Violations Of Standards Research Articles

Analisis Akibat Hukum Terhadap Kelalaian Pilot Dalam Menjaga Keselamatan Penerbangan (Kasus Pesawat Batik Air Tahun 2024)

Flight safety is a cornerstone of the aviation industry, heavily reliant on the professionalism and vigilance of pilots. This study examines the legal consequences of pilot negligence in maintaining flight safety, focusing on a case involving a fatigued Batik Air pilot. Employing a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes relevant legal frameworks, including Indonesia’s Law No. 1 of 2009 on Aviation, Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASR), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13, and related legal instruments. The findings reveal that negligence resulting from fatigue constitutes a severe violation of safety standards, breaching the duty of care expected in aviation operations. Such negligence may attract various legal repercussions, ranging from administrative sanctions, such as license revocation, to criminal charges as stipulated under Artt. 411 and 412 of Law No. 1 of 2009. Additionally, airlines may face civil liabilities for compensating passengers for damages incurred. The study also highlights the legal obligation of airlines to ensure the physical and mental fitness of pilots through stringent monitoring of work schedules and regular health evaluations. This paper concludes that strict law enforcement and the establishment of a robust safety culture within the aviation industry are essential to mitigating risks associated with human factors, particularly pilot negligence.

К вопросу о необходимости выработки целостной системы мер по предупреждению деформаций зданий и сооружений в криолитозоне в условиях меняющегося климата

As a result of increasing permafrost degradation, caused by climate warming, there is a growth in the number of deformations of buildings and structures in the regions of the Russian Arctic. The article examines in detail examples of building deformations in the north of the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia, and on the Russian Arctic coast. The authors analyze and typify main causes of contingency situations. These include insufficient engineering and geological surveys, design errors, poor-quality construction of buildings and structures and violations of current standards for their operation. A serious risk factor in the construction and operation of civil and industrial facilities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation caused the liquidation of the previously existing system for monitoring the condition of capital structures, design and technical services that specialized in the restoration and repair of damaged buildings. At the same time, following up the construction practice without taking into account regional forecasts of the permafrost state under climate change can multiply the damage from global warming. To solve the problem, it is necessary to restore the system of control, notification and protection of structures, based on the creation of a federal system for permafrost monitoring, including background and geotechnical components, and uniting various departments and economic entities. This measure will significantly reduce the technical and environmental costs of current economic activity in the Russian Arctic.

CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS AND FEATURES OF THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD IN PATIENTS AFTER OSTEOSYNTHESIS OF THE MANDIBLE USING CELL TECHNOLOGIES

