Act Of Violence Research Articles

Hubungan Penggunaan Game Online Dengan Perilaku Agresif Verbal Pada Remaja Di Desa Bumisari Kecamatan Bojongsari Kabupaten Purbalingga

Today's youth cannot be separated from gadgets. Gadgets are not only used as a communication tool, but tend to be used to carry out online activities, one of which is online games. The environment of the game is based on violent plot activity, aggression and even gender intimidation. Aggressive actions taken by children as a result of playing games can appear because they lack or even do not care about real life. The study aims to determine the relationship between the use of online games and aggressive verbal behavior in adolescents in Bumisari Village, Bojongsari District, Purbalingga Regency. The sampling technique with a total sampling of 89 teenagers. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire on the use of online games and aggressive behavior. The results showed that there was a relationship between the use of online games and verbal aggressive behavior in adolescents in Bumisari Village, Bojongsari District, Purbalingga Regency. The results of the correlation test using the Spearman Rho test showed a value of p = 0.001 or p = ≤ 0.05. The correlation value (r) was obtained r = 0.349 which indicates a moderate (moderate) correlation strength between the use of online games and verbal aggressive behavior. The correlation value of r = 0.349 shows a positive relationship, which means that the higher the intensity of using online games, the higher the aggressive verbal behavior will be. The conclusion is that online games are related to verbal aggressive behavior in adolescents

We’re All the Same: Collective Narcissists’ Cross-National Support for Putin and Russian Military Attacks

National narcissism is associated with support for nationalist and anti-democratic leaders and decisions in one’s own country. We hypothesize that it might also relate to more favorable judgments of outgroup nationalist leaders and actions, even if the latter may pose a threat to the ingroup. Using the context of the Russian attack on Ukraine, we hypothesize that people with a higher level of national narcissism would be more supportive of Russian attacks, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and the Russian people. This may be due to a higher perception of belief similarity to Putin and Russians. We also considered the moderating role of the explicit target of the attack (Ukraine vs. ingroup). We tested our hypotheses in two studies (Study 1: N = 339 French; Study 2: N = 400 Americans). In both studies, national narcissism was related to a judgment of the attack (on Ukraine or the ingroup) as less immoral and to a better opinion of Putin. These effects were mediated by perceived belief similarity. In both studies however, these less negative judgments of the attack and of Putin did not extend to Russian people. Our results highlight that national narcissists are inclined to support a nationalist outgroup leader and their violent actions, although these may ultimately harm the ingroup.

PELATIHAN PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP ASPEK HUKUM TINDAKAN BULLYING/PERUNDUNGAN

Bullying is an action that is not new and occurs in society, especially among teenagers. In the past, we often used the term "April Fool's" where people were considered allowed to lie or tell jokes to other people without being considered guilty on a certain day. This day is marked by cheating and other pranks on friends with the aim of humiliating gullible people. This action under the guise of a "joke" is considered normal, but in many cases it has extraordinary impacts. In many cases, these actions cause damage to the victim's mental condition and even have an impact on the victim's psychology, some even commit suicide as a result of their actions under the guise of a "joke". Bullying is currently done by being oppressed, pressured, and so on. Bullying or harassment can be through words or through actions aimed at making the opponent's mental state worse and depressed. Another goal is to control someone through insulting, high-pitched words, threats, or violent actions. This is very likely to happen in various areas of society, both in the home, community and school environment, this is due to a lack of public understanding regarding bullying and its legal aspects. Therefore, coaching is related to the legal aspects of bullying and the ethics of using language in communication. Whether directly or through the media, this is very important and must always be done to create a superior social life.

