Violet Region Research Articles

Synthesis, photophysical characterization, CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations and CT-DNA interaction study of amino and azido benzazole analogues

This work describes the synthesis and photophysical investigation of amino and azido benzazoles. The amino derivatives were obtained by condensation reaction between ortho-substituted anilines and p-aminobenzoic in polyphosphoric acid. The respective azides were synthesized by reaction of diazonium salts from the previously prepared amines with sodium azide. These compounds present absorption maxima in the UV-A region, nm ascribed to fully spin and symmetry electronic transitions. All compounds presented a main fluorescence emission in the UV-A to the violet region with a relatively large Stokes shift. The latter related to a solvent dependence. The amino derivatives presented higher values to the fluorescence quantum yields in despite of the azido analogues. DFT, TD-DFT and multiconfigurational calculations (SA-CASSCF and MS-CASPT2) were performed in order to investigate the photophysical features of these molecules, mainly on the azide derivatives, where the main interest was the investigation of the intrinsic fluorescence quenching present in these compounds. In this sense, it was observed that the weak fluorescence emission observed in the azide compounds could be related to the dissociative character of the S1 state, which reaches a conical intersection point between S1/S0 states, and through this point, goes back to the ground state by a nonradioactive decay. In addition, the DNA binding assays by UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence emission methodologies indicated that the benzazoles presented strong interaction with CT-DNA, which could be attributed to π-stacking and/or intermolecular hydrogen-bonding. Docking was also performed to better understand the observed interaction.

Helicene Bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine Ligands for Luminescent Transition‐Metal Complexes

We describe herein the synthesis of 2,6‐bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (1‐bpp) ligands substituted by helicene units in the 4‐position of the pyridine ring. The two‐step procedure afforded the molecules bpp[n]helicene (n = 4, 5 and 6) and methyl‐bpp[4]helicene, abbreviated as 4, 5, 6 and 4m respectively, with overall good yields. This series of ligands shows fluorescence in the violet region, with a red shift of the emission when increasing the number of aromatic rings in the helicene unit. The tridentate fluorophores have been reacted with Re(CO)5Cl and [Ru(terpy)Cl3] to prepare a series of transition metal complexes formulated as [ReI(n)(CO)3Cl] (n = 4 and 5) and [RuII(n)(terpy)](PF6)2 (n = 4, 4m, 5 and 6). The compounds [ReI(4)(CO)3Cl]·(CH2Cl2)0.5(H2O) and [RuII(4m)(terpy)](PF6)2 crystallized in the centrosymmetric space groups P21/n and P1 respectively, and thus present both M and P helicene units in their crystal structures. The absorption and emission properties of the complexes have been studied. All complexes show luminescence at 77 K in frozen DCM solution. The tricarbonyl complex [ReI(5)(CO)3Cl] shows a strong emission band with two peaks at 540 nm and 580 nm, which could be attributed to ligand‐localized π–π* phosphorescence due to the extended π system of the ligand. The heteroleptic RuII complexes show emission bands above 600 nm attributed to the terpyridine‐based 3MLCT state.

Simultaneous Polychromatic Immunofluorescent Staining of Tissue Sections and Consecutive Imaging of up to Seven Parameters by Standard Confocal Microscopy.

Confocal microscopy has been an important imaging tool for life scientists for over 20 years. Early techniques focused on indirect staining processes that involved staining with an unconjugated primary antibody, followed by incubation with a secondary fluorescent antibody that would reveal and amplify the signal of the primary antibody. With more and more directly conjugated fluorescent primary antibodies becoming commercially available, staining with multiple fluorescent primary antibodies is now more frequent. To date, staining with up to three primary antibodies and a nuclear dye is widely practiced. Here, we describe an important improvement to the standard polychromatic immunofluorescent staining protocol that allows the simultaneous detection of seven fluorescent parameters using a standard confocal laser scanning microscope with four laser lines and four photomultiplier tubes. By incorporating recently available tandem dyes that emit in the blue and violet regions of the visible light spectrum (Brilliant Blue and Brilliant Violet), we were able to differentiate several additional fluorochromes simultaneously. Due to the added complexity of 7-color immunofluorescent imaging, we developed a clear methodology to optimize antibody concentrations and simple guidelines on how to identify and correct non-specific signals. These are detailed in the following protocol. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol: 7-Color immunofluorescent staining protocol using directly conjugated antibodies Support Protocol 1: Antibody titration protocol Support Protocol 2: Spillover optimization protocol.