Due to a signifi cant increase in the frequency and complexity of maxillofacial injuries, one of the priorities in the development of modern surgical dentistry is the search for new eff ective methods of treating facial bone fractures. In recent decades, the attention of clinicians has been focused on biological treatment methods aimed at restoring bone defects using cell technologies and biological transplants.The aim of the study was to determine the eff ect of using osteoplastic materials based on multipotent adipose- derived mesenchymal stromal cells in dental patients in the surgical treatment of mandibular fractures.Materials and methods. The clinical material included 56 patients, 13 of whom underwent mandibular osteosynthesis with hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute (subgroup 1I), 25 of whom underwent surgery with a combination of multipotent adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells, hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute and platelet-rich plasma (subgroup 1B), and 18 of whom underwent spontaneous healing of the fracture line (subgroup 1C). Patients were clinically evaluated on a daily basis. Clinical parameters were assessed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 28 after surgery. The postoperative pain syndrome was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), considering the subjective signs of pain in the operated patients.The statistical processing of the study results was performed using the statistical analysis software for biomedical research ‘Microsoft Excel 21’ and ‘Statistica’ (licence number STA862D175437Q). In the statistical processing of the results, we used the variational analysis of series – calculation of the arithmetic mean and its standard error (Mim) – and assessed the signifi cance of diff erences in the results obtained in the comparison groups using the Student’s t-test method. p<0.05 was considered a signifi cant diff erence. [17]. The study was conducted in accordance with the basic provisions of the «Rules of Ethical Principles for Scientifi c Medical Research Involving Human Subjects» approved by the Declaration of Helsinki (1964-2013), ICH GCP (1996), EEC Directive 609 (24.11.1986), Orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine ¹ 690 of 23.09.2009, ¹ 944 of 14.12.2009, ¹ 616 of 03.08.2012. The Commission on Biomedical Ethics of the Bukovinian State Medical University found no violations of ethical and moral standards in the conduct of the research (ProtocolNo. 6, 16.03.2023). Patients signed informed consent to participate in this study and all measures were taken to ensure their anonymity.The results. The comparative analysis of the clinical eff ectiveness of the use of various osteoplastic materials in the performance of osteosynthesis surgery of the lower law confi rmed the advantages of the use of bone tissue substitute based on hydroxyapatite and its combination with multipotent adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells before spontaneous augmentation. It is confi rmed by the data of subjective and objective symptoms of patients during the postoperative period.Conclusions. Our data show that osteoplastic material based on multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells of adipose tissue, bone substitute based on hydroxyapatite and platelet-rich blood plasma is a promising biological material. Its application improves the regenerative and reparative properties of bone tissue, facilitates the postoperative period and shortens the duration of hospitalization, promotes the development of innovative ways of reconstructive osteogenesis in modern maxillofacial surgery.

Mending the Image: The Role of Crisis Communication and Apology Strategies in Recovering from Brand Transgressions

This study investigates the impact of brand transgression on brand image, with a focus on the moderating roles of crisis communication, religiosity, and the effectiveness of apology strategies in brand recovery. Brand transgressions, defined as violations of consumer expectations or ethical standards, often result in a significant loss of consumer trust and negative shifts in brand perception. Drawing on a sample of 400 consumers, the study examines whether timely crisis communication and well-structured apology strategies can mitigate the detrimental effects of brand transgressions on brand image. Additionally, religiosity is explored as a moderating factor, given that highly religious consumers may respond more severely to perceived ethical violations. The results confirm that brand transgression has a strong negative impact on brand image. Effective crisis communication strategies significantly reduce this impact, while apology strategies contribute positively to brand image recovery. Moreover, religiosity exacerbates the adverse effects of transgression, with highly religious consumers showing a lower tendency to forgive and restore trust. These findings provide valuable insights for brand managers on how to handle crises effectively, suggesting that a combination of clear communication, sincere apologies, and an understanding of cultural and religious sensitivities can assist in maintaining and recovering brand image. The study also highlights the importance of tailoring brand responses to audience characteristics in crises. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Legal responsibility for violation of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones in Ukraine

This article examines the specifics of legal liability for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones in Ukraine, as well as the main directions for improving the relevant legal regulation. Sanitary protective zones perform an important security function in separating potentially harmful objects from places of residence and stay of people. In this regard, a special legal regime is established on their territories, which provides for significant restrictions on their economic use. Non-compliance with the established requirements regarding the legal regime of sanitary protection zones is the basis for bringing guilty persons to legal responsibility. Currently, there are no special provisions in the current legislation of Ukraine regarding liability for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones. In this regard, legal responsibility for illegal actions in this area is covered by sanctions for committing violations in the field of environmental protection of a “general nature” (violation of sanitary standards; arbitrary occupation of a plot of land; violation of environmental safety rules; design or operation of structures without protection systems environment; violation of land use rules, etc.). Therefore, there is a need to formalize the composition of offenses that are already provided for in the normative legal acts on the regulation of the legal regime of lands of sanitary protection zones, the codification of legislation on administrative responsibility for violations in the field of environmental protection, the introduction of special sanctions for violations of the legal regime of sanitary protection zones zones, as well as the unification of relevant provisions of Ukrainian legislation with the law of the countries of the European Union.

