Childhood Violence Research Articles

Evaluation of Traditional Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth.

Sexual and gender minority youth assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB) experience higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) than heterosexual and cisgender youth. To inform efforts to reduce these disparities, we explored whether IPV risk factors identified in the general population are associated with IPV among SGM-AFAB young people. Using multiwave longitudinal data from a 400 SGM-AFAB youth (ages 16-20 at baseline), we estimated between- and within-persons effects of demographic/contextual characteristics (gender, sexual identity, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status), developmental/background factors (childhood violence), and psychological/behavioral factors (antisocial behavior, depression, problematic alcohol and cannabis use) on a range of IPV experiences (victimization and perpetration of psychological, physical, sexual, and SGM-specific IPV). In this SGM-AFAB sample, IPV experiences were associated with many traditional risk factors identified in the general population, including race, economic stress, childhood violence, antisocial behavior, depression, and use of substances (particularly cannabis). In contrast to previous research, we did not find that SGM youth with transgender or gender nonbinary identities, or with bi- or pan-sexual identities, were at greater risk for IPV than other SGM youth. Very few putative risk factors were associated with SGM-specific IPV. Findings suggest SGM youth could benefit from IPV prevention approaches that target common risk factors at multiple ecological levels (policies to reduce poverty and racism, parenting programs, interventions to reduce mental health and substance use problems). Continued research is needed to explore how risk for IPV among SGM-AFAB youth may vary by gender identity, sexual identity, and stigma-based experiences.

Gender and exposure to childhood violence are important determinants of domestic violence among academics

Domestic violence is a common and significant social problem that threatens public health, violates human rights, and poses significant obstacles to national development. This study aimed to evaluate both male and female academics' knowledge and views on domestic violence, and determine its incidence and risk factors among academics. Participants comprised 304 academics working at universities, who were selected by cluster sampling from seven regions of Turkey. Data were analyzed using thematic coding, descriptive statistics, and multivariate logistic regression. Of the 304 participants, 56.9 % were female academics. The incidence of domestic violence among the academics was 21.4 %, with 25.4 % of female and 16.0 % of male academics reporting having experienced it. Academics who were victims of domestic violence were mostly exposed to it from their spouses. Academics also reported experiencing emotional violence. Female academics were 2.3 times more likely to experience domestic violence than men. Academics who were exposed to violence in childhood experienced 14.1 times more domestic violence than those who were not. Although it seems that a high status in society as an academic reduces the rates of exposure to domestic violence, gender, and witnessing or experiencing violence in early childhood are the most important risk factors for this population. The lack of a solution for domestic violence can be attributed to non-deterrent punishments.

Latent classes of health risk behaviors and their relationship with self-control among rural secondary school students in Guizhou Province

To understand the potential categories of health risk Guizhou Province. From November to December 2021, 4452 rural students in middle school students with average age of(13.5±1.6) years were selected from Guizhou Province by multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method.1505(33.8%) students in the first grade, 1958(44.0%) students in the second grade and 989(22.2%) students in the third grade. There were 2295 boys(51.5%) and 2157 girls(48.5%). Basic information questionnaire, health risk behavior questionnaire and self-control scale were used for questionnaire survey. Latent category analysis was used to explore the potential categories of health risk behaviors, and disordered multiple classification logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between potential categories and self-control. The health risk behaviors of rural middle school students in Guizhou Province could be divided into four potential categories: low risk group(71.4%), medium risk group(11.6%), sub-high risk group(5.2%) and high risk group(10.7%). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution characteristics of potential categories of junior middle school students with different gender, grade, nationality, only child, accommodation, stay-behind, academic performance, academic pressure, peer relationship, parent-child relationship, teacher-student relationship and domestic violence(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Taking the low-risk group as the reference group, the highest self-control scores were in the medium risk group(OR=1.049, 95%CI 1.040-1.058), the sub-high risk group(OR=1.098, 95%CI 1.083-1.113), and the high risk group(OR=1.077, 95%CI 1.066-1.087). The latent characteristics of health risk behavior of rural junior middle school students in Guizhou Province are obvious. Improving self-control ability can reduce the occurrence of medium risk group, sub-high risk group and high risk group.

