Violence Research Articles

Using Deep Learning Neural Networks to Predict Violent vs. Nonviolent Extremist Behaviors

ABSTRACT Recent analyses of radicalization processes have shown that extremist attitudes and violent behavior may be related in some cases, but are rarely collinear. It therefore benefits analysts of political violence to leverage tools that assist in the distinction of characteristics that might move an individual towards violence (vs. nonviolence) in support of their beliefs. To this end, the current study explores the efficacy of deep learning neural networks for classifying extremists as potentially violent or nonviolent based on dozens of common predictors derived from various perspectives on radicalization. Specifically, this study uses 337 predictors from the Profiles of Individual Radicalization in the U.S. dataset to populate a neural network with two hidden layers composed of four processing nodes. The model correctly predicted whether an individual engaged in violence (or not) in 94.2 percent of cases, on average. Analyses further identified several predictors that were most important in classifying violent and nonviolent cases. These analyses demonstrate neural networks may be effective tools in the study of radicalization and extremism, particularly regarding the disaggregation of salient outcomes.

Judging the algorithm

AbstractThis paper discusses an algorithmic tool introduced in the Basque Country (Spain) to assess the risk of intimate partner violence. The algorithm was introduced to address the lack of human experts by automatically calculating the level of violence based on psychometric features such as controlling or violent behaviour. Given that critical literature on risk assessment tools for domestic violence mainly focuses on English-speaking countries, this paper offers an algorithmic accountability analysis in a non-English speaking region. It investigates the algorithmic risks, harms, and limitations associated with the Basque tool. We propose a transdisciplinary approach from a critical statistical and legal perspective. This approach unveils issues and limitations that could lead to unexpected consequences for individuals suffering from partner violence. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the algorithmic tool has a high error rate on severe cases, i.e., cases where the aggressor could murder his partner—5 out of 10 high-risk cases are misclassified as low risk—and that there is a lack of appropriate legal guidelines for judges, the end users of this tool. The paper concludes that this risk assessment tool needs to be urgently evaluated by independent and transdisciplinary experts to better mitigate algorithmic harms in the context of intimate partner violence.

Rajput Vocabulary of Violence

The aim of this article is to reflect on certain keywords of the Rajput world shaped by the “predominantly masculine martial culture” (Kasturi 2002: 12). Those keywords are crucial to understanding the phenomenon of violence in the Rajput milieu, violence that is perpetrated irrespective of kshatriyahood and outside the battlefield. Keeping in mind that violence cannot be identified with a particular community, but certain types of aggressive acts can be associated with certain social classes or groups (Kasturi 2002: 20), this article seeks to demonstrate that terms such as vair, bāroṭiyā, dacoity, and bhomiyāvat, reveal the mechanisms of collective violence in the socio-political practice of the Rajputs. This will be useful in understanding the cultural background of specific regional patterns of violent behaviour in contrast to the colonial stereotype of a Rajput as primitive, violent, but brave.

Antiandrogens in the treatment of violent sexual behavior: ethical reflections

A comprehensive and general treatment of sexological therapies considered from an ethical point of view does not yet exist, just as there is no agreement among the various schools on the most appropriate therapies for individual disorders or specific pathologies of sexuality.

The prevalence and consequences of workplace violence among psychiatrists in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Background and objectiveThere has been increasing concern globally about the rise in workplace violence (WPV), which is considered a persistent problem generally overlooked by the public and professional organizations. WPV is a significant challenge faced by psychiatrists internationally, yet little is known about WPV among psychiatrists in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of WPV against psychiatrists in Saudi Arabia and identify the types and sources of violence experienced as well as the associated risk factors that contribute to WPV.ResultsAmong 239 psychiatrists, the prevalence of WPV in Saudi Arabia was 56.3%. The prevalence was particularly high among those working in the central region (55.4%) and in Ministry of Health hospitals, Violent behavior was exhibited mostly by patients 133 (99.3%), and the most common type of violence was verbal abuse 75 (56.0%). Respondents reported that patients’ health conditions, denial of admission to the hospital, and staff shortages were the most common triggers for violence. More than two-thirds of the psychiatrists (74.6%) did not require medical intervention after incidents of violence. The majority of psychiatrists felt either stressed (39%) or angry (22.0%) after such incidents. Reasons for not reporting violent events included feeling that violence is part of the job (76.9%) and being unaware of the violence reporting system (50.8%).ConclusionThis study underscores the significant prevalence of WPV among Saudi Arabian psychiatrists, especially in the central region and in Ministry of Health hospitals, notably in emergency rooms. Perpetrators are primarily psychiatric patients and their relatives. The issue is compounded by staffing shortages. WPV poses physical risks and causes psychological stress, negatively impacting productivity. Underreporting persists due to a lack of awareness or violence being perceived as part of the job. Addressing these challenges through raising awareness, providing support mechanisms, and enforcing regulations is essential to bolster workplace safety and patient care for psychiatrists.

