Violence In Order Research Articles

I’d Kill to Belong! Comparing Brahmanical, Samurai, and Gentleman Masculinities in the Early Modern Period

The following article seeks to analyze concepts of masculine honor prevalent among men of high status in the early modern period in three differnt cultures. Comparisons of patriarchy and masculine honor prevalent among upper castes in Bengal, samurai in Japan, gentlemen in England form the basis of this study and it seeks to find common patterns in the social actions of these men. We find that marriage unions and the sexuality of the women of these status groups were highly regulated, along with the men often resorting to violence in order to preserve their honor. Masculine honor was a currency that allowed men to belong to exclusive status groups and these allowed them access to a world of privileges denied to their inferiors. Thus, its preservation and augmentation acquired paramount importance for the men of high status in these societies, making them literally kill in order to belong.

Korban kekerasan dalam pacaran yang sulit meninggalkan hubungannya

Dating violence (KDP) is one of the most prevalent cases in Indonesia. Most victims of the cases choose to stay in the relationship and forgive their partners. This study aims to investigate whether emotional regulation strategies mediate the role of romantic attachment components on affective and cognitive empathy toward victims of dating violence. Participants in the study were victims of dating violence aged 18-29 years (N= 367) who live in Java Island. Research samples were collected using volunteer techniques (opt-in) panels where participants agreed to be involved through an invitation on a website page without being formally recruited. This study employs The Basic Empathy Scale to measure the dimensions of empathy, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory to measure the type of romantic attachment components, and finally Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to measure the type of emotional regulation strategies. By model 4 of Hayes's analyses, the results showed that the reappraisal strategies type mediated the role of avoidance attachment toward empathy, both affective and cognitive. As practical implications, counselors are expected to establish secure attachments, particularly with their clients who experience dating violence in order to stabilize cognitive and affective empathy so they are able to live free of violent relationships.

The Challenges of Conflict Transformation, Peacebuilding and Education Towards Intractable Conflicts: The Youth Involvement in North-Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Peacebuilding and transformation are essential in creating a peaceful environment, in responding to conflicts and in promoting good relationships for social harmony. This paper establishes the challenges to transformation and peacebuilding in dealing with conflicts and violence among young people as it explores the strategies for conflict transformation and peacebuilding in North Kivu province. It looks at how these tools can help the youths and the communities to break away from violence and work towards peace. The study is based on the systems theory in general and confict transformation in particular how to train young generations to get out of conflicts and violence in order to preapre a bright future. Thus, the paper triangulates the systems theory, transformation, peacebuilding and the intergroup contact. From the participatory action research design, the paper provides resources in the struggle against intractable conflicts and subsequent violence for peacemaking. The paper establishes ubuntu as a starting point for conflict transformation, peacebuilding and in restoring peace and peaceful cohabitation among the youth in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

‘All cases are false’: law, gendered violence, and the politics of thickening in Himalayan India

AbstractThis article focuses on Indian women's experiences of filing complaints of gendered violence in order to address two interconnected questions: how are complaints of gendered and sexual violence authenticated as genuine or rejected as dubious before they even reach a courtroom? And how do women who bring these complaints before the law navigate a social field in which what counts as the ‘truth’ might conflict with their own understandings and experiences? Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in the Central Himalayan state of Uttarakhand in India, this article explores how family, community, and local state officials engaged in a kind of thick description that contextualized women's complaints within rural social relations and political economy. It shows how this politics of thickening often displaced women's individual experiences of violence and served to falsify their complaints. This everyday thickening bears a troubling similarity to the theory and methods of feminist activists and anthropologists, necessitating reflection on how to write ethically about gendered violence without replicating violence. Finally, this article turns attention to how some women decided to take on this politics of thickening through canny adoption of its methods and premises, eventually stretching the limits of the law and unintentionally expanding its scope.

Association between bullying, childhood adversities and social capital among adolescents.

This study aims to analyze the association between bullying behaviors, adverse childhood experiences and social capital in late adolescence. Secondary school students aged 15-19 of a metropolitan region of Brazil were recruited for a sectional epidemiological survey, with a sample of 2,281 students, stratified by municipality of school location. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed from three instruments: Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Childhood Adversity History Questionnaire and Integrated Questionnaire to Measure Social Capital, in adapted versions. The results showed that the factors associated with bullying victims were gender and adversity in childhood. The factors associated to bullying aggressors were gender, childhood adversities, and cognitive social capital. And the factors associated with bullying aggressor-victims were gender, childhood adversities, and cognitive social capital. It is concluded that bullying is associated with adversity in childhood and also with cognitive social capital and they point out the need to address the causes of violence in order to provide a healthy and safe development for children and adolescents, preventing negative outcomes for physical and mental health.

