by RV infection. Resveratrol-treatment inhibited the TNF-α production, indicating that the anti-RV activity of resveratrol may be achieved by reducing the inflammatory response. The IFN-γ level was elevated in 10mg/kg/d resveratrol-treated group and 30mg/kg/d resveratrol-treated group after RV infection. The ratios of CD4+/CD8+ in resveratrol-treated groups were the same as that in mock infected group, suggesting that resveratrol could maintain the immune function in RV-infected piglets. It was found that resveratrol could alleviate diarrhea induced by RV infection. These results revealed that resveratrol dry suspension could be a new control measure for RV infection.

PIN21 - Estimation of Indirect Costs of The Children Viral Acute Intestinal Infections Therapy in Ukraine

Scientific pharmacoeconomical estimation of feasible indirect costs of itreatment of children viral Acute Intestinal Infections (AII) in Ukraine in 2017 based on retrospective data of 2016. Data of State Statistics Committee of Ukraine as average wage, nominal GDP, quantity of the population in Ukraine in 2016 had been used. Literature sources and our own research of medical cards of patients had allowed indicating of an average duration of in-patient with viral AII staying in health authorities. Official data of morbidity of children with viral AII given by Ministry of Health and growth index were used in calculations. It was established that the average wage for various economic activities amounted to 5070 UAH in Ukraine. The amount of a personal day loss had been made up 169 UAH. The average length of stay of children with viral AII in health care had been established as 6 bed-days. It had been calculated that the average costs of disability days per patient’ parent amounted to 1014 UAH. The value of nominal GDP per person per day had been calculated using the statistics (nominal GDP in Ukraine totaled 664.717 mln UAH in the third quarter of the year and the population of the country amounted to 42,620.007 ths. people), it had been 173.29 UAH. Loss of GDP as a result of disability per one patient totaled 1041.6 UAH. Thus, the estimated feasible indirect costs of budget for the treatment of viral diarrhea in children in 2017 may amount to 25,170,822 UAH or 93 572 $ (taking into account current rate of National Bank). Given research had allowed to estimate the feasible annual indirect costs for viral AII in children in Ukraine on 2017, which amounted to 93,57 ths. $.

Detection and genetic characterization of canine astroviruses in pet dogs in Guangxi, China

BackgroundAstroviruses (AstVs) have been reported to infect and cause gastroenteritis in most animal species. Human AstVs were regarded the causative agent of viral diarrhea in children. In dogs, little is known about the epidemiology and clinical significance of AstV infection.FindingsIn this study, we collected and tested 253 rectal swabs from pet dogs; of which 64 samples (25.3%) tested positive for AstVs with diarrhea and 15 more samples (5.9%) also was identified as AstVs, however without any clinical signs. Phylogenetic analysis of 39 partial ORF1b sequences from these samples revealed that they are similar to AstVs, which can be subdivided into three lineages. Interestingly, out of the 39 isolates sequenced, 16 isolates are shown to be in the Mamastrovirus 5/canine astrovirus (CAstV) lineage and the remaining 23 isolates displayed higher similarities with known porcine astrovirus (PoAstV) 5 and 2. Further, analysis of 13 capsid sequences from these isolates showed that they are closely clustered with Chinese or Italy CAstV isolates.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that CAstVs commonly circulate in pet dogs, and our sequencing results have shown the genomic diversity of CAstVs leading to increasing number of clusters.

Study of the association between histo-blood group antigens and norovirus infection in Chinese children.

Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) have been recognized as a major cause of sporadic viral diarrhea in children, among which norovirus genotype GII.4 is the most prevalent genotype. Stool and saliva samples were collected from 295 children with acute diarrhea and 150 asymptomatic children at a hospital in China. The HuCV detection rate was 10.85% (32/295) among the children with acute diarrhea, and all of these 32 children were either HBGA secretors (12/32) or partial secretors (20/32). HuCV was detected in two (1.33%) of the 150 samples obtained from the asymptomatic children. Of the norovirus-GII.3-positive children, 60% had blood type O, but only 17.29% of the symptomatic patients had blood type O, indicating that type O individuals could be at higher risk of GII.3 infection. However, due to the limited number of individuals in this study, further studies with a larger number of subjects should be conducted to verify this hypothesis.

Viral diarrhea in children: Time to start rapid diagnosis and vaccination

Background: Acute diarrheal diseases are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age throughout the world. This study was done to find out the incidence of rotavirus and adenovirus infection in children below 5 years of age. Materials and Methods: A total of 105 stool samples were collected from hospitalized children below 5 years of age with diarrhea from a private children hospital and tested for rotavirus and adenovirus antigen detection by rapid immunochromatography (RICT). Results: Of the 105 patients tested, 44 (42%) were positive for rotavirus, and two (2%) were positive for adenovirus by RICT. None of the children were positive for both rotavirus and adenovirus. Out of 105 children, only two had received rotavirus vaccine. They were negative for both rotavirus and adenovirus. Conclusion: The rotavirus vaccine can be included in the Universal Immunization Programme. Although the sensitivity and specificity of RICT were reported as 75% and 95% only, it is useful to detect viral diarrhea at the point of care for effective management and containment of diarrheal outbreaks at field level.