Aggression-Victimization in Middle-Low Income Students in Turkey: Empathy Level, Gender, and Grade Level Differences.

This article aimed to analyze aggression-victimization differentiation in middle-school students by empathy level, gender, and grade level. A total of 260 students living in a middle-low-socioeconomic region of Ankara, Turkey, participated in the study (mean age = 12.89, standard deviation = 0.96). Results indicated that the students were more likely to be victims of violent behaviors rather than being aggressors. We found a high probability that victims could become aggressors or vice versa. There were no significant differences between empathy and victimization-aggression. Besides, the results revealed that boys were more prone to being victims and aggressors, especially concerning physical-verbal aggression and harming properties. However, girls were more likely to be victims of isolation and-to a lesser extent-verbal aggression. We discussed these results in light of literature.

Creepypasta and “the Fabrègues Affair”: Imitation and aggression in a recent case of youth violence

This article offers a critical analysis of “the Fabrègues Affair” (2022), a case of youth violence in which two twelve-year-old girls carried out a series of stabbings, resulting in the death of one of their fathers. What was initially viewed as a simple “family tragedy [ drame intrafamilial]” ballooned into a national conversation when the girls claimed, after their arrest, that their violent act had been inspired by “creepypasta,” crowdsourced online horror fictions and videos. While the crime, in its purported relation to digital forms of storytelling, appears eminently specific to the present moment, and while news coverage consistently emphasized the girls’ femininity and sexual orientation in an apparent attempt to further sensationalize their act, the conventional wisdom, as it appears in media coverage of the case, exposes a striking reliance among commentators on outdated psychoanalytic models that do not attend to the specificities of the moment, or to questions of gender and sexuality. This article explores how theories of the relationship between imitation and aggression have been applied in “the Fabrègues Affair” before proposing alternative feminist approaches to understanding the social phenomenon of violent behaviors among girls who appear to draw inspiration from imaginary monsters. In doing so, it aims to contribute new perspectives, drawn from feminist theory and horror studies, to girlhood and childhood studies in the contemporary French context.

Dynamic Prediction of Recidivism in Violence in Community-Based Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Patients: A Joint Model

To construct a model for predicting recidivism in violence in community-based schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients (SSDP) by adopting a joint modeling method. Based on the basic data on severe mental illness in Southwest China between January 2017 and June 2018, 4565 community-based SSDP with baseline violent behaviors were selected as the research subjects. We used a growth mixture model (GMM) to identify patterns of medication adherence and social functioning. We then fitted the joint model using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model and compared it with traditional static models. Finally, we used a 10-fold training-test cross validation framework to evaluate the models' fitting and predictive performance. A total of 157 patients (3.44%) experienced recidivism in violence. Medication compliance and social functioning were fitted into four patterns. In the counting model, age, marital status, educational attainment, economic status, historical types of violence, and medication compliance patterns were predictive factors for the frequency of recidivism of violence (P<0.05). In the zero-inflated model, age, adverse drug reactions, historical types of violence, medication compliance patterns, and social functioning patterns were predictive factors for the recidivism in violence (P<0.05). For the joint model, the average value of Akaike information criterion (AIC) for the train set was 776.5±9.4, the average value of root mean squared error (RMSE) for the testing set was 0.168±0.013, and the average value of mean absolute error (MAE) for the testing set was 0.131±0.018, which were all lower than those of the traditional static models. Joint modeling is an effective statistical strategy for identifying and processing dynamic variables, exhibiting better predictive performance than that of the traditional static models. It can provide new ideas for promoting the construction of comprehensive intervention systems.

The role of CRHR1 and FKBP5 genes in juvenile delinquency among children aged between 12 and 18 years: a case–control study

ABSTRACT Juvenile delinquency, where young people engage in criminal behavior, is a serious concern for society due to high arrest rates among minors. Delinquent behavior is a serious concern due to its devastating effect on the well-being of society. The relationship between genetics and violent behavior is complex and not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the correlation between specific genetic traits, particularly CRHR1 and FKBP5 genes, and sociodemographic characteristics in the context of their age, gender, socioeconomic status, and crime history of delinquent behavior in adolescents. The study was designed as a single-center hospital-based case–control study involving 45 adolescents for each study group: control and those showing delinquent behavior, case group. Findings revealed an abnormal CRHR1 expression in male teenagers is a strong indicator and presents the risk for violent and delinquent behavior. Understanding specific genetic markers, like abnormal CRHR1 expression, helps target assessments and interventions. Additionally, recognizing sociodemographic factors associated with delinquency allows for a more comprehensive approach, considering the various influences on adolescent behavior. This study provides important insights to address and reduce the complex issue of juvenile delinquency.