What Will People Think? How College Students Evaluate Bystander Intervention Behavior.

Many colleges utilize bystander intervention programs to address gender-based violence. The goal of these programs is to help students overcome barriers to intervention, including evaluation inhibition, which occurs when bystanders expect to be viewed negatively for intervening. We have limited information, though, on how college students evaluate bystanders who intervene. Specifically, we do not know whether evaluations of bystanders who engage in different levels of intervention vary across situations or how men and women who intervene similarly are evaluated. Without this information, it is difficult to design prevention programs that help bystanders overcome evaluation inhibition. To gather this information, we conducted a vignette experiment with college student participants (n = 82). We specifically examined how students evaluated the reasonableness of male and female bystanders who engaged in different behaviors (direct intervention and threatening to tell an authority, direct intervention only, indirect intervention, doing nothing) across four situations (assault at a party, workplace harassment, harassment by a teaching assistant, and intimate partner violence). Analyses of variance found that there was situational variability in how the bystander is evaluated for different intervention tactics, though bystanders who did nothing were always evaluated the most negatively. Bystander's gender, however, did not affect evaluations, suggesting that intervention expectations for men and women are similar. These results indicate that while there is an underlying norm supportive of intervention behavior, situational characteristics influence whether college students think it is reasonable to call authorities, confront the perpetrator, or engage in indirect intervention. The central implication of this study is that bystander intervention training should provide opportunities for students to practice intervention behaviors across a wide variety of situations of gender-based violence in order build up their store of intervention tactics, thus increasing their ability to overcome evaluation inhibition.

#MeToo in Poland: reactions to public accusations of sexual violence

ABSTRACT As in many other countries, the #MeToo movement in Poland brought forth a wave of accusations of various forms of sexual violence. In this article, we analyze public statements of men accused of sexual violence in order to explore their constructions of gendered power relations and expose the internal logic of male privilege. Using Foucauldian discourse analysis, we distinguish five discursive repertoires employed in the statements: new facts, the real victim, the decent feminist, good reputation, and explicit stigmatization. We argue that our discursive repertoires are similar to strategies extracted in different cultural contexts, thus indicating common connections across cultures in how male privilege operates. We have also observed characteristics specific to the Polish context, including the high importance of the supposed neutrality of the law in the debate around #MeToo and the predominant use of the good reputation repertoire to enhance credibility of privileged men. Given the specificity of the material analyzed and the exploration of the logic of privilege and misogyny, this article aims to contribute to efforts to counter harmful narratives about sexual violence that are prevalent in many countries.

Empirical Study of the Occurrence of Domestic Violence in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province

The smallest social unit in society is the household or family, and this has a significant impact on the personality development of each family member and the way they interact with other people. The aim of this research is to identify the causes and various forms of domestic violence in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. and Factors influencing the occurrence of domestic violence in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. This research uses empirical methodology, with data sourced from literature reviews and field investigations. The research was conducted in Central Sulawesi Province, in Banggai Regency. collecting information in the field through field work, interviews and observations. After that, qualitative descriptive analysis was used to test the data. Research findings show that in Banggai district, Central Sulawesi Province, there are very frequent cases of domestic violence where the victims are generally women. In addition, a number of laws and regulations have been enacted to protect women who are victims of domestic violence. Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence is one of the legal regulations that specifically regulates domestic violence. However, the many laws and regulations governing women's safety do not adequately consider women's needs to protect them from crimes involving domestic violence. Economic problems, social media, adultery and drug use are key variables that influence the incidence of domestic violence. So it is hoped that the government, police and society can work together to combat acts of domestic violence in order to minimize physical, psychological and sexual domestic crimes and create a harmonious household environment.

