The Caucasus is classified as one of the world's 35 ‘Biodiversity Hotspots’, owing to the high level of endemism. Armenia is situated in the middle of the Caucasus hotspot and its reptilian fauna is considered to be one of the most interesting in the region. There are four species of viper occurring in Armenia: Blunt‐nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina obtusa, Armenian viper Montivipera raddei, Darevsky's viper Pelias darevskii and Armenian Steppe viper Pelias eriwanensis. The latter three species are classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List as Near Threatened, Critically Endangered and Vulnerable, respectively. This paper provides insight into the factors that are threatening the existence of these vipers and describes what has been learned about their biology, and outlines the conservation actions that are being taken to secure their future.