Implementasi Strategi Dinas Keluarga Berencana Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak dalam Pengembangan Gerakan Perlindungan Anak Terpadu Berbasis Masyarakat di Kabupaten Serang

The Community-Based Integrated Child Protection Movement is one of the programs owned by the Serang Regency DKBPPPA regarding efforts to prevent children from acts of violence. The PATBM movement is a movement created by the Indonesian Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection which is run by communities in the form of groups living at the village or sub-district level. The problems found in this research were cases of child violence in Serang Regency which were high in the last three years (2020-2022), the PATBM movement which only existed in 68 villages out of a total of 326 villages in Serang Regency, the absence of direct socialization from the Regency DKBPPPA Serang is related to the introduction of the PATBM Movement in the community, the lack of commitment from stakeholders regarding the PATBM Movement in Serang Regency, the implementation of the PATBM Movement and the budget which is carried out simultaneously with other programs. The theory used is Strategic Management theory in the Strategy Implementation dimension according to Wheelen and Hunger (2014:11) which has three indicators, namely program, budget and procedures using descriptive qualitative research methods. From this research it is known that the strategy carried out by the Serang Regency DKBPPPA in developing the PATBM Movement is quite good by collaborating with government and non-government institutions. The form of activities carried out is by forming, coaching, evaluating, and monitoring. Meanwhile, activities in the community are handed over to each village that has been formed. Then, regarding the uncertain and limited budget. This makes the Serang Regency DKBPPPA direct the use of village funds for implementing PATBM activities in the community. And for DKBPPPA procedures, Serang Regency follows guidelines from the center and does not have special procedures.

Science Biology Digital Video: Reproductive Health Education for Pre-School Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the video method and fairy tales on changes in knowledge about reproductive health of sexual violence in pre-school children in TK District in 2023. The research method conducted was to use quasi experimental with purposive sampling with a sample of 120 people. Data techniques included in univariate analysis using frequency distribution and bivariate analysis using statistical calculations of the SPSS program. At Al-Hanif Islamic Kindergarten, the sig value was obtained. (2-tailed) 0.001 in video intervention and 0.000 in fairy tale intervention. In Kartini Kindergarten, the sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 on video intervention and 0.000 on fairy tale intervention. At RA Al-Barokah Kindergarten, the sig. (2-tailed) 0.001 in video intervention and 0.001 in fairy tale intervention. At Az-Zahra Kindergarten, the sig. (2-tailed) 0.001 in video intervention and 0.001. From the significant results in the four kindergartens, it is known that the significant value is less than 0.05. Thus it can be seen that there is an influence in using video and fairy tale methods on pre-school children's knowledge about sexual violence. Based on the results of the Independent sample t-test, the four kindergartens have a sig. (2-tailed) which is <0.05. This shows that there is a difference in effectiveness between video and fairy tale methods on the level of knowledge of pre-school children.

Violence against children and substance abuse: A pooled study of 8 low- and middle-income countries

Abstract Introduction Violence against children (VAC) has been linked to substance abuse later in life. However, most evidence of this association comes from high-income countries (HICs) and is understudied in the context of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This study used the latest Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) data from 2017-2019 across eight LMICs. The main exposure variable was defined as having experienced at least one type of violence (physical, sexual, or emotional) from any perpetrator before age 18. With the pooled dataset of 32,326 adolescents aged 13-24 years, a series of logistic regressions with country-fixed effects were estimated to examine the association between VAC and three substance abuse outcomes: smoking daily, binge drinking (i.e., more than four drinks a week) and use of illegal drugs in the last 30 days. Further, analyses based on the types of violence and whether the association differs by sex were performed. Results After adjusting for all covariates, any VAC experience was significantly associated with all three substance abuse outcomes: daily smoking (OR: 1.5, 95% CI 1.2,1.8), binge drinking (OR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.5, 2.2), and drug use (OR:1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.3). Sexual violence, in particular, had the strongest association. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that women who experienced sexual violence in childhood were more likely (OR range 3.3-3.7) to engage in substance abuse than sexually abused men (OR range 1.2-2.1). Conclusions The findings highlight the need for interventions to prevent childhood violence and to address its consequences on substance abuse in LMICs. Key messages • Experience of any type of violence during childhood is significantly associated with daily smoking, binge drinking of alcohol, and drug use in later life. • Women who experience sexual violence in childhood are more likely to abuse substances than men who were sexually abused.