Growth and characterization of heterobimetallic copper-sodium complex of cyanuric acid: A novel photoluminescent material

Deep blue coloured novel crystals of copper-sodium bimetallic complex of cyanuric acid are obtained by single gel diffusion method at room temperature. This is the first report on the exquisite heterobimetallic crystal structure of cyanuric acid complex. The metal coordination is confirmed by FTIR analysis. TGA/DTA provides an insight into the thermal properties of the crystal. The thermal decomposition starts at 197.76 °C up to which the crystal is stable. Both FTIR analysis and TGA/DTA confirm the presence of sodium atom in the grown crystal. The crystal structure with two metals, coordinated to ligand is elucidated by single crystal X-Ray diffraction. The optical behavior is studied and optical properties like band gap and refractive index obtained from UV visible spectroscopy are 3.53 eV and 1.25 respectively. The photoluminescent study reveals the emission of radiation in the violet region at 416 nm. The dielectric studies have been employed to examine the dielectric behavior of this bimetallic complex in terms of variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, ac conductivity and impedance with frequency of alternating electric field. Using the single crystal XRD data, the polarisability α is calculated as 1.4 × 10−22 cm3 from penn analysis and Clausius Mossotti relation. The calculated value of polarisability from band gap is found to be 0.8 × 10−22 cm3. The important optical property possessed by this bimetallic complex is the photoluminescent emission enabling it to be used in luminescent device applications.

Exploring the opto-electronic and charge transfer nature of F-BODIPY derivatives at molecular level: A theoretical perspective

The goal of current work is to investigate the effect of ethyl group on the electronic, photo-physical and charge transport properties of F-BODIPY, which has been explored at the molecular level after substituting ethyl group at two position of F-BODIPY molecule. In current study; optical, electronic and charge transfer properties for F-BODIPY derivatives (Comp_1, Comp_2 and Comp_3) have been theoretically investigated. All the molecules have been optimized at the ground (S0) and first excited (S1) states using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TD- DFT) with the hybrid functional/basis set (B3LYP /6-31G**), respectively. Effect of ethyl groups at two different positions on the electronic, optical and charge transport properties of 5,5-difluoro-1,37,9-tetramethyloctahydro-1H,5H-514-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2′,1′-f] [1–3] diazaborinine (Comp_1) as parent molecule has been studied at molecular level. The introduction of ethyl at two positions in Comp_1 led to a red shifted absorption spectra in comparison with parent molecule in the violet region. Various properties of interest such as highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO), vertical electron affinity (EAv), adiabatic electron affinity (EAa), vertical ionization potential (IPv), adiabatic ionization potential (IPa), electron reorganization energies (λe) and hole reorganization energies (λh) were explored. Additionally, global reactivity descriptors e.g. electronic chemical potential (μ), electronegativity (χ), Electrophilicity (ω), hardness (η), softness (S) and electrophilicity index (ωi) have been calculated theoretically.

Sputtering of a hot ceramic target: Experiments with ZnO

The sputtering of hot metal targets is a rapidly developing field in the technology of magnetron sputtering systems, aimed at solving certain challenges inherent in advancing the potential of magnetron sputtering: how to increase growth rate, the solution of a number of specific problems of reactive sputtering, and the sputtering of magnetic targets. Here the results of the sputtering of hot ZnO ceramic targets are reported for the first time. It was established that during hot sputtering the morphology of the erosion zone of a ZnO target when insulated from the thermal activity of a magnetron undergoes substantial modification at power density of P > 25 W/cm2. The hot ZnO target emits microparticles that play a major role in the process of film formation on the substrate. It was shown that the crystallization of ZnO involving microparticles in the process of magnetron sputtering of a hot target occurs through the liquid crystal mechanism. A maximum growth rate (15 nm/s) of (0001) ZnO/(0001) Al2O3 epitaxial films with high structural perfection and intense luminescence in the violet region of the spectrum was achieved (currently a record rate).