SYRIA: PROXY WARS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

The conflict in Syria quickly escalated into a complex and prolonged civil war where states outside the conflict fueled rebel groups to fight. The onset of multiple proxy wars befell Syria. Proxy war happens when a ruler of a state devises and facilitates the provision of support to a rebel group that is engaged in carrying out violent activities in another state. Thus, an external state can influence the outcome of a civil war without having to bear the heavy costs of sending its army forces. States that wage proxy wars risk a potential conflict escalation, and gamble with provoking retaliation by either the offending state or its allies. Furthermore, inadvertent conse quences of backing rebel forces are also possible such as international condemnation. So, why does a state choose to form a relationship with a proxy group, instead of intervening directly? Why invest money and military power in a third party that could lead to a prolonged conflict? The analysis highlights that the political survival of regimes in the Middle East caused leaders to support rebel groups in Syria. I present a causal mechanism that is based on transnational threats to explain the phenomenon of proxy war in the Syrian civil war. Keywords: Syria, proxy war, Middle East, qualitative analysis, foreign policy.

Responsibility for Offences against Internationally Protected Persons: Contemporary Legal Aspects

The article examines complex legal aspects of the problem of responsibility, when it comes to offences against internationally protected persons (OIPP). The article reveals that, depending on the international legal qualification of the offence, OIPP can be qualified as either an ordinary crime (the one prosecuted under domestic law following the participation of the State in the relevant international conventions the key of which is the 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents) or an international crime when it is a violent act against the protected person committed in the situation of an armed conflict. The authors argue that notwithstanding the fact that both cases entail individual criminal responsibility of the delinquent, individual criminal responsibility for OIPP as an ordinary crime occurs to the extent in which a State party to a relevant international convention has provided for punishment in its national legislation for the conduct criminalized thereby. At the same time, with regard to OIPP as a war crime, the article highlights that the commission of OIPP engenders the right to exercise universal jurisdiction under customary international law and the obligation to exercise quasiuniversal jurisdiction under the “Geneva law” for the purpose of bringing delinquents to justice. In the meantime, the most controversial issue is the question of international legal responsibility of a State in cases of OIPP. It is argued that such responsibility can arise, when OIPP is a war crime committed by a State agent or a non-State actor effectively controlled by the State, as well as when it fails to undertake necessary measures to ensure personal inviolability of protected persons in violation of diplomatic law, or in situations of the denial of justice.

Revisiting the Murder of the Jew Priscus in Sixth-Century Paris

The murder of Priscus the Jew seems to be one of the earliest documented episodes of murder involving Jews in the European Middle Ages. The incident, described by Gregory of Tours (Gregorius Turonensis) in his great work, Decem Libri Historiarum (Ten Books of Histories) involves the murder of the Jew Priscus at the hands of Phatir, his former coreligionist and new convert to Christianity, which occurred in the Frankish Kingdom of Neustria in 581 or 582, during the reign of King Chilperic I. In this study, based on a close reading of the relevant texts I attempt to illuminate what this incident may teach us about Jewish social and political life in the Merovingian kingdoms. I suggest, contrary to previous scholarship that saw the theological aspects of the conversion as paramount, that the murder was the result of a competition among the elite in the court of the king and highlight what we may learn from this case about the sources of Jewish religious law and what Jews and Christians living in this time knew about them. Thus, after a careful reading of the primary source, I propose an interpretation of the circumstances that precipitated the violent act, as well as the manner in which it was recorded in the writings of Gregory of Tours.

Ideology, war, and genocide – the empirical case of Bosnia and Herzegovina

ABSTRACT This article explores the connections among the discursive nature of ideology, identity politics, forced displacement, and symbolic and actual war violence leading to genocide. The general framework of the article is the Bosnian War (1992–1995), waged against the country and its civilians. The analytical basis is a literature review of various studies from the domains of sociology of knowledge, war sociology, and social epistemology. It is based on the perspective of the genocide in Bosnia as a process that began in northwest and east Bosnia in 1992 and terminated in Srebrenica in 1995 (in the municipality Prijedor in northwest Bosnia in 1992, more than 3000 civilians were killed). Mass crimes and the policy of fear mongering were intended to create and recreate the collective belief that coexistence in Bosnia was impossible and that establishing “ethnically pure cultures” and “ethnically pure territories” should be accepted as a deterministic historical necessity. The results of our research indicate that crimes against civilians can be “normalized” only after a “new social order” has been established as a war order with the help of media propaganda. Genocide can be committed only if the perpetrators (and its advocates acting in the name of specific identity politics) believe that committing violence can be justified by a “higher cause.”

