Effects Of Violence Research Articles

ESTS‐GCN: An Ensemble Spatial–Temporal Skeleton‐Based Graph Convolutional Networks for Violence Detection

Surveillance systems are essential for social and personal security. However, monitoring multiple video feeds with multiple targets is challenging for human operators. Therefore, automatic and smart surveillance systems have been introduced to support or replace traditional surveillance systems and build safer communities. Advancements in artificial intelligence techniques, particularly in the field of computer vision, have boosted this area of research. Most existing works have focused on image‐based (RGB‐based) machine learning and deep learning algorithms for detecting anomalous and violent events. In this study, we propose a unique Ensemble Spatial–Temporal Skeleton‐Based Graph Convolutional Networks (ESTS‐GCNs) model for violence detection that automatically uses spatial and temporal data to detect violence in surveillance videos. Skeleton‐based algorithms are less sensitive to pixel‐based noise and background interference, making them excellent candidates for activity and anomaly detection. Our proposed ensemble‐based architecture utilizes Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) and comprises multiple spatial and temporal modules. Three different spatial pipelines are exploited: channel‐wise topologies, self‐attention mechanism, and graph attention networks. The models were trained and evaluated using two skeleton‐based datasets introduced by us: Skeleton‐based Real‐Life Violence Situations (RLVS) and NTU‐Violence (NTU‐V). Our model achieved a maximum accuracy of around 93% and outperformed existing models by more than 10%.

The Implicated Reader: Second-Person Address in Novels of US Imperialism

ABSTRACT: This essay explores how literature can help reckon with past and present political violence by employing formal and rhetorical techniques to implicate readers in such violence. Bringing Michael Rothberg’s concept of “the implicated subject” (2019)—a figure who is neither a victim nor perpetrator but rather enables or benefits from regimes of violence—into conversation with narrative theory and formalist criticism, the essay conceptualizes what I call an implicated reader , a term that designates an implied reader who is implicated in the violent events and structures represented in the given text. In order to develop and demonstrate my theoretical framework of the implicated reader, I analyze three twenty-first-century novels depicting diferent legacies of US imperialism: Julie Otsuka’s When the Emperor was Divine (2002), representing the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans; Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), portraying post-9/11 racial violence; and Tommy Orange’s There There (2018), depicting legacies of Indigenous genocide and dispossession. I examine how these novels use distinct forms of second-person address—either characterized or uncharacterized , and internal or external —to invite readers to identify with the narratee evoked as an implicated subject. The essay ultimately suggests that rather than facilitating the reader’s identification and empathy with victimized subjects, some works of literature challenge injustice and provoke political responsibility by prompting readers to imagine themselves in the position of someone who contributes to rather than sufers from political violence.

Laboratory investigation of shock-induced dissociation of buckminsterfullerene and astrophysical insights

Fullerene C60 is one of the most iconic forms of carbon found in the interstellar medium (ISM). The interstellar chemistry of carbon-rich components, including fullerenes, is driven by a variety of energetic processes including UV and X-ray irradiation, cosmic-ray (CR) bombardment, electron impact, and shock waves. These violent events strongly alter the particle phase and lead to the release of new molecular species in the gas phase. Only a few experimental studies on the shock processing of cosmic analogs have been conducted so far. We explored in the laboratory the destruction of buckminsterfullerene C60 using a pressure-driven shock tube coupled with optical diagnostics. Our efforts were first devoted to probing in situ the shock-induced processing of C60 at high temperatures (≤ 4500 K) by optical emission spectroscopy. The analysis of the spectra points to the massive production of C2 units. A broad underlying continuum was observed as well and was attributed to the collective visible emission of carbon clusters, generated similarly in large amounts. This proposed assignment was performed with the help of calculated emission spectra of various carbon clusters. The competition between dissociation and radiative relaxation, determined by statistical analysis, alludes to a predominance of clusters with less than 40 carbon atoms. Our laboratory experiments, supported by molecular dynamics simulations performed in the canonical ensemble, suggest that C60 is very stable, and that high-energy input is required to process it under interstellar low-density conditions and to produce C2 units and an abundance of intermediate-sized carbon clusters. These results provide some insights into the life cycle of carbon in space. Our findings hint that only J-type shocks with velocities above ~100 km s−1 or C-type shocks with velocities above 9 km s−1 can lead to the destruction of fullerenes. Observational tracers of this process remain elusive, however. Our work confirms the potential of shock tubes for laboratory astrophysics.