Etiological agents distribution and epidemiology of viral diarrhea in children below 5 years old in He′nan province, 2008-2015

Objective To investigate the infectious status, etiological spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus (group A/B/C), calicivirus (novovirus Ⅰ/Ⅱ, sapovirus), astrovirus and enteric adenovirus in diarrhea cases below 5 years old from 2008 to 2015 in Henan provinces. Methods Totally 2541 stool samples were collected from cases below 5 years old in four sentinel hospitals. All stool specimens were tested for group A rotavirus by double antibody sandwich ELISA method. G/P genotyping of group A rotavirus was determined by nested multiplex PCR. Viral RNA was extracted from all samples and rotavirus (group B/C), calicivirus, astrovirus and enteric adenovirus were detected by two-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reation (RT-PCR)/PCR. Results One thousand four hundred and twenty-one out of 2 541 samples were positive with a total positive rate of 55.9%, among which, 102 were mixed infection. The isolation rate of rotavirus was 36.0% (914 samples) (group A: 785 cases, group B: 36 cases, group C: 93 cases), calicivirus was 12.1% (308 samples) (novovirus Ⅰ: 64 cases, novovirus Ⅱ: 193 cases, sapovirus: 51 cases), astrovirus was 5.9% (151 samples), enteric adenovirus was 1.9% (48 samples). The group A rotavirus gene type combinations were composed mainly of G9P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G1P[8] and most cases were identified from September to November and March to May. Novovirus Ⅱ was predominant in calicivirus and most cases were identifed between March and May. Rotavirus or calicivirus infection was mainly among children aged 4—12 months or 3—5 years, respectively. Clinical manifestations included fever, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration. Gender and region distributions differed according to the types of pathogen. Conclusions Group A rotavirus and novovirus Ⅱ are the major viral pathogen in diarrhea cases younger than 5 years old in Henan province. Different viral infections exhibit extinct epidemiologic and clinical characteristics. Key words: Diarrhea virus; Infant; Pathogen spectrum; Genotype; Epidemiological feature

Expert evaluation of drugs as basic factor for development of recommended socioeconomic lists for the treatment of viral origin children enteritis

In the article the results of a comprehensive expert evaluation of drugs for the treatment of viral diarrhea (VD) in children as an important stage in the development of regulatory socioeconomic lists (SEL) are presented. In particular the results of calculations of expert competency were given and was found that among the totality of respondents almost 15% of the experts have experience in the specialty for over 20 years, 50% - from 10 to 20 years of service, indicating the high experience of the physicians surveyed. In addition, 92% of experts have higher or the first qualification category, which confirms the high professional level of the respondents. It was established that 76% of the sample LP evaluated by competent experts were recommended for inclusion in recommended SEL for the treatment of VD in children. The calculations allowed to found the inclusion to recommended SEL of the last 19 drugs by trade names corresponding to the 5th pharmacological groups and an additional 3 drugs by INN. The results can be used in future to create the recommended insurance (primary and secondary) lists of drugs for pharmacotherapy VD in children if provided additional pharmacoeconomic studies that question remains relevant national health care system in the implementation of health insurance

CARBOHYDRATE MALABSORPTION SYNDROME IN CHILDREN WITH VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS

Background: Enteric viruses (mainly rotaviruses) are the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants. One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms in rotaviral gastroenteritis is the reduction of the surface activity of enterocyte disaccharidases and osmotic diarrhea. Aim: To determine the clinical significance of metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota in the formation of the osmotic component of viral diarrhea in children of various ages. Materials and methods: The study involved 139 children aged from 1 month to 14 years admitted to the hospital in the first 24 to 72 hours of moderate-degree viral gastroenteritis. Rotaviral infection was the most prevalent (90%). Viral etiology was confirmed by the reaction of indirect hemagglutination and multiplex real-time PCR (in feces). Total carbohydrate content in the feces was measured and fecal microflora was investigated by two methods: bacteriological and gas liquid chromatography with the determination of short-chain fatty acids. Results: The mean carbohydrate content in the feces of children below 1.5 years of age was higher than that in older children (p = 0.014). There was an inverse correlation between the concentration of rotaviral antigens and carbohydrate contents (r = -0,43, p < 0.05) and the production of acetic and propionic acids (R = -0,35, p < 0.01). The carbohydrate content in acute stage of the disease was linearly associated with time to normalization of the stool (r = +0,47, p < 0.01). Previous acute respiratory or intestinal infections within 2 months (odds ratio [OR], 14.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.86–51.53), previous hospitalizations (OR = 14.17; 95% CI 2.74–74.32) and past history of intestinal dysfunction (OR 5.68; 95% CI 1.67–19.76) were predictive of severe carbohydrate malabsorption in children below 1.5 years of age. Conclusion: The lack of microbiota functional activity (assessed by production of short-chain fatty acids) determines the development of osmotic phenotype of diarrhea, that marks the total carbohydrate contents in the feces. Its predisposing factors should be taken into account when making a decision to hospitalize.