Soviet-Afghan War Veterans as Violent Specialists amidst State Disintegration and Civil War in Tajikistan, 1990–1992

ABSTRACT The Soviet collapse in the early 1990s left a security vacuum in Tajikistan, where the regime retained few instruments of coercion after Moscow’s rule melted away. One potential source of informal coercive power was Soviet-Afghan War veterans, or afgantsy, who were militarily trained and in many cases combat-experienced and represented what Charles Tilly has termed ‘violent specialists’. This article argues that organized afgantsy initially offered security functions to the Tajik regime but that, as state authority crumbled, their relationship to state bodies became increasingly tenuous. Eventually, many veterans aligned with non-state violent actors during the civil war, performing several coercive functions on their behalf, including establishing, training, and commanding armed formations. The trajectory of the veterans, hence, paralleled that of the state collapse and the informalization of coercive power in Tajikistan. The changing relationship between veterans and political authority offers a point on which to explore wider shifts in the control and deployment of coercive power in the context of the Soviet collapse in Tajikistan.

Neural Toxicity And Deviating Behaviors: A Review Study

Background: neural toxicity can be mediated by several agents including the accumulation of heavy metal. Neural toxicity could cause deviating behaviors and violent actions. Study objectives: the main objectives of the present study were to review the literature regarding the impacts of neural toxicity on deviating behaviors and violent actions and to explore the impacts of heavy metals including lead (pb) on violent actions. Methodology: literature was reviewed for articles involved in the neural toxicity and their impacts on deviating behaviors such as violence. Articles were studied and summarized to extract the appropriate information, this helped in making up the current study. Results: reviewed literature showed that exposure to heavy metals is associated with violent behaviors and deviating actions. Previous studies indicated that prisoners had higher levels of lead (pb) compared with their counter controls. It was also shown that schoolchildren who had poor academic achievement and committed to violent actions has higher levels of lead (pb). Conclusions: violent actions and deviating behaviors have their environmental origin such as exposure to heavy metals.assessment of heavy metals may be a future indicator to evaluate persons with violent attitudes

Hobsbawm on rebellion in the postcolony: the political economy of armed conflicts in Northern Nigeria

Nigeria’s northwest geopolitical zone is increasingly bedevilled by banditry perpetrated, in part, by aggrieved pastoralists. Pastoralist participation in banditry has been characteristically analysed using theoretical frameworks that portend their violent activities – kidnapping, cattle raiding and murder – as ordinary crimes deriving from ungoverned spaces and socioeconomic deprivation. While such theoretical outlooks shed light on the nature of armed violence in the northwest, they have failed to assess how pastoralist banditry constitutes not so much an ordinary crime but a social crime – a form of resistance against social inequality that stems from the longstanding marginalisation of pastoralism and pastoralists in precolonial, colonial and postcolonial Nigeria. Inspired by the Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm’s conception of social banditry, this article contends that pastoral banditry constitutes resistance to conjugated oppression axiomatic from the contradictions of the Nigerian political economy. Resolving the crisis of pastoral banditry in the region therefore requires attending to the marginality of pastoralists by curtailing abuses and providing public goods.

Settler Shock: Colonial Fetishism and the Disavowal of Violence in Contemporary Canada

This article draws on an analysis of the consistent phenomenon of “settler shock”—the persistent invocations of surprise expressed by settler Canadians whenever there are reports of historical or ongoing violence against Indigenous Peoples—to articulate the dynamics of colonial fetishism and settler disavowal. It demonstrates how these expressions of shock are not, as they might appear, authentic responses to genuinely unknown events but rather are part of a system of discourses that conceal the violence of settler colonialism by erasing its continuities, displacing its violence into the past, and removing Indigenous subjects from the circle of “legitimate” citizens against whom military violence would be prohibited. In particular, it considers different forms of colonial disavowal—one that hinges on time, the other on political status—demonstrating how the fetishism of land as colonial property is the stabilizing force on which colonial disavowal rests. It ends by suggesting, however, that settler colonialism can never, in truth, be stabilized.