Research Ethics: Ideas and Practices of Russian Young Scientists

Scientists’ misconduct in their research activities is an important problem for science in many countries, including Russia. It leads to negative consequences both for the quality of scientific knowledge obtained and for the reputation of researchers and scientific organizations. However, there is still a small number of empirical studies of this problem in Russia. This work is based on a survey method to explore the ideas of young scientists from all federal districts of Russia about research ethics and the situations of ethical dilemmas that they encounter in their work. In accordance with the chosen theoretical framework: ideas about ethics as an action that is situational by nature, determined by sustainable practices and patterns, the survey was conducted in two stages: an open question about situations of ethical choice in research activities, on the basis of which a detailed questionnaire was then created. As a result, it was revealed that the vast majority of young scientists are faced with situations of violation of ethical standards both in scientific publications and communications, and in the processes of organizing research work. Violations of research procedures, data manipulation, falsification of research results – this is a set of violations in the organization of research that almost three-quarters of respondents encountered themselves or heard about such situations from colleagues. However, there are gaps in consensus about the sources of knowledge about ethics and a lack of institutional practices to prevent violations such as the work of ethics committees or ethical standards.

Legal Analysis Of Marine Inspector's Duties and Responsibilities in Conducting Ship's Seaworthiness Tests

The importance of the role of Marine Inspectors in ensuring the safety and security of shipping through ship seaworthiness tests, which are regulated in various laws and regulations. However, the implementation of the duties and responsibilities of the Marine Inspector at the Batam Special KSOP still faces various obstacles that affect the effectiveness and efficiency of ship inspections. The purpose of this study is to analyze juridically the duties and responsibilities of the Marine Inspector in conducting a shipworthiness test at the Batam Special KSOP, identify the obstacles faced, and provide suggestions to overcome these obstacles. The research method used is a normative juridical method with an analytical descriptive approach, which involves the study of legal documents, as well as empirical juridical with case analysis, and interviews with related parties at the Batam Special KSOP. The results of the study show that Marine Inspectors at the Batam Special KSOP have a very crucial role in maintaining shipping safety, but they face significant obstacles such as limited human resources and equipment, lack of continuous training, and suboptimal coordination between agencies. Low compliance from ship owners and operators is also a major challenge in carrying out their dutie. Suggestions for addressing these obstacles include increasing the number and competence of Marine Inspectors through ongoing recruitment and training, investing in modern equipment and digital technology, and improving inter-agency coordination through the establishment of regular coordination forums. In addition, strict law enforcement against violations of safety standards and increased education and socialization to ship owners and operators are expected to increase compliance and awareness of the importance of shipping safety. With the implementation of these measures, it is hoped that Marine Inspectors can carry out their duties more effectively, so that the safety and security of shipping in Batam City can be guaranteed and improved.

Legal responsibility in agricultural relations

In modern conditions of modernization of state agricultural policy, the role of agricultural law, subject of legal regulation, protection of the interests of the entities of agricultural sector, and ensuring food security of the republic is increasing. The goal is to study the features of agricultural legal relations, identifying main problems associated with the application of legal liability. Analysis of the state, use of rules and norms of agricultural legislation and development of measures aimed to support, stimulate, and protect the rights of agricultural producers in Kazakhstan. The methods are based on materials from domestic and foreign scientists, scientific publications, and changes in legislative regulations. A comparative analysis and assessment of legal relations in agro-industrial production were used. Results - the state of affairs is considered and important issues of application of legal responsibility in the context of lawful actions and its features are identified. Various types of violations of legal obligations are analyzed: non-compliance with land use rules, sanitary and hygienic requirements, environmental standards - illegal use of pesticides, abuse of antibiotics in raising livestock, violation of environmental standards that can pollute water or damage the soil. Conclusions - the authors propose a number of effective measures to improve legal behavior in agricultural entities: strengthening control by the state law enforcement agencies, creating more effective punishment mechanisms, increasing awareness of participants in agricultural legal relations, which will prevent unfair practices and will promote conservation of natural resources and environment. Agricultural law presupposes land, property, labor, financial, and management relations in agriculture. This contributes to organizational, production and economic activities of agricultural production entities in accordance with the goals of entrepreneurship in agricultural sector.