The Utilization of Empathy and Self-awareness Models to Deescalate Violence in the Ambulatory Clinic Setting.

Our objective was to understand how empathy and self-awareness content, alongside traditional deescalation training, might impact ambulatory clinic staff responses to patient and family escalation events. Verbal and physical workplace violence is escalating across healthcare organizations, including ambulatory clinics. Deescalation content is often developed with acute care, psychiatric, or emergency care in mind. There is a need for relevant and empathic deescalation training for ambulatory clinic staff to address their specific needs. We developed empathic and self-reflective deescalation training which was interactive and relevant to ambulatory clinic staff. Staff were trained using both in-person and virtual modalities. Participant self-reflection pre- and postintervention questionnaires indicated increases in understanding and application of deescalation methodologies. Multiple ambulatory clinics where staff participated saw a decrease in patient complaints and grievances. Participating ambulatory clinics also saw an improvement in the likelihood to recommend practice. However, participating ambulatory clinics did not see a reduction in reported patient-involved workplace violence events. Ensuring both empathy and self-awareness content in deescalation training, along with relevant ambulatory clinic scenarios, support ambulatory staff to respond effectively and appropriately to escalation events, helps reduce patient complaints, and improves patient satisfaction.

Mission to Study X-rays Emitted from the Most Violent Events in the Universe

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Suspicious Activity Detection

Abstract: Unpredictable activities is guessing a person's physical location or joint activity based on images or videos. The project will require the use of neural networks to detect human activities from CCTV images. Human behavior is one of the fundamental problems in computer vision and has been studied for over 15 years. This is important because the number of applications that can benefit from the search function is huge. For example, it is used in applications such as human prediction, video analysis, animal analysis and behavior understanding, language recognition, human relations-computer, and characters are less powerful. While low-cost depth sensors have limitations such as being limited to indoor use, their low-noise data and low depth make it difficult to estimate humans from depth images. Therefore, we plan to use neural networks to solve these problems. Analyzing human activity through image analysis is an active area of research in image processing and computer vision. Thanks to visual monitoring, human activities in public places such as bus stops, train stations, airports, banks, shopping malls, schools, parking lots and roads can be monitored in order to prevent attacks, theft, accidents, illegal parking, violence, fights and chain events. purse snatching etc. illegal and other activities. It is very difficult to monitor public places regularly, so there is a need for intelligent video surveillance that can monitor people's activities in real time and divide them into tasks, normal and abnormal activities; and can generate an alarm. Often research is done with images rather than video. Also, none of the published articles attempt to use CNNs to detect suspicious activity.

模因论下网络暴力语言生成机制及特征研究

As an emerging language variant, researchers have made many efforts from different perspectives to address online violence language. Dawkins believes that human society is full of memes, and everything people learn is memes. Memetics, as a new theory, aims to explain the relationship between language and culture. Undoubtedly, memetics provides a new perspective for linguistics, and many scholars have been studying this theory for a long time. At the same time, we also noticed that previous research has left a lot of research space for this typical theory. Otherwise, language is constantly changing. Therefore, the variation and development of human language directly affect its evolution. Memetics provides a new perspective for analyzing online language. On the other hand, from the perspective of research on language memes, there is insufficient attention paid to the dynamic generation of language memes and a lack of a systematic and comprehensive conceptual framework for meme language. Network language is a product of the information age background and a typical language variant. Therefore, analyzing its complex generation and evolution process is of great significance for the development of language. This article is based on meme theory and focuses on language variants of online violence. Mainly studying the language variants of online violence used by young Chinese netizens. Based on the definition of online violence language, in order to better analyze the variants of online violence language, the author screened some typical online violence events from 2011 to 2021. Based on the fact that there are a large number of language variants of online violence and popular internet slang, the author has built a corpus to better analyze this language variant. All texts are collected from some influential websites, such as Weibo, QQ, WeChat, Tiktok, etc. In addition, some data is collected from real-world communication. The collected language variants of online violence are representative and widely disseminated.