Structural, optoelectronic, and morphological study of indium-doped methylammonium lead chloride perovskites

Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have witnessed phenomenal success in the field of optoelectronics. Here, pure as well as indium (In)-doped methylammonium lead chloride (CH3NH3PbCl3) perovskite powders have been effectively synthesized for different atomic concentrations (at%) of In (0%, 10%, and 20%). The structural, optoelectronic, morphological, and elemental properties of as-prepared powders have been systematically investigated. Synthesized CH3NH3PbCl3 powders are cubic phase in nature and there is a rising trend of lattice constants and lattice volume with increasing amount of In doping. The small quantity of In (10%) enhances the surface morphology in terms of homogeneous surface and less pinhole defects, compared to pure lead perovskite. The doped perovskites depict broad peak in the ultra violet region of solar spectrum and causes enhanced peak intensities in the same region. The photoluminescence spectra indicate that 10% In-doped perovskite has higher crystallinity and lesser nonradiative recombination than 20% In-doped counterpart. This work delivers brief understanding for exploring the properties of In-doped perovskites and their potential as an optoelectronic material.

Effect of calcination temperature on structural and optical properties of MAl2O4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) aluminate spinel nanoparticles

NiAl2O4, CuAl2O4, and ZnAl2O4 aluminate spinel nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method using diethanolamine (DEA) as a fuel. The effects of calcination temperature on structure, crystallinity, morphology, and optical properties of MAl2O4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The XRD and FT-IR results confirm the formation of single-phase spinel structure of NiAl2O4, CuAl2O4, and ZnAl2O4 at 1200, 1000, and 600 °C, respectively. The direct band gap of these aluminate spinels, calculated from UV-DRS spectra using the Kubelka-Munk function, is found to increase with calcination temperature. The PL spectra demonstrate that NiAl2O4 gives the highest blue emission intensity, while CuAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 exhibit a very strong violet emission. During fluorescence process, the ZnAl2O4 emits visible light in only violet and blue regions, while NiAl2O4 and CuAl2O4 emissions extend to the green region. It seems therefore that the transition metal type and intrinsic defects in these aluminate powders are responsible for these phenomena.

Novel orange–red emitting phosphor Ba2ScNbO6:Eu3+ for WLEDs: synthesis and luminescence properties

A novel perovskite type orange–red emitting phosphor Ba2ScNbO6:xEu3+ (BSN:xEu3+) was designed and synthesized by solid-state route. The X-ray diffraction, luminescent properties, fluorescent decay times and thermal stability were utilized to characterize the as-prepared samples. The X-ray diffraction confirmed BSN:xEu3+ had a cubic structure with the space group of Pm-3m (221). Photoluminescence (PL) excitation spectra consisted of a broad charge-transfer band and the f–f transition of Eu3+ ions in the violet and blue wavelength regions. The PL spectra displayed orange–red emitting luminescence with the strongest 5D0 → 7F1 transition at 595 nm. The mechanism of energy transfer between Eu3+ ions in BSN has been confirmed to be resonant type via dipole–dipole interaction. Besides, BSN:xEu3+ phosphors exhibit distinct thermal quenching properties, whose emission intensity at 423 K still exceed 71% of the initial value at room temperature. And the CIE coordinate of BSN:0.18Eu3+ phosphor is closed to the Nichia Corporation developed Amber LED NSPAR70BS. All results indicate that BSN:xEu3+ could be a promising phosphors for near-ultraviolet-based white light-emitting diodes.