A Scoping Review of Anti-Bullying Interventions: Reducing Traumatic Effect of Bullying Among Adolescents.

Bullying is a violent activity that causes significant harm to both victims and perpetrators. Anxiety, despair, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation are signs of bullying's traumatic effect. The social environment's support proved critical in lessening the devastating experience of bullying on adolescents. The purpose of this study is to conduct a scoping Review of Anti-Bullying Interventions with the aim of reporting techniques to reduce traumatic effect of bullying among adolescents. A design scoping review was done in this investigation. The publications were discovered using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review method. Three databases were used to find this article: PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria for this study were that the sample included adolescent victims of bullying, that it was full text, that it was written in English, that it included anti-bullying therapies, that it used randomized control trials or quasi-experimental designs, and that it was published during the last ten years (2014-2023). The authors found 16 articles were obtained that explored Anti-bullying therapies to minimize symptoms of trauma in adolescent bullies. All of the studies found that the intervention significantly reduced the effects of bullying on victims (p<0.05). The sample sizes ranged from 31 to 5539 teenage respondents. This study discovered three types of anti-bullying interventions: social support, social skills, and school-based programs. Activities such as education, counseling, and training are used to prevent bullying behavior in schools. Adolescent intervention takes into account the participants' physical and psychological situations and focuses on completing the stages of adolescent development. Interventions to reduce the impact of trauma on bullying victims need to involve health providers, parents, and adolescents. This aims to form a mutually supportive system in overcoming the problem of bullying.

Dysfunctional Social Systems, Experiential Traits and Sheer Wickedness: Interrogating the Vicissitudes of Criminal Violence in South Africa

The daily incidents of violent crimes are rampant in South Africa. This incident of violent attacks has placed the country in a bad light in the global ranking of violent countries. Not only has this fact not changed, but it has worsened with recent incidents occasioned by the COVID-19 lockdown. From its description as the world’s ‘murder capital’ and rape capital due to the prevalence of criminal activities, criminal violence in South Africa has grown in intensity. This paper argued that the scourge of criminal violence in South Africa is, partly, a manifestation of a dysfunctional social system that has entrenched the culture of violence as an instrument of interaction in a society characterised by individualistic instinct and consciousness. Exacerbated by the lived experiential traits imbued with wickedness, violent criminal activities have created a society living in fear of instant death and degradation. The research used an interpretivism method from several South African studies, including the culture of violence, criminal violence, and the justice system, to discuss the criminal justice system. This paper submits that a deliberate and conscientious approach, through a reformed criminal justice system as well as societal re-orientation, would be necessary to recalibrate the subconsciousness of citizens to be attuned to the appropriate social order stimulated by responsive and responsible governance structures.

A Next-Gen Real-Time Video Alert System with Machine Learning Sensitivity

Traditional methods of violence detection in public spaces often struggle with low accuracy, limited real-time capabilities, and an inability to handle complex spatiotemporal patterns. They lack the sophistication needed to accurately distinguish between violent and non-violent activities, and their reliance on rule-based systems hinders adaptability to diverse scenarios. Moreover, their communication channels for alerts might be slow and inefficient. Mitigating the pervasive issue of violence within public spaces demands a technologically advanced approach. Addressing this imperative, we present a novel solution encompassing a profound neural network architecture. Our method harmoniously integrates a pre-trained Darknet19 model with both Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, collectively orchestrated to achieve unprecedented efficacy in violence detection and prevention. Our approach commences with the extraction of spatial intricacies, meticulously executed by leveraging the potent capabilities of the Darknet19 model. Subsequently, these extracted spatial features serve as the foundational dataset for training the CNN, which in turn captures and distills essential temporal attributes inherent to the video sequences. These temporal features are then seamlessly channeled into the LSTM component of our architecture, which adeptly discerns and categorizes video-based activities into two distinct classes: manifestations of violence and non-violent behaviors. Validation and verification of our proposed model transpire upon the Fight dataset, resulting in a suite of commendable experimental outcomes. The integration of multi-modal alert dissemination mechanisms further enhances our system's efficacy. Notably, pertinent alerts are expeditiously communicated to relevant law enforcement entities through the synergistic utilization of WhatsApp, Telegram, and e-mail applications. This technologically fortified paradigm promises a transformative leap in curbing violence within public domains, empowering law enforcement agencies with real-time, actionable insights. Moreover, the proposed systems have achieved high accuracy rates of 96%, which is higher than the accuracy achieved by other state-of-the-art models.