Men are victims of violence: Social representations, machismo and gender stereotypes

Background: Violence, as a phenomenon, affects both men and women in Colombia. According to reports from The National Institute of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences, 51% of violence cases are concentrated in men without this translating into specific government actions or investigations focusing their attention on this group. Background usually focuses its attention on the man as the perpetrator, hiding his role as a victim and diminishing his value as a subject of study, which is why there is little research literature on this phenomenon. Objective: This research analyzes the social representations of men regarding their role as victims of violence and its implications in the perpetuation of gender and machismo stereotypes, as well as their main knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding violence against men. Method: Through a mixed methodological approach, interviews and polls were conducted in order to understand this construct. Results: It was found that men silent the fact that they are victims of violence in order to satisfy social expectations regarding the role that they must play in patriarchal structures. 82% of the participants feel pressured to exercise masculine roles, and a 79% have suffered sexual assault from another person. Conclusion: There is a formal understanding of machismo and the negative implications of its practice; however, its practices are admitted as valid and even as justifiable, so they are maintained and perpetuated with the associated stereotypes.

낙태죄 비범죄화 이후

Access to safe abortion is a key aspect of sexual and reproductive rights. However, even after the decriminalization of abortion in 2021, abortion care has not been normalized in South Korea. This study analyzes the current state of medical assistance and access to abortion after decriminalization, with a focus on abortion due to sexual violence, keeping in mind that abortion, even before decriminalization, was not punished and it was included in the government’s medical expenses subsidy. In-depth interviews with sexual violence victim support workers and healthcare providers revealed that while decriminalization has improved access to care and information, many interviewees did not see any significant changes in medical support for abortion for sexual violence victims. Both support organizations and providers often felt that “abortion has not been legal yet” and as a result, they felt that they were under pressure to make sure that a pregnancy was the result of sexual violence in order to justify providing assistance to victims. As a result they tend to impose strict requirements on victims for providing medical assistance for them. In some cases, support organizations required a complaint of sexual violence, DNA matching of the perpetrator and the fetus, a case conference decision by an external advisor, or parental consent for adolescent victims as prerequisites for medical assistance, which made it impossible for victims to receive assistance. In addition, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family’s guidelines discourage supporting organizations to apply for assistance as the guidelines stress the possibility of being accused of false accusation and redeeming of support money. It was also pointed out that the guidelines do not specify whether to support medical expenses for pregnancies resulting from prostitution, so the possibility of support is ambiguous. The most difficult thing with regard to supporting abortion was to find a medical professional who would provide medical care ad abortion to victims. Despite being a victim of sexual violence, women were frequently rejected by healthcare providers and were not officially provided with information on which hospitals could provide abortion care. The experiences of being rejected by medical professionals or support organizations in itself caused worse stigma and pain of abortion for victims. Even at hardly found hospitals, it was often the case that hospitals refuse abortion operation expenses be covered by medical insurance and charged high fees while abortions were mostly performed surgically. Parental consent was required for all processes of investigation and medical assistance, leading adolescent victims to abandon their requests for assistance because they were unable to inform their guardians about their problems. There were also challenges in ensuring the right to self-determination for victims with developmental disabilities. Secondary victimization has been found occurred during the medical assistance, investigation, and victim assistance processes. Post-abortion support for contraception was limited, and counseling and follow-up support were scarce. Since the decriminalization of abortion, amendments to the abortion law were submitted to the National Assembly which maintain the punishment of abortion but limiting them based on respective of reasons. The Ministry of Women and Family Affairs’ policy regarding abortion is that it will only fund abortions in some cases of sexual violence. However, the results of the in-depth interviews show that no support for abortion is possible while criminalizing or stigmatizing it in principle. Given the above-mentioned interview results, this study recommends the measures to ensure the right to abortion for sexual violence victims.

EDUKASI PENCEGAHAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL PADA MURID TAMAN KANAK-KANAK (TK)

This article discusses the efforts that can be made to prevent sexual violence against children through community dedication activities in children's schools (TK) students practiced to be able to provide early education for children thus reducing the incidence of sexual abuse in children. Sexual violence against children is a form of sexual abuse that can cause prolonged physical and psychological stress. Sexual violence against children is a widespread problem in various Indonesian provinces and requires preventive measures that can help children avoid sexual violence through both physical and non-physical contact. One form of effort that can be made by providing education to prevent sexual violence at an early age. The goal of dedication to this community, to provide education to kindergarten students on the prevention of sexual violence in order to avoid sexual violence that may occur in the future.