The Volkswagen emissions scandal: Exploring the role of environmental concern and social norms

Nearly a decade after the 2015 emissions scandal, Volkswagen has transitioned from marketing deceptive ‘clean engine cars’ to becoming a major player in the electrification of the automotive industry. Yet, the violation of environmental standards during the scandal resulted in excessive pollutant emissions, posing persistent threats to health and the environment. This paper explores how consumers held Volkswagen accountable for these hazards. Our analysis reveals that the decline in Volkswagen’s sales volumes following the scandal was driven by environmentally concerned consumers globally. However, their reaction was short-lived and mainly limited to the models implicated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Interestingly, we find no evidence of lost sales to competitors. Instead, we document a within-brand or within-group shift in favor of Volkswagen models compliant with environmental regulations. This phenomenon could be one of the contributing factors explaining Volkswagen’s resilience in navigating the fallout from the scandal.

Examining the Legality of Adultery Restrictions for Laborers: A Study in Employment Law

The research aims to analyze and propose recommendations concerning regulations prohibiting acts of infidelity committed by workers/laborers from the perspective of labor law. Unlike labor laws and regulations, which do not specifically address the prohibition of acts of infidelity, autonomous rules can address such provisions. This study employs a normative legal research methodology, utilizing both statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials serve as the basis for analysis. Findings indicate that provisions prohibiting acts of infidelity for workers/laborers can be integrated into autonomous principles without contravening existing laws and regulations. Furthermore, acts of infidelity may also fall under the purview of urgent offenses or criminal acts. The inclusion of such prohibitions in autonomous rules is not indicative of bad faith on the part of employers seeking to expedite termination of employment relations. Rather, it serves as a preventive measure against violations of laws, regulations, and ethical standards by workers/laborers. Regarding dispute resolution, termination of employment cannot be immediate in cases related to allegations of infidelity. Instead, due process must be followed to ascertain the veracity of such accusations and determine the culpability of the worker/laborer involved.

From Trust to Turnover: Unpacking the Consequences of Brand Transgressions with Religiosity as a Moderator

This study investigates the impact of brand transgression on consumer trust, brand loyalty, and purchase intentions, while examining the moderating role of religiosity. Brand transgression, defined as a violation of consumer expectations or ethical standards, often leads to a significant loss of trust. Using a quantitative approach, we collected data from 200 participants via a scenario-based survey to explore these relationships. The results show that brand transgression negatively affects consumer trust, which, in turn, mediates the relationship between brand transgression and both brand loyalty and purchase intentions. Furthermore, religiosity significantly moderates the effect of brand transgression on consumer trust, with highly religious consumers exhibiting greater trust erosion following a brand transgression. These findings provide theoretical contributions by highlighting trust as a crucial mediator and religiosity as an important moderating factor. Practically, the study offers insights for managers, emphasizing the need to rebuild trust through transparent actions and ethical behavior, especially when addressing religiously sensitive audiences. Limitations of the study include the use of a cross-sectional design and hypothetical scenarios, which future research could address by employing longitudinal or real-world experimental designs. Additionally, future studies could examine other moderating variables, such as cultural values or moral identity, to expand the understanding of consumer responses to brand transgressions across diverse settings. Overall, this research underscores the importance of trust in brand-consumer relationships and offers valuable implications for managing brand transgressions in sensitive markets.