Interactions Between Forced Sexual Intercourse Victimization and Gender on Violent Behaviors: Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2017-2019.

In recent years, the United States has seen an increase in gun-related violence and school shootings. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the incidence of gun carrying among high-school students has declined. Nevertheless, an examination of the underlying factors that increase the risk of violence-related behaviors is necessary to develop interventions to decrease gun use among high-school students. General Strain Theory (GST) predicts that victims of violence are (a) significantly more likely to engage in violent behaviors and (b) the increased risk of violent behavior by persons who experience violence is significantly greater among male victims. This research aims to test these predictions of the strain theory with data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). To that end, it investigates whether the relationship between forced sexual intercourse victimization (FSIV) and gun or weapon carrying or physical fighting is significantly greater among male students. Using R and pooled data from the nationally representative YRBS (2017 and 2019), additive interactions were estimated according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines to determine the association between FSIV and weapon carry, gun carry, or physical fighting. Multiplicative interactions and odds ratios were also estimated for comparison. Results show a high risk of gun and weapon carrying and physical fighting among both male and female students who experience FSIV and a significant relationship between FSIV and increased risk of these violence-related behaviors. Additive interactions show that the relationship between FSIV and these violent behaviors is significantly greater among male students than female students. Results confirm the predictions of GST and show that FSIV significantly increases the risk of gun carrying and other violence-related behaviors among male and female U.S. high-school students; the increased risk is significantly greater among male students.

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITY AND THE FORMATION OF SOME POSITIVE BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Many times children, especially at the age of puberty and adolescence, show their feelings of fear, upset, anger through specific behavior and challenging attitudes that the family and the school must manage and change from bad to good. The lessons of physical education and sports will address topics about behavior, information will be presented about relationships between peers, about the state of health and sexual behavior of girls and boys, about examples of conflicts that can end tragically or, on the contrary, can end positively. Students will have to receive knowledge about the prevention of violent behavior, about the consequences of violating the law, lack of interest, giving them examples of victims and aggressors. Assumption. In this study we try to find out if once a violent behavior has been improved we can correct it for the better by decreasing the potential for impermissible actions. The formation of these skills is developed at school in the lessons of physical education, civic education, management, by participating in extracurricular actions, by training physical, mental and social skills.

Cartoons Influence on Primary School Pupils Towards Violence and Aggression in Niger State

Screen plays, including cartoons, are a crucial part of children's lives, helping to satisfy their energy and keep them engaged both at home and in school. Research has found that aggression and violence are prevalent among primary school pupils, and scholars have called for further investigation into the possible causes of this issue. Biological and personal factors such as family dynamics, fear of abandonment, punishment, sexual assault, and domestic violence have been studied extensively. However, little research has been conducted on the impact of entertainment media, specifically cartoons, on primary school students' aggression and violence. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the influence of cartoons on the attitudes of children towards violence and aggression of primary school pupils in Niger state. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 primary school pupils from 12 schools across the three senatorial zones in Niger state. Four research questions were answered and questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and T-test at 0.05 level of significance. The results showed that cartoon had a positive influence on primary school pupils (x ̅ =1.44 on a threshold of 1.50). Also, it was discovered that cartoons affects pupils’ time to focus on productive tasks (x ̅ =1.62 on a threshold of 1.50), among others. The result of the difference between pupils’ reaction to cartoons based on gender showed that there was a significant difference (t = -3.28; df = 248; p&lt;0.05). Also, the result of the difference between the reactions of pupils to cartoon among public and private schools pupils indicated that there was a significant difference (t = 2.70; df = 248; p&lt;0.05). Following these findings, recommendations are made for parents to pay greater attention to presenting their children with carefully chosen cartoons that could have a positive impact on them. For the teachers, it was recommended that they should create a classroom environment that is less conducive to aggressive or violent behaviour so as to curb whatsoever the pupils might have learnt in their respective homes. Pupils are advised to be aware of their attitudes towards aggression and violence and take steps to stop such behaviour among themselves and their peers. Recommendations are made for curriculum planners to incorporate media literacy and social-emotional learning into the curriculum. Policy makers are advised to develop guidelines for media content, invest in research, and provide funding as these would aid in promoting positive attitudes towards aggression and violence among cartoon viewing pupils.