Sexual Violence First Experienced as Childhood or Adolescent: The Effects on U.S. Female Education and Occupation

Previous research generally considers sexual violence as binary, meaning it has been experienced or not, and has yet to identify if the age at which a survivor was first assaulted has differing long-term effects. The primary purpose of this study is to empirically explore the effect of age, specifically the two age ranges of childhood or adolescence, at which sexual violence is first experienced on female survivors’ educational attainment and occupation in the United States (U.S.). Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health survey, the empirical results indicate that study participants who first experience sexual violence in childhood are 50.2% less likely to have attained a level of high school education or above compared to those who did not experience sexual violence in childhood. Further, the analysis results suggest those participants who first experienced sexual violence in adolescence are 41.6% less likely to have attained a level of high school education or above compared to those who did not experience sexual violence in adolescence. In reference to occupation, the analysis results indicate that first experiencing sexual violence as an adolescent makes the odds higher that the survivor will be employed in a lower skill occupation (associate professional) relative to the highest skill occupation (professional). Overall, this study concludes that the age at which a survivor was first assaulted impacts the long-term effects of the assault, contributing new information to those researching the effects of sexual violence, those working with survivors, and policy makers developing survivor treatment plans.

Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in Childhood and Partner Violence Perpetration in Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Aggression

ABSTRACT Although different studies have found that exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) in childhood is linked to IPV perpetration in adulthood, others have revealed null effects. Previous research has also found that some factors might mediate the relationship between exposure to IPV in childhood and later IPV perpetration. As far as we know, no studies examined the role of aggression in this relationship. This study aimed to analyze the link between exposure to IPV in childhood and IPV perpetration in adulthood and verify whether this relationship was mediated by aggression and its components (verbal and physical aggression, anger, and hostility). Two hundred and forty five men convicted of domestic violence, from prison and community, were recruited. Correlation analysis revealed a positive link between exposure to IPV in childhood, aggression traits, and specifically physical aggression, and IPV frequency in adulthood. Overall aggression traits and physical aggression traits were statistically significant mediator variables explaining almost 15% of the overall effect of exposure to IPV in childhood on overall IPV frequency in adulthood. These findings unravel the role of aggression in the perpetration of physical and total IPV, claiming our attention to the need to include strategies to increase emotion regulation and problem-solving strategies in intervention programs.

Socio-demographic determinants of intimate partner violence in Angola: a cross-sectional studyof nationally representative survey data.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global problem of public health importance, which can be found across all social layers and cultural backgrounds worldwide. Angola is still an under-explored country in the context of domestic violence and was therefore chosen as our focus of interest. Our study's goal was to identify the socio-demographic determinants of IPV in Angola. We used nationally representative data from female respondents of the 2015 Angolan Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Simple bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the experience of IPV and the women's' individual and contextual characteristics. Out of the 7,699 respondents, 3,070 (41.1%) reported having experienced at least one form of violence by their partners, with physical violence being more prevalent (32.5%) than emotional (27.7%) and sexual violence (7.2%). The partner's use of alcohol, the respondent's tendency to hurt her partner, her having witnessed her father beating her mother and being the first wife showed significantly higher odds of experiencing one or more types of IPV, whereas being older than the partner appears to have protective effects. Our findings reflect the widespread prevalence rates of violence against women in African countries. Future intervention programs should focus on women with risky background characteristics to help decrease domestic abuse in Angola. Our results indicate to focus on young women who have witnessed domestic violence in childhood, those whose partners use alcohol and those who tend to physically hurt their partners themselves. It is also recommended to intensify future research on the effects of co-wives on a relationship since first wives were found to have a higher risk of being physically abused by their partners.