In the Space of Cumulative Trauma: Lessons from a Hungarian Trauma-Novel in Vojvodina

In the case of deep trauma, literature is often unable to speak. In the Hungarian literature of Vojvodina, the general silence concerning the changes of empire and the reprisals describes the traumatic experience as an impulse that is impossible to put into a narrative. Nándor Burány’s book-length trauma novel, Összeroppanás (Implosion), published in 1968, looked back on the events from a quarter of a century later and for the first time thematised the task of processing transgenerational trauma. The novel’s distinctive feature is that it introduces the concept of trauma itself by asking questions about the identification of the time of the traumatic rupture. The real subject of his poetics is the way trauma works and its ineffable nature. The double vision so characteristic of trauma stories becomes here an important structural figure. In the moody world of trauma-induced thinking, the necessity and impossibility of speech at once torments the central figure of the novel. The novel is set in a space of cumulative trauma and processes trauma as a social construction based on lived experience. It also makes the point that trauma in this space cannot be located in a single inherent violent past event, but rather in a series of dates and events.

When the outside penetrates the inside: the relationship between Palestinian Israeli and Jewish Israeli social workers in mixed cities during the events of May 2021

ABSTRACT The violent national events that occurred in Israel in May 2021 heightened the sense of anxiety and insecurity for Palestinian and Jewish citizens alike, particularly in mixed cities. This study examines the dynamics, emotions, and perceptions of Palestinian-Israeli and Jewish-Israeli social workers in mixed cities against the backdrop of these events. The study included in-depth interviews with 25 Palestinian-Israeli and Jewish-Israeli social workers in welfare departments in six mixed cities in Israel. The analysis was encoded inductively, informed by the principles of content analysis. Two themes emerged: (1) overt and hidden conflicts between social workers of both nationalities; and (2) challenges to cooperation against the background of the conflict. The research findings enable a deep and broad understanding of the complexity of the personal, national, and professional identities of Palestinian-Israeli and Jewish-Israeli social workers in Israel, reflected in their relationships with colleagues of the other nationality. Raising awareness of these aspects will facilitate developing appropriate tools for intervention programs and a direct and sensitive reference to these issues within the curricula of social work schools in Israel.

Between the desert and the sky: Raúl Zurita's "Purgatorio" (Purgatory) as an antecedent of documentary poetry in Latin America

The Chilean poet Raúl Zurita writes from the pain of living during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990). At that time, Zurita was kidnapped and, in his memory, there remains a wound that cannot heal. Although the term documentary poetry does not exist in Latin America, this article addresses the possibility that the poet is a precursor of Latin American documentary poetry. For this, it is based on the importance of the context in which Zurita lived and how he found a way to transform pain through poetry. In this article we will see how in Purgatorio —translated to English as purgatory— (1979), Zurita applies tools typical of documentary poetic creation such as intervened images, polyphony and wordplay. In the United States, documentary poetry has as its referents poets such as Ed Sanders, Charles Olson, William Carlos Williams, among others. They also wrote about historical events using documentary poetry tools. Therefore, we consider the importance of a poet like Zurita to demonstrate how violent and historical events in Latin America remain through poetry.