Trauma of Conflict Victims and Criminal Prosecutions in Nigeria: Discourse on Post-Conflict Transformation

The aim of this paper is to examine the pursuance of criminal prosecutions after a conflict in healing the trauma of conflict victims to rebuild societies. In most conflict situations, there are different types of victims, thousands of people lose their lives, displace, rape, torture and detain or forcibly disappear. While other people will continue suffer from Trauma of Conflict Victimization. Therefore, the lack of accountability, criminal justice, rule of law can lead to widespread violation of human rights and crime against the law. This paper is qualitative in context, nature, and structure; hence Library Research method and content analysis were adopted and carried out to review the data acquired and evaluate the studies originality. The paper adopted theory of peace making criminology to understand and explain the process of healing conflict victims’ trauma in post-conflict transformation situations. The study revealed that, in some cases such as Kenya, Nigeria and South Sudan conflict, the crimes under international law and other serious human rights violations and abuses were committed. The findings also revealed that prosecutions of war criminals and human rights abusers will promote peace and prevent conflict victimization. Furthermore, Post-conflict transformation contain peace building and requires the development of rules, norms that transform potentially violent actors in to non-violent actors and support political, economic, social and military measures and structures aiming to redress the root causes of conflict. The study recommended that, post-conflict policy efforts should focus on peace building, because that is how the warring parties could be settled, negotiation can be facilitated with the armed groups, and the victims could be empowered and compensated. The paper also recommended that the rule of law should not only serve the rights of dominant social groups while leaving other minority groups behind in the post-conflict settings and international institutions should take into cognizance such issues as the entitlements of groups that are vulnerable to marginalization and discrimination- minority groups, women and children, internally or internationally displaced persons and refugees- in a conflict setting or a country.

A DEEP LEARNING-BASED EFFICIENT FIREARMS MONITORING TECHNIQUE FOR BUILDING SECURE SMART CITIES

Any kind of violence is a shame to the world we live in. However, violence still plays a significant role in our society today and claims many innocent lives. Using a gun is one of the traditional methods of violence. Nowadays, firearm-related fatalities are a widespread occurrence. It poses a risk to public safety and presents difficulties for law enforcement. Most of these incidents take place in cities or semi-urban regions. Today, CCTV-based surveillance is widely used by both public and commercial institutions for monitoring and prevention. However, human-based monitoring is error-prone and needs a large number of person-hours as a resource. However, automated smart surveillance is better suited for large-scale and dependable monitoring of violent actions. The primary goal of the study is to demonstrate how deep learning-based methods may be used to identify weaponry, especially rifles. This research employs many detection methods for human face and gun identification, including the newest EfficientDet-based architectures and Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (Faster RCNN). The post-processing detection performance of weapons and human faces has been enhanced using an ensemble (stacked) strategy that employs Non-Maximum Suppression, Non-Maximum Weighted, and Weighted Box Fusion techniques. In this study, the comparative outcomes of several detection methods and their ensembles have been addressed experimentally. It facilitates the police's rapid information gathering about the situation and enables them to take prompt preventative action. Additionally, social media videos may be found using the same method for gun-based content recognition. Here, the mean average precisions for the mAP0.5, mAP0.75, and mAP[0.500.95] are 77.02%, 16.40%, and 29.73%, respectively, according to the Weighted Box Fusion-based Ensemble Detection Scheme. Out of all the options tested, the outcomes provide the best performance. The model has undergone extensive testing using movie clips and unidentified test photos. The resulting ensemble schemes are consistently better than the basic models and are adequate.