Parenting in the Digital Age: A Research On Child Audience and Violence on the Screen

Kitle iletişim araçlarının etkilerine karşı daha savunmasız olarak değerlendirilen çocuklar arasında artan internet kullanımı ve ekran süreleri, alana yönelik yeni değerlendirmelerin yapılmasını, bu konudaki farkındalıkların güçlendirilmesini gerektirmiştir. Küresel ölçekte toplumsal alanı yakından etkileyen dijitalleşme süreçleri ve bu paydada oluşan yeni dijital alanlar çeşitli avantajlara sahip olmasına rağmen çocuklar için riskler barındırmaktadır. Günümüzde çocuklar arasında mobil araç kullanımı ve mobil izleme eyleminin yaygınlaşarak gündelik yaşamlarında önemli bir yer kaplaması; sinema, reklam ve sosyal medya içeriklerindeki şiddet unsuruyla daha sık karşılaşmalarına neden olmuştur. Çocuklar ve dijital alandaki eğilimlerini yönetmek için ebeveynlerin sürece dâhil olması ise dijital ebeveynlik kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Sosyal bilimlerin köklü geçmişi içinde dijital ebeveynlik kavramının yeni olması sebebiyle, alan üzerine odaklanan çalışmalarda fikir birliğinin oluşmadığı görülmüştür. Literatür taramasına dayalı betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılan çalışmada çocukların dijital ekranlarda karşılaştığı şiddet unsurunun etkileri, bu unsurların nasıl engellenebileceği ve dijital ebeveynlerin çocuklarının izleme eylemini yönetme biçimlerini konu edinen araştırmaların bulguları derlenmiştir. Alana yönelik araştırmaların yanı sıra, sosyolojik kuruluşlar ve sağlık otoriteleri önerilerine yer verilmiş, elde edilen tüm veriler ilişkisel perspektif benimsenerek yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmada çocuk izleyicilerin sinema, reklam ve sosyal medya içeriklerindeki şiddet unsuruyla karşılaşmasına bağlı etkilere ve dijital ebeveynlik stratejilerine yönelik bir çerçeve oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır.

Policy Output Analysis Pada Pencegahan Kekerasan Anak Dalam Keluarga Melalui Layanan Puspaga Di Surabaya

Violence against children is a serious social problem, and the number of cases of violence against children changes every year. Cases of violence against children often occur in families, so the prevention of violence against children in families must be encouraged by everyone, including the government. The Surabaya City Government has made various efforts to prevent child violence in the family, one of which is through PUSPAGA. PUSPAGA Kota Surabaya is a service under the auspices of the DP3APPKB Surabaya City which focuses on strengthening families and preventing violence against children. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The theory used is the theory of policy output evaluation with 7 (seven) indicators of Ripley's policy output, namely access, frequency, coverage, bias, service delivery (accuracy of service), accountability, and suitability of programs with needs. PUSPAGA Surabaya City has provided good service on each indicator. Even so, the Surabaya City Government still has to continue to introduce it to the public so they know more about PUSPAGA services in Surabaya City.