Status of Minorities of Pakistan and India: A Legal and Constitutional Comparison

The protection of the rights of minorities remains an important challenge for both Pakistan and India. There are many violent public events towards minorities coupled with the failure of the Government to ensure the protection of their life and properties in both countries on various occasions. This study aims to investigate the constitutional and legal status of minorities in Pakistan and India. Since the nature of the topic is immeasurable in nature, a qualitative research approach through comparative analysis is carried out. The population of minorities in both countries is quantified through Pakistan's population census in 2017 and India's population census in 2011. The study highlights the presence of various provisions that are discriminatory in nature and presents a comparison of textual differences and similarities between the current constitutional provisions related to minorities in both countries. The study further indicates that the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, specified the minorities as religious minorities and ensured freedom in religious, social, and political matters, and the State is made liable to guarantee such freedom to the minorities. The Constitution of India, based on the philosophy of a secular state, assures equal opportunities to minorities, but the separate laws and regulations in different states make the religious minorities concerned about the secular philosophy. On the ground, both countries need to revise the constitutional provisions that lack clarity with regard to the rights of minorities. It is also important for both countries to ensure the implementation of current fundamental rights given in the Constitution, realize the importance of the welfare of minorities, and take the right policy and legislative interventions to protect the rights of minorities in Pakistan and India.

Turbulent Events Effects: Socioeconomic Changes in Southern Poland as Captured by the LSED Index

Today’s generations live in uncertain times. The inflation of violent and unpredictable events over the last two decades, such as the economic crisis or COVID-19 pandemic, has affected the functioning of regions and the daily lives of their residents. Therefore, the socioeconomic level has to be monitored. This article fills the research gap regarding the identification of the impact of recent turbulent events on the development of municipalities in southern Poland. The specific goal is to identify trends in socioeconomic changes in times of change and uncertainty from 2006 to 2021 in 450 municipalities in Małopolskie, Śląskie, and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeships. The research defined model and problem areas among the municipalities regarding the level of development. The analyses employ an original synthetic Level of SocioEconomic Development index (LSED) consisting of 18 diagnostic variables. The study mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches and considered the spatial dimension in statistical analyses. We identified general trends related to the ageing population and housing shortage. Moreover, in municipalities dominated by industry, socioeconomic development was generally constant. The opposite is true for municipalities focusing on tourism or agriculture. The conclusions demonstrate that Poland’s European Union membership was the key driver of the socioeconomic development of the regions and the country at large. The rule of law crisis in Poland and ensuing cuts in EU spending could slow the development down. The crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic might be consequential as well.

Public Opinion Misconduct and Online Gender Violence: Exploring Chinas Social Media Crisis Beneath the Surface

Due to the rapid advancement of Internet technology, cyber violence has grown to be a massive issue driven primarily by public opinion and social events. In order to investigate the potential crisis of Chinese social media below the surface of public opinion governance, this paper focuses on several archetypal examples in which women are the subject and public opinion is out of focus, leading to ethical misconduct in public opinion. This paper used three research techniques to gather information from Chinese social media users about a specific theme: a questionnaire survey, real-time hotspot data collecting, and case comparison analysis. This paper successfully obtains a large number of data points and analyzes them. Combine this with the change in the interaction mode between the media and Internet users in the Internet+ era in recent years and the trend from one-way communication to two-way interaction, and this paper discusses the changes in the media environment and the new problems caused by them and further analyzes the practical data. Finally, it explores the problem that Chinas social media has been neglected in responding to online violence events: the traffic bias of the content reported by social media platforms has harmed netizens legal consciousness in terms of online violence, and the victims do not understand the means of safeguarding their rights according to law, while the perpetrators do not know the consequences of online violence, which makes online violence events emerge endlessly.