Effect of Na doping on photoluminescence and laser stimulated nonlinear optical features of ZnO nanostructures

In this work, nonlinear optical properties of Na: ZnO thin films (Na: ZnO) have been experimentally elaborated. The principal possibility to operate the nonlinear optical features using external laser beams is shown. The Na: ZnO films were synthesized by spray pyrolysis technique at a deposition temperature equal to about 400 °C. XRD graph reveals that the grown films were polycrystalline in nature with a dominant peak corresponding to (0 0 2) plane. Despite the difference in the ionic radii of the Na (0.95Ao) and Zn (0.74A°), an angle shift in the XRD peak was not observed, whereas there was a significant change in peak intensity. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra resulted in three emission centres spectrally situated in violet, blue and green colour region due to the presence of native defect states in the forbidden energy gap. Second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) experiments stimulated by external coherent light beams show the existence of THG maxima for 15% Na doped Zn:O which was quite different with respect to SHG maximum for pure ZnO. The main innovation of this work is the possibility to change nonlinear optical susceptibility varying Na doping concentration and by coherent laser treatment, contrary to the previous works where these parameters have not been explored.

Effect of Flavone and Isoflavone in the Triphenylamine-Based Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications: DFT and TD-DFT Approach

Several metal-free organic sensitizers have been designed for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. The effect of flavone and isoflavone in the triphenylamine sensitizers was investigated in the present work. The dyes with different donors are analyzed by density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. The various parameters such as geometry, electronic structure, highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, light harvesting efficiency and electronic absorbance spectrum of the designed sensitizers were analyzed. The absorption bands in the visible and near-Ultra Violet (UV) region are correlated to photoinduced electron transfer process. The effect of flavone on the triphenylamine donor retards the photo degradation of the dye. It gives hyperchromic and bathochromic shift in the dyes and it also acts as UV filters. Free energy change for electron injection and dye regeneration was calculated. The results show that the designed dyes may be an efficient sensitizer for DSSC applications.

Quantum efficiency of Pd/TiO2 catalyst for photocatalytic reforming of methanol in ultra violet region

The efficiency of Pd/TiO2 catalyst for photocatalytic reforming of methanol was investigated in ultra violet, UV region by monitoring the volume of H2 production and the number of incident photon using chemical actinometry method. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde solution was used to evaluate the number of incident photon from solar light by monitoring the rate of photochemical isomerisation to 2-nitrobenzoic acid. The activity of Pd/TiO2 catalyst varies across UV region with the ability to utilise the incident photon for H2 gas production is higher in UV-B. The quantum efficiency of the reaction was affected by the amount of catalysts concentration and the number of incident photons.

Determination of the structural, morphological and optical properties of graphene doped SnO thin films deposited by using thermionic vacuum arc technique

Tin Oxide (SnO) compounds, both SnO and SnO2 are wide band gap semiconductors, which are highly optically transparent in the visible range (400–700 nm). Graphene is also highly optically transparent and durable material. Doped SnO thin films can be defined as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films, similarly to indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) and gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin films. In this study, the graphene doped thin films are deposited onto glass and Silicon (Si) wafer substrates by using thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) technique. The structural, morphological and optical properties of graphene doped SnO thin films were investigated by various methods such as X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Interferometer, Fluorescence spectrometer and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. According to results, the deposited thin films have high transparency (90%), polycrystalline structure, low roughness and high homogeneity. The thicknesses of the thin films were measured as 10 nm and 8 nm deposited onto glass and Si substrate, respectively. Graphene flakes combining with other graphene flakes and SnO compounds formed diamond poly type structures along with graphene oxide (GO) structures. The band gap values of the thin films were measured as 3.11 eV and 3.33 eV deposited onto glass and Si substrate, respectively. These results show that by doping graphene the band gap value shifted towards to violet region from ultraviolet region.

Structure-Emission Property Relationships in Cyclometalated Pt(II) β-Diketonate Complexes.