Взаимосвязь детского опыта домашнего насилия и тревожности у молодежи

The article is devoted to the problem of identifying the relationship between childhood experience of domestic violence and anxiety in young people. Relevance. The study of the relationship between childhood experience of domestic violence and anxiety among young people is of particular interest due to the specific age characteristics of youth on the one hand, and the significance of the childhood period on the other. In childhood, the foundations of personality are laid, stable personality traits are formed, and youth is characterized by a desire for self-realization, professional self-determination, the development of a system of moral and cultural values, in the formation and manifestation of which the experience of child domestic violence can have a significant negative impact. Based on the analysis of literary sources, it was revealed that the experience of child domestic violence can subsequently cause situational and personal anxiety. This was the basis for studying the relationship between children's experience of domestic violence and anxiety in youth (in retrospect) to develop a diagnostic technique. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between childhood experiences of domestic violence and anxiety at the age of youth. In this work, the following research methods were used: analysis of theoretical sources on the research problem, study of the resources of educational Internet portals, survey, testing, mathematical and statistical methods. Calculations were performed using the Statistica 10 statistical package. The Student's t-criterion was used to compare unrelated samples, and Pearson's r-criterion was the linear correlation coefficient. The Pubmed search engine in the Scopus electronic database, as well as the scientific electronic library (e-Library) were used to review the literature. In the course of the study, publications and web data were searched by keywords and phrases: "violence of children in the family", "physical violence", "mental violence", "sexual violence", "detection of domestic violence". Research results and discussion. The article offers the results of a correlation analysis between the personal and situational anxiety of respondents and their childhood experience of domestic violence experienced at the age of 14, a description of the author's questionnaire for studying physical, psycho-emotional and sexual violence of young people aged 15 to 24 years (in retrospect). Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the experience of child domestic violence can cause and actualize situational and personal anxiety later. In this regard, the study of the relationship between children's experience of domestic violence and anxiety among young people is an important task designed to provide an understanding of how human development occurs in ontogenesis. It is also associated with the study of the factors of the formation of a person as a full-fledged personality.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP ORANG TUA DENGAN PENCEGAHAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL PADA ANAK

Background: Sexual violence against children is a very serious problem. One way that can be done to prevent it is to involve parents as the closest people to children who have a very important role in preventing sexual violence with an adequate level of knowledge and attitude. Object: To find out whether there is a relationship between parents' knowledge and attitudes with the prevention of sexual violence in children aged 6-12 years in Rangas. Methods: Descriptive analytic with a cross sectional study approach, the number of respondents is 41 people using the Purposive Sampling sample selection technique. Data collection using a questionnaire. Results: data analysis concluded that 70.7% of respondents had good knowledge, 29.3% of respondents had sufficient knowledge and 95.1% of respondents had good attitudes. Statistical test results for knowledge obtained a value of ρ = 0.734 > α = 0.05, for attitudes obtained a value of ρ = 0.453 <α = 0.05. Conclusion: knowledge and attitudes of parents do not have a significant relationship with the prevention of sexual violence in children, because the level of education of parents is still low so that attitudes are not formed that can be shown to families, especially children, do not have the ability to shape behavior to conduct early sexual education in children and considers that giving explanations to children about the positive and negative impacts of sexual health is taboo.

Prevention of Sexual Violence in Children with Comic Media

The phenomenon of sexual violence against children is increasingly frequent and has become global in various countries. 1 in 5 Women and 1 in 13 Men report experiencing sexual violence as a child/adolescent, 12% of children worldwide experienced sexual violence in the past year, and 37% of countries implement sexual violence prevention interventions on a larger scale. One of them is by providing health information to children through interesting media so that children can absorb information and apply it easily. The purpose of this community service is to increase children's knowledge about sexual violence prevention using comic media. This method of community service is with a classical and individual approach, where the individual approach measures the level of knowledge using pre-post. The partner in this activity is Puskesmas Marawola, Sigi Central Sulawesi. This activity was attended by 25 vulnerable children between the ages of 10 – 19 years and their parents. The results obtained in this activity were before the education of respondents who had a good level of knowledge of 14 (56%) while after education there were 23 (92%) respondents with good knowledge. So it can be concluded that there is an increase in children's knowledge before and after health education is carried out.

Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Integrative Review of Findings From an Evidence-Based Parenting Program.

This integrative review of the ACT Raising Safe Kids (ACT)-child maltreatment prevention program for parents-focuses on the program's theoretical framework, examines the ACT studies about the effects on caregivers, and discusses the ACT's implications for the practice and public policy. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Lilacs databases was performed, along with a search on the ACT Program website and contacting program researchers. Twenty-five studies evaluating the ACT Program were reviewed. The evaluation studies were conducted in the United States, Brazil, Portugal, and Peru. The program improved parenting practices in general and targeted populations such as incarcerated parents, mothers with a history of childhood violence, and mothers of preterm children. Additionally, the program was effective in decreasing child behavioral problems. Overall, the ACT Program effectively decreased hostile, aggressive, and coercive parenting and child behavior problems, which are key predictors of family violence.