Code De-Escalation: Decreasing restraint use during agitation management in a community hospital emergency department

IntroductionRestraint use in the emergency department (ED) can pose significant risks to patients and health care workers. We evaluate the effectiveness of Code De-escalation– a standardized, team-based approach for management and assessment of threatening behaviors– in reducing physical restraint use and workplace violence in a community ED. MethodsA retrospective observational study of a pathway on physical restraint use among patients placed on an involuntary psychiatric hold in a community ED. This pathway includes a built-in step for the team members to systematically assess perceptions of threats from the patient behavior and threats perceived by the patient. Our primary outcome was the change in the rate of physical restraint use among patients on an involuntary psychiatric hold. Our secondary outcome was the change in the rate of workplace violence events involving all ED encounters. We evaluated our outcomes by comparing all encounters in a ten-month period before and after implementation, and compared our results to rates at neighboring community hospitals within the same hospital network. ResultsPre intervention there were 434 ED encounters involving a psychiatric hold, post-intervention there were 535. We observed a significant decrease in physical restraint use, from 7.4% to 3.7% (ARR 0.028 [95% CI 0.002–0.055], p < 0.05). This was not seen at the control sites. ConclusionsA standardized de-escalation algorithm can be effective in helping ED's decrease their use of physical restraints in management of psychiatric patients experiencing agitation.

P38: A qualitative study on the impacts of stressful life events on the mental health of older adults in Colombia

Background:Many older adults in Colombia have lived through violent and stressful life events, particularly in areas of poverty where the problem of mental ill-health is commonly tigmatized in lower- and middle-income countries. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the impact of stressful life events on the mental health and wellbeing of older Colombians living in areas of relative poverty.Methods:Older adults (aged 60+) living in the Turbo region in Colombia were interviewed face-to-face between August and December 2021. Participants were recruited via snowball sampling based on criteria of ethnicity, gender, age, and place of residence. Transcripts were coded in Spanish and English by at least two research team members, using inductive thematic analysis.Results:Twenty-six older adults participated in the study. Four overarching themes were generated: Living in violent and dangerous communities; Disturbing gender violence and gender roles; Lack of mental health awareness; Coping mechanisms. Older adults experienced a long narrative of stressful life events, from their youth into old age. Younger generations appeared to disrespect older members of Society, and participants witnessed a constant availability of around them – both interpersonal and within their neighbourhoods. Without any mental health support or awareness, older adults coped by merely accepting the extreme situations or seeking solace in their faith.Conclusions:The health system and Government need to build up trust in its institutions and generate an awareness of mental health, as older Colombians will not approach psychological support otherwise. Intergenerational community-based interventions embedded within neighbourhoods may provide a first avenue of mental health support.

Understanding the Workplace-Violence-Related Perceptions and Coping Strategies of Nurses in Emergency Rooms.

Workplace violence (WPV) is a well-known and serious issue in most countries, and WPV against healthcare providers is of particular concern, especially among nurses working in emergency rooms (ERs). We aimed to develop a deeper understanding of nurses' perceptions and coping strategies related to WPV that took place over a 1-year period from the perspective of nursing victims still working in ERs in southern Taiwan. This is a qualitative study with in-depth and semistructured interviews. Nineteen ER nurse victims were recruited from six hospitals in southern Taiwan from June 2015 to April 2016. All of the interview recordings were analyzed using content analysis. The content analysis identified two themes of perceptions and two themes of coping strategies toward WPV. The two themes of perceptions were "adversity" and "dilemma," with the former covering the three subthemes of "misunderstanding of health policy," "unsafe environment," and "nursing shortage" and the latter covering the two subthemes of "burnout" and "keeping or quitting the job." The two themes of coping strategies were "adjustment" and "resilience," with the former covering the three subthemes of "acceptance of the reality of WPV," "self-regulation," and "culture and belief" and the latter covering the two subthemes of "living with WPV" and "problem solving." The findings revealed that ER nurse victims of WPV experienced a complicated journey after encountering WPV. Their coping strategies may be referenced by other ER nurses to better prevent and manage violent events in ERs. To prevent and manage violence in ERs, hospital managers should create a safe working environment through, for example, assigning sufficient security personnel and staff; provide relevant training to ER nurses in communications and other skills; and implement support systems to strengthen nurse resilience.

Violent Event Severity Tool for Reporting Violent Incidents.