Extending the ligand π-system of phosphorescent (C∧C*) or (C∧N) cyclometalated platinum(II) β-diketonate complexes can lead to large and seemingly abrupt variations of the photophysical properties such as triplet quantum yields and phosphorescence lifetimes. Quantum chemical studies using methods including elements from density functional theory (DFT) and multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) as well as spin-orbit coupling (SOC) provide a rationale for these observations. In the Franck-Condon region, the first excited singlet states (S1) of these complexes are characterized by mixed metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and ligand-centered (LC) excitations. With increasing extension of the effective π-system, the lowest-lying triplet state yields more and more LC character, thus leading to a decrease of the phosphorescence rate constant. The ability to undergo efficient intersystem crossing from S1 to T1 is not diminished as the S1 state largely retains its character. In the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes investigated here, at least two triplet states are found energetically below the S1 state. Out-of-plane distortion enhances the probability for nonradiative decay of the triplet population. In the smaller compounds emitting in the violet or blue spectral region, the phosphorescent state is separated from the lowest-lying dark metal-centered (MC) triplet state by a small barrier only, explaining their experimentally observed low photoluminescence quantum yields in liquid solution. The semiempirical DFT/MRCI-R2018 Hamiltonian employed in our studies proves well-suited for investigating the absorption and emission properties of these platinum(II) complexes. Generally, good agreement is observed between our calculated data and the experimental findings.

Sm3+ doped tetragonal lanthanum molybdate: A novel host sensitized reddish orange emitting nanophosphor

Abstract A series of trivalent samarium doped lanthanum molybdate nanophosphors were prepared by co-precipitation route. The formation of highly crystalline tetragonal nanocrystals with space group I41/a is identified from powder X-ray diffractogram. The morphology and the oriented attachment mediated growth mechanism of the nanocrystals were recognized from TEM analysis. The strong and broad charge transfer band in the near ultra violet region favours excellent excitation of the nanophosphors and the energy transfer from host matrix to Sm3+ ions is established on account of the characteristic emissions of trivalent samarium ions upon host sensitization. The Judd-Ofelt (JO) theoretical analysis was carried out to have an insight into the spectroscopic characteristics of La2-xSmx(MoO4)3 nanophosphors. The relatively higher value of Ω2 predicts more asymmetric environment of Sm3+ sites in the host lattice, favouring the dominance of electric dipole transitions and the various radiative parameters are evaluated. In spite of the excitation channel, the 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 transition of Sm3+ observed at 645 nm is the most prominent emission transition. The maximum emission intensity is observed for La1.98Sm0.02(MoO4)3 nanophosphors and as the doping concentration exceeds this limit, there will be fall in emission intensity due to concentration quenching effect. A detailed investigation on the decay behaviour of host sensitized and direct excited emission of samarium ions was conducted and the average lifetime values are calculated. The CIE chromaticity co-ordinates calculated for different excitation routes fall in the reddish orange region of CIE diagram and the same for La1.98Sm0.02(MoO4)3 nanophosphors are found to be (0.601, 0.394) with a colour purity of 97.21% which disclosed the relevance of La2−xSmx (MoO4)3 as a potential red phosphor material.

Selection of Optimal Hyperspectral Wavebands for Detection of Discolored, Diseased Rice Seeds

The inspection of rice grain that may be infected by seedborne disease is important for ensuring uniform plant stands in production fields as well as preventing proliferation of some seedborne diseases. The goal of this study was to use a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique to find optimal wavelengths and develop a model for detecting discolored, diseased rice seed infected by bacterial panicle blight (Burkholderia glumae), a seedborne pathogen. For this purpose, the HSI data spanning the visible/near-infrared wavelength region between 400 and 1000 nm were collected for 500 sound and discolored rice seeds. For selecting optimal wavelengths to use for detecting diseased seed, a sequential forward selection (SFS) method combined with various spectral pretreatments was employed. To evaluate performance based on optimal wavelengths, support vector machine (SVM) and linear and quadratic discriminant analysis (LDA and QDA) models were developed for detection of discolored seeds. As a result, the violet and red regions of the visible spectrum were selected as key wavelengths reflecting the characteristics of the discolored rice seeds. When using only two or only three selected wavelengths, all of the classification methods achieved high classification accuracies over 90% for both the calibration and validation sample sets. The results of the study showed that only two to three wavelengths are needed to differentiate between discolored, diseased and sound rice, instead of using the entire HSI wavelength regions. This demonstrates the feasibility of developing a low cost multispectral imaging technology based on these selected wavelengths for non-destructive and high-throughput screening of diseased rice seed.