MANIPULATION OF THE TERM «TERRORISM»

The purpose of this article is to analyze how world leaders manipulate the concept of terrorism to justify their actions in the context of politics and diplomacy. Through the strategic use of language, politicians and diplomats shape public perceptions and gain support for their military operations. By using language associated with fighting terrorism and protecting civilians, leaders position themselves within a moral framework that does not allow the international community to question or condemn their actions. The article also addresses the problem of evolving vocabulary of terrorism, including new forms such as "energy terrorism", "environmental terrorism", etc., that enable countries to organize actions under the guise of terrorism. To conduct the analysis, we applied qualitative research, case study and textual analysis of empirical research methodology. After the study of the article, it was concluded that the term "terrorism" serves as a powerful tool to shape public opinion and justify state actions by hindering the effective fight against terrorism. It is a means to legitimize politically motivated violent activities and to escape responsibilities in the diplomatic-political arena.

Efforts to Protect Children Against Bullying at SDIT DAARUSSALAAM KAWALU, TASIKMALAYA CITY

Many cases of violent acts do not only occur outside and inside the school environment, even in schools labeled Islamic such as Integrated Islamic Elementary Schools, such as the Integrated Islamic Elementary School (SDIT) Daarussalaam in Kota Tasikmalaya. Acts of violence range from verbal intimidation to physical violence. These violent actions are commonly known as bullying. Ironically, the Quran in Surah Al-Hujurat verse 11 prohibits bullying, as does the Child Protection Law No. 35 of 2014. The research aims to understand: 1) the cases of bullying at SDIT Daarussalaam in Kota Tasikmalaya; 2) the factors causing bullying cases; 3) the efforts to address bullying; and 4) the efforts to prevent bullying at SDIT Daarussalaam in Kota Tasikmalaya. The research framework is based on the idea that bullying can occur due to various factors, including physical and social status factors. The research methodology is qualitative, employing a case study approach. Data collection techniques include interviews, observations, and documentation. The data analysis technique used are data reduction, data display, and verification. The study concludes that: 1) within the time frame of 2022, there were two cases of bullying at SDIT Daarussalaam in Kota Tasikmalaya, involving verbal and physical bullying; 2) factors contributing to the perpetrators include feelings of jealousy, mischief, and teasing, while the victims have low self-confidence; 3) victim mitigation efforts involve fostering self-confidence, and perpetrators are required to apologize to the victims; 4) bullying prevention includes instilling moral values, such as the practice of congregational Dhuha prayer before daily lessons and congregational Dhuhr prayer before leaving school. Additionally, rules prohibiting bullying and specifying punishments for perpetrators are enforced.

Transitivity System and Ideological Framing in News Headlines Reporting Gender-based Violence in Nigeria