To explore the usefulness of the Violent Event Severity Tool (VEST). The Joint Commission and many governing bodies require establishing workplace violence prevention programs in hospitals. Inconsistent processes have hampered the efficacy evaluation of such programs for collecting and reporting violence. The VEST was developed as a standardized tool for capturing violence data. Ninety-six healthcare workers attending the 2022 Magnet® conference completed the survey. The VEST includes 6 types and 4 intensities of violent incidents. Most participants reported that the VEST is easy to use (79%), relevant (85%), and useful (85%). Fewer than half were satisfied with their incident report filing processes. Only 38% of participants experiencing grade 1 physical assault filed an incident report, whereas 70% and 100% experiencing grades 3 and 4 physical assaults filed. The VEST appears to be a useful and relevant tool for consistent collection and reporting of various violence types and severities.

Spatiality of social memories associated with the dictatorship (1973 - 1990) in the Concepción Metropolitan Area (CMA), Chile

The Metropolitan Area of ​​Concepción (MAC) was one of the hardest hit areas by political represión and human right violations during the dictatorship. Despite the impact of it, the urban development of las decades has been erasing the materialness of memories linked with the period. Emerging the neediness to map places of memory to dimension and territorially understand them, through geolocation and analysis of its spatiality and territorial distribution. In this regard, a wide distribution of spaces is identified that can be defined as "silenced places" and "places made invisible by daily life". In fact, a disproportion is observed between the quantity of events of political violence and violations of human rights and the scarcity of public spaces that account for these events. Also, it is relevant to verify a certain inadequacy of the existing spaces for contemporary development of memory practices, both in urban and architectural terms, raising questions about how social memories linked to the dictatorship are currently crystallized.

Juhapura: The Making of a Muslim Ghetto in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, founded by Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411, is the commercial capital of Gujarat and home to pharmaceuticals, construction and textiles industries. It was also known as Manchester of the East because of the thriving textile industries. Underneath this economic growth story lies a city that has been affected by several instances of communal violence since 1947. Post-independence, the city has recorded four major events of communal violence: in 1969, 1985, 1991 and 2002 ( Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI, 2007 , p. 49). As migration ensued as a result of repeated instances of communal violence, Ahmedabad came to acquire the characteristics of a segregated city with a distinct Muslim Ghetto-Juhapura. This article focuses on the increasing ghettoisation of the city and the legal provisions of the state, which have also contributed to the process of segregation.

Duration of the Archive: Soundscapes of Extreme Witnessing in Divya Victor’s Curb

This paper examines the significance of soundscapes in the Tamil American poet Divya Victor’s reconstruction of the archive of anti-South Asian violence in her acclaimed poetry collection Curb (Nightboat Books, 2021). Being a continuation of the poet’s investigation of the limits of conceptual and “documental” poetics (Michael Leong), advanced in her Natural Subjects, UNSUB and Kith, Curb appropriates public and personal records to critique discrimination against the South Asian community in America’s post-9/11 political landscape. Victor’s poetics enact extreme witnessing, re-establishing the archive’s unheard durations that her modality of the lyric upholds, and recovering locutions of the Indian diaspora eroded or erased by anti-immigrant and anti-Asian racism. Tracing the dynamics of location and locution at the sites of violent events as well as their barely audible frequencies registered in the sequence “Frequency (Alka’s Testimony),” I argue that the archive’s duration in Curb is extended by forms of “sonic agency” (Brandon LaBelle). I further show how, through the poetic work of hearing and sounding (including such techniques as echolocation and ventriloquy), Victor creates a simultaneously critical and lyrical space akin to auditory experience where the text’s multiple durational vectors throw into sharp relief the lives “curbed,” diminished, or destroyed by wounding, fear, and trauma, testifying to the extremity of the very act of witnessing. Finally, focusing on opacity as a fundamental quality of the archive, I also turn to Carolyn Chen’s concrète sound compositions and Amarnath Ravva’s assemblages that traverse Curb, accompanying the poet in collaborative hearing of the archive’s spatial, temporal, and sonic dynamics.