Культурно-специфические особенности реализации речевой модели коммуникативного давления (на примере американской лингвокультуры)

The article is devoted to the study of the communicative pressure speech model functioning, based on the rhetorical device of sarcasm in the context of American linguaculture. The work analyzes the mechanism by which communicative pressure is carried out, the features of the relationship between the components of its model and their nature. The research material is represented by the products of English-language oral interpersonal discourse, namely, dialogic statements borrowed from American films. A three-component model which makes it possible for the pressure to function consists of logos, ethos and pathos, and the confrontational nature of its impact is determined by a conflictogene involved in the model of its implementation. The research makes a conclusion about the implementation of a complex three-stage mechanism of the communicative pressure model during the manifestation of sarcasm in speech. The article establishes the primary nature of logos conflictogenes in a sarcastic statement, which can be represented by various forms of absurdity. The analysis of the linguistic material allows us to identify the features of the implementation of the pressure model in the American linguaculture in the process of localizing the global trend of aggressive speech interaction. Methods of implementation of logos conflictogenes, found in American dialogic speech, include both tactics of logical pragmatic absurdity and lexical and stylistic techniques that give rise to the process of violation and distortion of the semantics and expose semantic absurdity. The first group covers such techniques as breaking the semantic connection between statements, equating the part and the whole, reducing the semantic volume of a concept, and contrasting explicit and implicit knowledge. The second group is represented by an absurd hyperbolization, a simile, a metaphor, a zeugma. The absurdization of a speech utterance gives rise to the secondary pathos and ethos conflictogenes. Meanwhile, destructive pathos serves as an independent source of tertiary ethos conflictogenes caused by violation of ethical standards of interpersonal communication. The degree of an impact of communicative pressure can be intensified through various pragmastylistic means.

Violent Thefts Involving Teenagers And Women (Criminology in Sociological Perspective)

<em>The goal of this research was to find a scientific explanation for the issue of women and teenagers being involved in violent theft crimes that have already started, as well as to find and construct theoretical justification based on current theories, including sources from books and research journals. This study employed a qualitative research design in conjunction with a literature review. According to the findings of research, women are viewed as potential home educators of their children and should be given recognition and equality, while teenagers are viewed as the country's future generation, potential leaders, and catalysts for community and national development. rather than feeling scared by his family or other societal members, he feels adequate in the social system of society. He thus isolates himself by creating an exclusive group, which prompts him to take illegal and/or violent acts, such as muggings and thefts, in violation of both community standards and the law.</em>

Fuzzy decision-making model for solving the ISAO “risk triangle” in conditions of violation of air-craft separation norms.

Taking into account the prevailing influence of the human factor on the occurrence of the vast majority of aviation events and serious incidents, the leading role of such a component of the current ISAO flight safety concept as “the attitude of aviation personnel towards dangerous actions or conditions” has been determined, which well explains the mutual influence of other components of this paradigm. In turn, the components of this relationship are determined through indicators of the influence of the human factor on decision-making by frontline aviation operators, in particular air traffic controllers. This approach is logical, since, firstly, the professional activity of an air traffic controller is easy to imagine as a continu-ous chain of decisions; secondly, according to statistics, unwanted aviation events are the result of false decisions; thirdly, the vast majority of aviation security experts believe that the point is not that “front line” aviation operators do not make decisions at all, but that these decisions are untimely, incor-rect, ineffective, etc. In the context of this publication, such a component of decision making is considered as fuzzy risk as-sessment models, in particular violations of standard operating procedures, namely aircraft separation standards. Using the modifier “very” and the methodology of fuzzy mathematics, a scale (term set) of the linguistic variable “danger level” was formed. The dimension of the scale is larger than that recommended by ISAO, which allows for a more detailed analysis of the dangers of violations of separation standards. On the other hand, scale reduction does not cause difficulties in the conditions of using fuzzy operations of “concentration”, “stretching”, “merging”. Having adapted the well-known “Cooper-Harper scale” for research needs, a survey was conducted of professional air traffic controllers m = 70, employees of the Unified Air Traffic Control System of the Republic of Azerbaijan, who expressed their attitude to the dangers of violations of the separation norms of ACC, ARR aircraft S = 20 km in the form of a “point on the parameter scale”, which contributed to the use of the so-called “hint matrix” for constructing membership functions of the linguistic variable “hazard level” with smooth falling fronts. It has been established that all points of intersection of the membership functions of neighboring terms of the linguistic variable “hazard level” are greater than the “transition point” of L. Zadeh, therefore the distances between them, established on the continuum of the studied separation norm, “rather belong” to the corresponding linguistic assessment of the established scale. The reduction of this scale to the ISAO dimension contributed to the solution of the corresponding “risk triangle”.