Gender-based violence, encompassing domestic abuse, sexual assault, and femicide, remains an enduring and widespread issue in Nigeria. This study aims to examine the transitivity system and ideology present in news headlines reporting gender-based violence in Nigeria. While adopting Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2014) Ideational Metafunction of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as the theoretical framework, the study uses content analysis method which includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches in the analysis of the data. 20 news headlines each published between May and August, 2022 on the official websites of two prominent mainstream media in Nigeria – The Punch and Nigerian Tribune – are purposively selected for this study, making a total of 40 news headlines. The analysis of transitivity system in The Punch online news revealed that thirty (30) processes are employed in the twenty (20) news headlines depicting crime committed against women in Nigeria selected from the newspaper. Twenty-nine (96.7%) of these processes are material process, while one (3.3%) is behavioural process. The prevailing occurrence of material process is also evident in the news headlines selected from Nigerian Tribune. In Nigerian Tribune, twenty-five (25) processes are deployed across the twenty (20) selected news headlines; material process appears twenty-four times (96%), while verbal process appears only once (4%). The dominant use of material process in the selected news headlines permits both media houses – The Punch and Nigerian Tribune – to identify and describe various physical and violent actions that were taken against Nigerian women, and also to identify actions taken by the law enforcement agencies to ensure justice for the victims of crime. The analysis further highlighted a representation of gender roles and power dynamics by revealing that all the material processes which are related to violence, such as ‘rape’, ‘shot’, ‘abducts’, ‘kills’, and ‘punches’, are linked with the male. Hence, men are portrayed as perpetrators of violent crimes while women are represented as the victims; women are portrayed as vulnerable, gang-raped, raped, shot, killed and stabbed. It was also discovered that women, along with related entities, are often used in news headlines to perform the participant role of goal, thereby implying an ideological representation that positions women as susceptible targets of violent crimes. This study therefore concludes that Nigerian media outlets primarily deploy material processes and goal participant roles of the transitivity system to present an amplified and sensational portrayal of various physical and aggressive actions inflicted upon women and young girls in Nigeria.

The Rise of Extremism in post-2003 Iraq A root-cause approach to why violent actors emerges in the Middle East

هدف هذا البحث إلى تقديم لمحة شاملة حول القضايا الأكاديمية المثارة في محاولة فهم العنف الذي يندلع في الشرق الأوسط. سعى هذا البحث إلى فتح الطريق نحو توضيح الفروق الجوهرية في النهج البحثي المستخدم والسياق الذي تم استخدامه. نتج عن ذلك تسليط الضوء على أن البحث الواسع والحيوي ضروري جدًا للنظر في الأسباب الجذرية للعنف في "البيئات القمعية"، حيث يمكن أن يوفر رؤى هامة حول العوامل المحفزة والمتغيرات الأخرى المؤثرة في عملية التطرف نحو الراديكالية العنيفة، في حين استكشفنا فائدة مفهوم التطرف في فهم ظاهرة الإرهاب المحلي في إعدادات أوروبية، تم التعرف على أن المفهوم موجه بشكل رئيسي نحو فهم الإرهاب المحلي في السياق الأوروبي، وهو يختلف كثيرًا عن الإعدادات الشرقية الأوسط. يلقي تحليلنا الضوء على الطبيعة المتنوعة لهذا الموضوع من خلال الاستفادة من نظريات متنوعة في العلوم السياسية والعلاقات الدولية والقانون وعلم النفس سلط الضوء على أهمية السياق التاريخي، مع التأكيد على نداء Mundy لفحص دقيق للترتيبات والممارسات والعمليات التاريخية لفهم العلاقة بين العنف المنظم والشرق الأوسط. أظهر استكشافنا لهوية الطائفة كإطار دورها كأداة سياسية بدلاً من السبب الجذري للعنف. إسهامًا محوريًا هو تحديد هشاشة الدولة كمتغير حاسم في النموذج السببي لظهور الجهات العنيفة، مما يفسر التباين في حدوث الإرهاب عبر الدول التي تشترك في الخلفيات التاريخية والدينية من خلال استكشاف المسارات نحو العنف، نسلط الضوء على الجوانب الزمنية وبروز النماذج المفضلة للتوجهات الإدراكية أو السلوكية، حيث تظهر نماذج الخطوة/المرحلة كأدوات قيمة للتعامل مع سؤال كيفية حدوث التطرف. من خلال تحليل مستويات مختلفة - الميكرو والميزو والماكرو - نكشف عن العوامل البيئية التي تسهم في الإرهاب. تقدم نظرية تحليل الثلاثة مستويات في العلاقات الدولية إطارًا منهجيًا، يغطي المستوى الدولي والمستوى الداخلي والفردي. في جوهره، يوفر هذا البحث مسارًا وإطارًا يمكن للباحثين اعتماده في سعيهم لتحليل عمليات العنف، وظهورها، وتقديم رؤى حول كيفية مناقشتها في سياق المنطقة.