Pedestrians’ receptivity to fully automated vehicles: Assessing the psychometric properties of the PRQF and survey in France

One of the biggest challenges facing the human-centered design of fully automated vehicles (FAVs) is their interaction with vulnerable road users. Measuring pedestrians’ perceptions is particularly important to know whether they will be receptive to the introduction of FAVs on the road. In this context, the present study aimed to examine and validate the structure of the Pedestrian Receptivity Questionnaire for FAVs (PRQF) in France. A second objective was to explore the receptivity of French pedestrians towards FAVs, its effects on behavioral intention when interacting with FAVs, and acceptance of FAVs. To meet these objectives, 474 participants living in France answered an online survey (age range: 18–83 years; 39 % of males), which included the PRQF, the behavioral intention to cross the road in front of a FAV and their acceptance, as pedestrians, of the introduction of FAVs on the road. Several scales and items were also included to measure familiarity with FAVs and new technologies, as well as self-reported pedestrian behavior using the pedestrian behavior scale (PBS) and sociodemographic information. A series of statistical analyses indicated a three-dimensional factor structure in the answers of the French respondents to the PRQF, i.e., Positive Attitude, Supportive Social Norms, and Compatibility. These dimensions differed from those revealed in earlier questionnaire validation studies. However, in line with other studies on automated vehicle acceptance, these dimensions were influenced by several sociodemographic factors (age, sex, level of education, walking frequency, location, possession and duration of driving license). The results also indicated a mixed receptivity of the French respondents to FAVs. Their behavioral intentions to cross the road in front of an approaching FAV were further explained by the Positive Attitude dimension of the PRQF and their self-declared behaviors as pedestrians, particularly in terms of positive and violation behaviors. Acceptance of FAVs in the respondents’ living area was predicted by the Positive Attitude dimension and by self-declared behaviors as pedestrians (in terms of aggressive behaviors particularly). The respondents’ age and familiarity with FAVs and new technologies were also predictive of their FAV acceptance. Several research and practical perspectives are proposed accordingly.

Efficient Violence Recognition in Video Streams using ResDLCNN-GRU Attention Network

Detecting Violence in video streams is essential for public safety and security due to the rising frequency of violent incidents. Despite the extensive deployment of CCTV for surveillance, the available human monitoring resources still need to catch up with the need for vigilant supervision. This research presents a new lightweight model to address this gap by accurately identifying and categorizing violent behaviors in various scenarios, including CCTV footage. The proposed method leverages optical flow and RGB data to capture spatiotemporal features in the Violence data. Built on a Residual DLCNN architecture integrated with the Attention mechanism and GRU components, the model effectively handles high-dimensional video data, enhancing accuracy by prioritizing crucial frames containing violent and nonviolent instances. The proposed model's performance was validated on the Hockey Fights (HF), Movie Fights, and SCVD datasets, achieving impressive accuracies of 98.38%, 99.62%, and 90.57%, respectively. Here, we developed the Extended Automatic Violence Detection Dataset (EAVDD), featuring 1530 videos of violent scenes in movies, public spaces, social media, and sports. Testing the model with top fight scenes in rated movies yielded outstanding results. This research supports surveillance systems and advances short video analysis and understanding with applications in public safety, social media, sports, and law enforcement.

Physical and Emotional Sibling Violence Behaviors with Closest-Aged Siblings in Childhood: An Exploratory Study Examining Associations with Sibling Relationships in Adulthood

Physical and Emotional Sibling Violence Behaviors with Closest-Aged Siblings in Childhood: An Exploratory Study Examining Associations with Sibling Relationships in Adulthood

The Role of Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem of Bullying Victims: A Qualitative Study

Bullying is any form of intimidation or violent behavior carried out intentionally by one or a group of people who are stronger or more powerful towards another person, which aims to hurt and is carried out continuously. Bullying has a very bad impact on victims, especially teenagers. For example, it is easy to experience fear, anxiety and can lead to depression. This bullying behavior can affect the development of self-esteem, resulting in low self-esteem in teenagers. This gives rise to thoughts of one's own worthlessness and makes it difficult to socialize with the surrounding environment. Self-esteem is the basis for a person's assessment of himself both positively and negatively as a whole. This research uses quantitative methods with a literature review approach. Various sources relevant to the research topic were collected and then analyzed. So the results of this study show that increasing teenagers' self-esteem is effective in minimizing teenage victims of bullying. Therefore, it can be concluded that self- esteem is found to be related to bullying. Self-compassion in the health quality of life of adolescents is significant in the dimensions of physical, psychological well- being, relationships with parents and autonomy, as well as the school environment. However, self-compassion was found not to be very significant in the dimensions of social support and peers, because self-compassion in improving various health quality of life domains indicates the importance of developing a compassionate attitude towards oneself for adolescents in order to improve their quality of life.