Perspektif Orang Tua Pada Kekerasan Verbal Anak Usia Dini

The data collection method consisted of interviews and documentation. Based on the study rationale, it was concluded that parental perspectives on verbal violence in early childhood have a negative impact. Despite being less visible, verbal violence has significant consequences for its victims. Several factors supported the data, including the respondent’s knowledge and educational background. The data from the respondents' answers further support the above statement, as 15 individuals agreed that threatening a child is one form of verbal violence. Additionally, the development aspects and parenting styles used on children can also influence the occurrence of verbal violence toward them. Hence, efforts are required to address verbal violence, including 1) Parents should learn about different parenting styles. 2) Parents should understand verbal violence and its negative impacts, which can affect a child's development.

Exploring the Connection Between Food Insecurity and Sexual Victimization Among College Students

ABSTRACT A small body of research has identified a positive relationship between food insecurity and victimization risk, including intimate partner violence and sexual violence victimization as well as experiencing and witnessing childhood violence in the home. The question remains whether food insecurity is related to sexual victimization among college students, and if so, what mechanisms link the two. We use data from the American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment, a national sample of college students, to investigate these relationships. We find that low and very low food security increases the odds of sexual victimization, and that both are tied to increased odds of experiencing moderate to severe stress, depression, anxiety, binge drinking, and drug use. Institutions of higher learning may benefit from programs to address food insecurity. Doing so may have the corollary benefit of influencing mental health and health risk behaviors in ways that could reduce sexual victimization.

Child maltreatment: qualitative review of theoretical and methodological trends in intervention programs with an attachment perspective

This review provides a qualitative comparative analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of 27 studies in which the results of the implementation of programs involved in child maltreatment are presented with an attachment perspective. The studies were examined following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. It was found that the programs promote the development of maternal sensitivity, mentalization or reflective functioning and empathy, however, the underlying mechanisms are not differentiated according to the type of abuse to intervene. Likewise, it was found that despite the recognition of the mother's violent childhood experiences as one of the main predisposing factors for child abuse, it is a variable that is scarcely considered in the programs examined. These findings indicate the importance of developing intervention programs that consider a cumulative ecological risk perspective

Situation of child intrafamily violence: integrative literature review

This study aimed to identify available scientific evidence on the care and protection networks of children in situations of intrafamily violence. This Integrative Review of the literature was based on prisma extension guidelines. Review question: What are the results available in the literature about aspects involving children in situations of intrafamily violence? LILACS, IBECS and MEDLINE databases were used. We included 10 studies between 2017 and 2020, 40% Brazilian, 20% Canadian, 20% American, 10% Spanish and 10% Dutch. Evidence level, 50% evidence II, randomized controlled study were related; 30% evidence IV, cohort study; and 20% evidence VI, qualitative study. Narrative analysis was identified with three thematic approaches involving intrafamily violence. The literature presents forms of intrafamily violence and strategies to deal with the situation. This study provides an understanding of how notifications become important instruments for the reduction of child violence.

Early Childhood Violence Exposure Patterns in The Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS).

Background: Research has highlighted high rates of exposure to violence among South African youth. However, work to date has been largely cross-sectional, focused on violence exposure during the adolescence period, and has been limited to specific types of violence exposure. We examined violence exposure in South African preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age, capturing both direct and indirect forms of violence, and tested for potential sex differences across the several types of exposures. Methods: Lifetime direct and indirect exposure to domestic and community violence wasmeasured by parental report when children were 3.5 years (N = 530), 4.5 years (N = 749) and 6 years of age (N= 417) in a South African birth cohort located in a peri-urban community. Results: There are three main findings. First, a large proportion of children (72%-75%) were reported as having been exposed to some form of direct or indirect violent experience in their homes or communities from a young age. Second, there was significant polyvictimization, with 49% of the children being exposed to more than one type of violence by age 6. Third, by 4.5 years of age, there was evidence that boys were more likely than girls to be exposed to domestic victimisation (28% vs. 17%) and polyvictimization (38% vs. 28%). Conclusions: These findings highlight the high levels of violence exposure in young South African children, particularly among boys, and the need for prevention at both the community and individual levels.