ПРОМИСЛОВЕ ШПИГУНСТВО: ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines the theoretical aspects of industrial espionage in the terminological context. It substantiates the importance of protecting trade secrets from industrial espionage against the background of an increase in their share in the structure of the intellectual property portfolio and strengthening their contribution to the competitiveness of innovative companies in the global economic space. The paper also examines the essence of industrial espionage through the prism of comparison with other categories, namely, economic espionage, corporate espionage, and competitive intelligence. It explores different approaches to the interpretation of these categories. The analysis reveals the existence of variants of their identification, synonymous use, and a certain intersection of essential features. Based on the results of the comparison of industrial espionage, economic espionage, corporate espionage, and competitive intelligence, it is established that these categories are independent and non-identical, with certain common features, which is a manifestation of the dialectical combination of the general and the particular for various forms of gaining access to commercially valuable information. The publication highlights important features of industrial espionage that reveal its essential characteristics, including: systematic, planned nature of implementation; typically, a high level of organisation and preparation; targeted focus on gaining competitive advantage/ income; unauthorised access to information that constitutes a trade secret; violation of legal and ethical standards by individuals and legal entities for private purposes; hidden nature; a wide range of types and tools; no sectoral restrictions on the scope of the activity; a significant range and duration of negative consequences; difficulty in assessing actual losses, etc. The identification of the main features of industrial espionage is the basis for its understanding as a distinct category, which will help to strengthen the theoretical and methodological basis for innovative companies to make effective management decisions on building an effective system of protection against industrial espionage.

Privatnost pod pretnjom - ukrštanje Interneta stvari i masovnog nadzora

The rapid development of information and communication technologies, blockchain technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), as well as the Internet of Things (IoT) devices has brought numerous advantages to modern society. Alongside increased comfort of life and efficiency in all areas of human activity, the automation enabled by interconnected networks also poses a challenge to citizens' right to privacy. The goal of this research is to identify weaknesses in this use of modern technologies, specifically in how they negatively impact the citizens' right to privacy, by analyzing the relationship between mass surveillance practices and IoT devices. The research established that the implementation of mass surveillance measures using IoT technology can lead to violations of ethical standards, security protocols, and the right to privacy. It has been shown that there are issues with applying existing regulations to IoT and mass surveillance and that no universal legal framework currently exists to protect the right to privacy. The use of IoT technology, especially given the rapid development of artificial intelligence, will in the future raise numerous dilemmas regarding the entities responsible for collecting personal data, the consents required for data usage and processing, where the collected personal data will be used, and for what purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt privacy laws to modern technological advancements such as IoT and AI. This study utilized methods of induction, deduction, and content analysis.

ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ МЕТОД ИНДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ КАРРАГИНАНА В ЙОГУРТЕ

One of the fermented milk products, the demand for which is always at a high level, is yogurt. Due to the high demand for this type of product, there is a significant number of yogurts made in violation of production standards, in particular with the introduction of adulterating additives. Undoubtedly, only those products made free of extraneous components can be considered beneficial. The purpose of this work is to identify an extraneous component such as carrageenan, made from various types of red algae (class Rhodophyceae) in yogurt, as well as to develop the cheap and the most time consuming method to obtain reliable results.