Theoretical spectroscopic studies of potential energy curves and Fortran parabola for beryllium oxide molecule


 
 
 
 Theoretical spectroscopic studies of beryllium oxide has been carried out, potential energy curves for ground states X1Σ+ and exited states A1Π , B1Σ+ by using two functions Morse and and Varshni compared with experimental results. The potentials of this molecule are agreement with experimental results. The Fortrat Parabola corrcponding to and branches were determind in the range 1<J<20 for the (0-0) band. It was found that for electronic transition A1Π- X1Σ+ the bands head lies in branche of Fortrat parabola and the bands degraded towards red region. For electronic transition B1Σ+ - A1Π Fortart parabola appeared the bands head lies in branche and the bands degraded toward violet region. 
 
 
 

Structural and Optical Characteristics of PVA:C-Dot Composites: Tuning the Absorption of Ultra Violet (UV) Region.

In this work the influence of carbon nano-dots (CNDs) on absorption of ultra violet (UV) spectra in hybrid PVA based composites was studied. The FTIR results reveal the complex formation between PVA and CNDs. The shifting was observed in XRD spectrum of PVA:CNDs composites compared to pure PVA. The Debye-Scherrer formula was used to calculate the crystallite size of CNDs and crystalline phases of pure PVA and PVA:CNDs composites. The FESEM images emphasized the presence and dispersion of C-dots on the surface of the composite samples. From the images, a strong and clear absorption was noticed in the spectra. The strong absorption that appeared peaks at 280 nm and 430 nm can be ascribed to the n-π* and π-π* transitions, respectively. The absorption edge shifted to lower photon energy sides with increasing CNDs. The luminescence behavior of PVA:CNDs composite was confirmed using digital and photo luminescence (PL) measurements. The optical dielectric constant which is related to the density of states was studied and the optical band gap was characterized accurately using optical dielectric loss parameter. The Taucs model was used to determine the type of electronic transition in the samples.

Facile synthesis of AIEgens with wide color tunability for cellular imaging and therapy.

Luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics are nowadays undergoing explosive development in the fields of imaging, process visualization, diagnosis and therapy. However, exploration of an AIE luminogen (AIEgen) system allowing for extremely wide color tunability remains challenging. In this contribution, the facile synthesis of triphenylamine (TPA)-thiophene building block-based AIEgens having tunable maximum emission wavelengths covering violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, deep red and NIR regions is reported. The obtained AIEgens can be utilized as extraordinary fluorescent probes for lipid droplet (LD)-specific cell imaging and cell fusion assessment, showing excellent image contrast to the cell background and high photostability, as well as satisfactory visualization outcomes. Interestingly, quantitative evaluation of the phototherapy effect demonstrates that one of these presented AIEgens, namely TTNIR, performs well as a photosensitizer for photodynamic ablation of cancer cells upon white light irradiation. This study thus provides useful insights into rational design of fluorescence systems for widely tuning emission colors with high brightness, and remarkably extends the applications of AIEgens.

Preparation of liposomal doxorubicin-graphene nanosheet and evaluation of its in vitro anti-cancer effects

In recent years there has been much interest in development of multifunctional drug delivery systems. In this work, liposomes that contain doxorubicin (Dox), a potent anticancer drug, and graphene nanosheets (GNS) were prepared. The GNSs have excellent optical properties, such as photoluminescence which enables tracking of the liposomes, high absorption in ultra violet region of electromagnetic spectrum which can be exploited in photodynamic and photothermal therapy, and low toxicity to mammalian cells. Nanoliposomes were prepared using the thin film hydration method. Dox and GNSs were loaded to the liposomes during the hydration of the lipid film. Liposomes were characterized and the profile of in vitro drug release, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity of the prepared liposomes on MCF-7 cells were determined. Despite the earlier reports, the liposomes have kept their spherical structures in the presence of GNSs. The cytotoxicity of liposomal Dox and GNSs were shown to be higher than the free forms of them. Novel nanoliposomes that contain GNSs have provided a multi-functional system with the potential of tracking, photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Further improvements of this versatile nanosystem would be promising for treatment of cancer.