A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Additional Benefit of a Multistrain Synbiotic (Prodefen®) in the Clinical Management of Acute Viral Diarrhea in Children.

This randomized, open-label study evaluated the additional benefits of the synbiotic Prodefen® in the clinical management of acute diarrhea of suspected viral origin in children between 6 months and 12 years of age. Study outcomes included the duration of diarrhea, the recovery from diarrhea, and the tolerability and acceptance of the treatment. The proportion of patients without diarrhea over the study period was greater in the synbiotic group than in the control group at all study time points, showing a statistically significant difference on the fifth day (95% vs 79%, p < 0.001). The duration of diarrhea (median and interquartile range) was reduced by 1 day in the synbiotic-treated patients (3 [2-5] vs 4 [3-5], p = 0.377). The tolerability of the treatment regimen, as evaluated by the parents, was significantly better in those receiving the synbiotic than in the control group. Overall, 96% of the parents of children receiving the synbiotic reported being satisfied to very satisfied with the treatment regimen. The results of this study indicate that the addition of the synbiotic Prodefen® is a well-tolerated and well-accepted approach that provides an additional benefit to the standard supportive therapy in the management of acute viral diarrhea in children.

Quantification of Human Norovirus GII on Hands of Mothers with Children Under the Age of Five Years in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.

Human noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and one of the leading causes of viral diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years. Hands have been shown to play an important role in norovirus transmission. Norovirus outbreaks tend to exhibit strong seasonality, most often occurring during cold, dry months, but recently have also been documented during hot, dry winter months in the southern hemisphere. Other research suggests that rainfall is an important factor in norovirus outbreaks. This study examines the prevalence and concentration of human norovirus GII on the hands of mothers in Bagamoyo, Tanzania, during the rainy and dry seasons. Norovirus GII was detected in approximately 5% of hand rinse samples during both the rainy and dry seasons. Fecal indicator bacteria levels, Escherichia coli and enterococci, in hand rinse samples were not associated with norovirus hand contamination. Turbidity of the hand rinses was found to be associated with norovirus presence on mothers' hands; however, this relationship was only observed during the rainy season. The results suggest mothers' hands serve as a source of norovirus exposure for young children in Tanzanian households, and further work is needed to determine better indicators of norovirus contamination in these environments.

Whole-genomic analysis of 12 porcine group A rotaviruses isolated from symptomatic piglets in Brazil during the years of 2012–2013

Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are leading causes of viral diarrhea in children and in the young of many animal species, particularly swine. In the current study, porcine RVAs were found in fecal specimens from symptomatic piglets on 4 farms in Brazil during the years of 2012–2013. Using RT-PCR, Sanger nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses, the whole genomes of 12 Brazilian porcine RVA strains were analyzed. Specifically, the full-length open reading frame (ORF) sequences were determined for the NSP2-, NSP3-, and VP6-coding genes, and partial ORF sequences were determined for the VP1-, VP2-, VP3-, VP4-, VP7-, NSP1-, NSP4-, and NSP5/6-coding genes. The results indicate that all 12 strains had an overall porcine-RVA-like backbone with most segments being designated as genotype 1, with the exception of the VP6- and NSP1-coding genes, which were genotypes I5 and A8, respectively. These results add to our growing understanding of porcine RVA genetic diversity and will provide a platform for monitoring the role of animals as genetic reservoirs of emerging human RVAs strains.

Вірусні діареї у дітей: клінічні прояви, інновації в лікуванні

Проведений літературний пошук із вивчення клінічних особливостей вірусних діарей у дітей залежно від збудника. Обстежено 1484 дитини з гострою кишковою інфекцією (ГКІ), які знаходились на стаціонарному лікуванні в інфекційному відділенні Київської міської дитячої клінічної лікарні № 2 у 2013 р. Встановлено, що серед пацієнтів із ГКІ із ротавірусною інфекцією було 25,9 % хворих, ГКІ нез’ясованої етіології — 56 %, сальмонельозом — 8 %, шигельозом — 0,1 %, ГКІ іншої етіології — 10 %. Проведений літературний пошук показав ефективність використання пробіотиків, що містять різноманітні штами, для лікування ГКІ, яка проявилася скороченням інтоксикаційного синдрому, діареї, лихоманки на 2–3 дні. Показано, що використання пробіотика Субалін, що містить культуру Bacillus subtilis 2335/105, у лікуванні вірусних діарей у дітей у сучасних умовах як етіопатогенетичної терапії є перспективним.