PREVENTING AND COMBATTING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN CZECHIA – A SUCCESS STORY?

Domestic violence and other forms of gender-based violence remain a serious problem of Czech society. In Czechia, there is no definition of violence against women or gender-based violence against women, nor ‘gender’ enshrined in law or established in judicial practice. Similarly, no legislation, nor jurisprudence, acknowledges gender-based violence as a form of discrimination or violation of the principle of equality. The paper focuses on gender-based violence in the Czech Republic. It aims at mapping the current situation, identifying weaknesses in legislation as well as in practice and proposing some effective steps for the future. This paper aims at providing a broader view on the state of affairs in the field of gender based violence in order to keep the debate on this very important but neglected topic, alive. This paper draws a conclusion that in Czechia, a structural change is needed. Not only solid and robust legislation aimed at better protection of victims of gender-based violence should be adopted but also a change of mindset in the legal practice and judiciary should occur. EU law with some proposed changes could help a lot to make the abovementioned changes possible.

Candyman and the Afterlives of Slavery

ABSTRACTThe near absence of the horror genre in Black Studies scholarship about the afterlives of slavery can be attributed to the fact that scholars are discussing the “afterlives” of slavery in a non‐mystical way while the horror genre traditionally presents “afterlives” in supernatural forms. While these connotations of afterlives certainly mean different things, they converge in Candyman demonstrating the potential harmony between the two uses of the term. In this paper, I place both versions of Candyman in conversation with recent Black Studies scholarship as well as national discourses about racial inequality and white violence in order to argue for Candyman's relevance to contemporary debates about slavery and its afterlives as a conceptual framework. In addition, I zero in on the 2021 remake to demonstrate how Nia DaCosta's Candyman (2021) clarifies the legend's relationship to the afterlives of slavery and operates as a corrective to Bernard Rose's 1992 film. The intersection of the supernatural afterlife and the afterlives of slavery as understood by Black Studies scholars comes forth in DaCosta's sequel that centralizes the operations of white supremacy and resulting Black trauma.

A Critical Analysis of the Prosecution of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence at the International Criminal Court

The prosecution of crimes of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) has remained a challenging issue for international criminal justice. Given that in the past, crimes of sexual violence within the context of international armed conflict were not considered substantive crimes. This is evidenced in the non-prosecution of sexual and gender-based crimes at the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals despite the incontrovertible utilisation of the "comfort women system" in Tokyo during World War II. However, with the emergence of the International Criminal Court(ICC), there seems to be a reasonable but piecemeal progression of the investigation and prosecution of SGBV. Although, previous studies have reported that investigating and gathering evidence for SGBV is a continuing concern within the jurisprudence of the ICC. The recently decided cases at the Court especially demonstrate a development and dynamics in the prosecution of SGBV at the ICC. By employing a doctrinal research method, I spotlight the nuances and hurdles of sexualised crimes within the ICC. The author recommends gender mainstreaming in the investigation and prosecution of sexual violence in order to fill the gap.

Da'wah Based on Socio Cultural Capital in the Prevention of Radicalism and Religious Conflict

This study focuses on the growth and development of radicalism in the Lamongan Regency area and the forms and variants of co-religious conflicts in the Tuban Regency area. These two focuses do not intend to compare Lamongan and Tuban as study destinations but explore the two regions with different questions. The next focus is the da'wah model based on socio cultural capital in preventing radicalism and religious conflicts in Lamongan Regency and Tuban Regency. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of grounded theory according to the stages of the type of research. Socio cultural capital is diverse and meaningful, stretching from the potential of natural resources, economy, culture, customs, arts, and religion. The results of the analysis show that the dominant factors that cause the growth of radical ideas in Lamongan Regency are limited religious knowledge and insight, mistakes in choosing teachers, low levels of economic welfare, provocation of online media, sectarianism, disappointment with social, political, economic and legal conditions, and weak government control over educational institutions and pesantren affiliated with radical groups. The form of religious conflict that occurred in Tuban Regency was a peaceful action, which is an action carried out by Muslims without violence in order to address sectarian and communal issues. The socio cultural capital of the Lamongan and Tuban communities has a diversity ranging from the potential of natural resources, economy, culture, customs, arts, and religion, giving birth to five da'wah models for preventing radicalism and religious conflicts. The five da'wah models in question are economic-based, institution-based, village-based mosques, pesantren, and based on local wisdom.