Dampak Penggunaan Gadget dan Cara Penaggulanganya pada Peserta Didik Kelas V di SDN Ende 5

Gadgets are small electronic devices that have various specialized functions. In addition, a gadget can also be interpreted as a sophisticated device that contains various applications. These applications themselves are then used as a source of information, social networking, hobbies, creativity, and much more. Gadgets are used by parents, teenagers and early childhood who feel happy and even addicted to using them. So that for early childhood who is not given a companion or guidance can cause a negative impact on early childhood development. There are objectives, namely to find out what impact the use of gadgets has, to find out the signs of gadget addiction in children, to find out how to reduce the adverse effects of gadgets, to find out how to overcome gadget addiction, to find out the characteristics and effects of gadget addiction. This activity was conducted at SDN Ende 5 using a qualitative approach method. The results showed that gadgets are indeed very useful for life, but can cause negative things, including to elementary school children who make excessive social and emotional development. The adverse effects on children are closed personalities, sleep disorders, tantrums, violent behavior, fading creativity and the threat of cyberbullying. The solution is to limit the use of gadgets, supervise children when playing gadgets and give children the right time to play gadgets.

Penerapan Ular Tangga Sebagai Media Memperbaiki Tanda &amp; Gejala Risiko Perilaku Kekerasan pada ODGJ di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Palembang

The risk of violent behavior is the result of anger or fear which is a response to feelings of threat, which will show several signs and symptoms such as sharp gaze, stiff body posture, red face and harsh words, so intervention is given using the media using snakes and ladders to improve the signs and symptoms. violence. Aiming to improve the signs and symptoms of violent behavior through modality therapy using the snakes and ladders game, the method used is a case study to explore nursing care to improve the signs and symptoms by observing and pre-test and post-test checklists on clients with violent behavior. The results of the implementation that had been carried out were a decrease in 14 signs and symptoms of violent behavior, in patient I there was a decrease in 4 out of 6 signs and symptoms, in patient II there was a decrease in 7 out of 10 signs and symptoms, in patient III there was a decrease in 3 out of 5 signs and symptoms. , patient IV experienced a decrease in 6 of 9 signs and symptoms, patient V experienced a decrease in 4 of 7 signs and symptoms and patient VI experienced a decrease in 4 of 9 signs and symptoms of violent behavior. So there is an influence on the application of the snakes and ladders game media to improve signs and symptoms in patients with violent behavior.

The role of YouTube videos on creating child violence behavior from the perspective of mothers

The entry of modern technology into our society, particularly the emergence of the Internet with various sites that are easy to search, is one of youtube most important and popular sites, creating a new generation of children addicted to their use despite the large number of YouTube has become a real danger in the light of excessive use by children, however, it is ifficult to control the prevention of children from being exposed to the Internet in general and to YouTube videos in particular, many children in the developing stage of the disease. Psychological and neurological as a result of the content presented to them via video. The aim of this research is the role of YouTube videos on children's belligerent behavior at the age of 2-6 for this 200 forms on mothers in the city border Rania was divided into 100 male and 100 female children, for example. It was later revealed that children are most likely to be YouTube users at a high rate and that mothers don't monitor their children at the time you've seen YouTube and the degree of aggressive behavior that has changed according to gender, which is more likely to be male than female.

Penerapan Terapi Afirmasi Positif pada Pasien dengan Harga Diri Rendah di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Palembang

Low self-esteem is a persistent feeling of worthlessness and inferiority from negative self-evaluation of oneself. Complications for clients with low self-esteem include social isolation, hallucinations and violent behavior. The problem of low self-esteem requires appropriate intervention. One therapy that can be done by patients with low self-esteem is positive affirmation therapy. Positive affirmations are statements that strengthen positive beliefs within a person. This research aims to provide nursing care to mental patients with low self-esteem through positive affirmation therapy interventions at the Palembang mental hospital. The method used was a descriptive method with a nursing process approach on 3 patients with a One Group Pretest Posttest research design of positive affirmation therapy on patients with low self-esteem. The results of measurements via the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale were obtained by the patient Mrs. Y with a score of 4 (low self-esteem) to 7 (high self-esteem), the score for Mrs. N with a score of 3 (low self-esteem) becomes 7 (high self-esteem) and Mrs. A with a score of 3 (low self-esteem) becomes 5 (low self-esteem). Conclusion: There is a decrease in the number of patients' self-esteem level scores through the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale measurement and a decrease in the number of symptoms that appear in patients with low self-esteem.