Predicting the Risk of Re-Offending in Child-to-Parent Violence Using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth.

Child-to-parent violence occurs when children engage in violent behaviour towards family members; the principal victim is often the mother. The risk assessment instruments used to identify the risk and protective factors in youth offenders who perpetrate child-to-parent violence are not specific to this type of offense. This study aims to describe the child-to-parent violence group in relation to the risk and protective factors they present in comparison with the group of young people who committed an assault offence. The sample for this study consists of two groups of youth offenders. The first group committed child-to-parent violence, and the second group has committed a violent crime against individuals to whom they are not related. Young people who commit child-to-parent violence have higher scores on the SAVRY risk factors and lower scores on the SAVRY protective factor than young people who have committed an assault offence. The results reveal the importance of identifying the risk and protective factors presented by youth offenders who commit child-to-parent violence in order to create specific intervention programs for the needs and strengths presented by this group of young people.

유아교육에서 학교폭력 바라보기

The purpose of this study is to explore kindergarten teachers' understanding and perceptions of school violence in order to establish the use of ‘school violence’ in early childhood education and the direction of the perceptions about school violence that kindergarten teachers should have. Data were collected and analyzed through in-depth group interviews. As a result, first, there were 8 characteristics of school violence as perceived by kindergarten teachers. Second, considering the characteristics of children, there were difficulties in labeling violent problems that occur in relationships between children with ‘school violence’. Third, the violent problems that exist in relationships between children, which cannot be labeled as school violence, were thought to have a negative impact on all children. Fourth, it was found that violent problems between children are dealt with at the level of behavior guidance. This study suggests that school violence needs to be addressed in early childhood education, and that it is important to identify the level of kindergarten teachers’ perceptions and direction on school violence.

A classification model for municipalities in the paraense Amazon regarding the risk of violence against women: A multicriteria approach.

Violence against women (VAW) is a serious violation of the rights to life, health, and physical integrity. Recent studies point out that social, economic, and demographic factors directly impact the advance of this type of violence. In view of these facts, the state has its responsibility increased when it cannot provide the public equipment necessary for management strategies that collaborate with the confrontation of violence. This project aims to develop a multicriteria decision analysis model (MCDA) to classify Pará municipalities with regard to the propensity for VAW crime, based on the mapping of assistance and protection equipment, as well as socioeconomic indicators of each municipality. The model developed and the research findings represent an important step in elaboration. In turn, this model demonstrates its ability to be a possible instrument that decision makers and implementers of public policies aimed at protecting and supporting women victims of violence in order to anticipate new occurrences.

Disrupting the carceral narrative of gender-based and sexual violence

This discussion seeks to critically explore the white, colonial narrative of gender-based and sexual violence that has justified and facilitated increased carceral power in responding to the social issue. In particular, I aim to emphasise the ways in which carcerality obscures the complex histories and dynamics of gender-based and sexual violence in order to individualise and privatise the problem. To demonstrate these dynamics, I will analyse: (1) the characterisation of perpetrators of gender-based and sexual violence as violent ‘Others’; (2) the centring of white women’s narratives in justifying increases to carceral power and implementing criminalising policies; (3) the extension of the carceral gaze through social work service provision; and (4) the fallacies of postfeminism facilitated by carceral logics. This discussion will conclude with exploring the possibilities of abolitionist social work and anti-carceral feminism in challenging the white narrative and creating space for partial histories to emerge.

Understanding the experience of emotional abuse: the importance of naming and identifying non-physical violence from the target’s perspective

Emotional abuse and psychological violence refer to patterned maltreatment used to break down the personal integrity and sense of self-worth of the target. In this article, I address the experiences of emotional abuse and psychological violence of women in long-term heterosexual relationships based on my feminist activist research in collaboration with Women’s Line, an anti-violence, women’s rights non-governmental organisation in Finland. The research included co-moderating two online support groups for women and conducting follow-up interviews. In the analysis, I show that non-physical forms of violence are deeply felt and transform a target’s sense of self and their relationships with the world. However, targets may have difficulty recognising that they are subjected to abuse and doubt their own experiences, despite the severe effects of abuse and the risks posed to their safety. Thus, I argue for the need to name and identify non-physical abuse as severe violence in order to raise awareness and to validate the target’s experiences.