До питання про порушення стандартів новинного мовлення у телемаратоні «Єдині новини»

The main objective of this study was to find out the situation around the violation of news broadcasting standards of the Telemarathon «Edyni Novyny», as well as to attempt to establish the causes of this phenomenon. Research work involved the use of such methods – observation, the study of empirical material, content analysis, analysis, generalization, descriptive. Among the violations of news broadcasting standards, we distinguish the following: mixing facts and comments, references to dubious sources and the authorship of anonymous opinion, which is associated with non-compliance with the standard of reliability, uniformity of the genre palette, poor representation of cultural and artistic topics. The mixing of facts and opinions leads to a complete loss of essentially new information, blurring of factual fullness, dominance of the spectrum of comments, which means one thing – such news is rather conditional. The high frequency of use of some genres and the low frequency of use of others cause uniformity of news content. Poor presentation of news from the field of culture and art may indicate a stereotype about the organization of material of different thematic orientation. The reasons for violation of standards are superficial understanding by creative employees of TV channels of the basic concepts of news journalism – «fact» and «commentary», unreasonable attempts to express their attitude to the events of the surrounding reality, lack of specialized knowledge on the basic principles of television and radio production, inability to work with sources of information. In general, these reasons are rooted in the low professional level of journalists of the Telemarathon «Edyni Novyny». The results of the study are important for correcting the content of journalism education in general and teaching the basics of television and radio production in particular.

Сучасний вимір соціальної політики країн Європейського Союзу – орієнтир реформ в Україні

The article presents modern approaches to measuring and possibly conducting a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of social policy in individual countries with the help of global and regional special indicator systems and global indices of well-being and social progress. It is emphasized that in the modern world, the scenarios of increasing social polarization, inequality and poverty of human development both within and between countries are currently being realized, as well as those associated with the contraction of public welfare, violation of social, labour and environmental standards, and reduction of the quality of social rights. The author identifies and briefly characterizes the main indicator systems for measurement and comparative analysis of the effectiveness of social policies in the EU member states, particularly the EU statistics on incomes and living conditions (EU-SILC) and the European pillar of social rights. The effectiveness of the social policy of the EU member states is analyzed by the indicators of “Median equalized net income per household member” and “Risk of poverty and social exclusion”, which make it possible to determine convergent and divergent trends in their growth. It is confirmed that two main trends are observed in the convergence processes: actual convergence (EU member states are becoming more similar); and an upward trajectory of living and working conditions, which improves the overall EU value. Recommendations are formulated regarding the need to reform Ukraine’s social policy and its statistical support as a candidate country for joining the European Union under the current EU regulatory environment. The assessment of the dynamics of the welfare indicators for EU and Ukraine populations according to the components of the Legatum Prosperity Index, which relates to the social sphere, proves the need for reforms and the development of measures to improve the living conditions and health of Ukraine’s population.

Population prevalence determined by environmental factors as additional burden on the public healthcare and a factor causing economic losses in regions

Introduction. Regions where both ecological and sanitary-hygienic situation is unfavorable tend to have growing incidence and more frequent applications for medical aid by population in Russia and worldwide as well. 
 The purpose of this study was to assess population incidence in different regions in the country associated with poor quality of the environment as a factor creating additional burden on public healthcare institutions in a given region and probable economic losses in it.
 Materials and methods. We applied data of state medical and sanitary-hygienic statistics over 2013–2021. Medical and demographic losses associated with exposure to harmful environmental factors were quantified using step-by-step regression analysis modified by enumeration of functions for independent variables. Economic losses were estimated for diseases and deaths among population involved in producing gross regional product. 
 Results. We were able to obtain more than one hundred authentic models that provided a quantitative association between population prevalence and violations of hygienic standards regulating quality of the environment. We established that between 2.9 and 5.8 million diseases associated with environmental factors were annually detected in the country over the last 10 years. Burden on regional healthcare systems grew in regions with obviously high levels of pollution in ambient air and drinking water; this gain grows up to 12.55%. In 2021, losses of gross regional products due to diseases and deaths caused by violations of hygienic standards regulating quality of the environment exceeded 170.6 billion rubles. 
 Limitations of the study. A set of factors included into modeling can be considered a certain limitation of the present study. 
 Conclusion. It seems quite relevant to coordinate efforts by different ministries and departments in the sphere of public health protection in Russia. It is also advisable to consider a peculiar sanitary-hygienic situation in a given region when calculating scopes of necessary funding for a regional healthcare system. Development of public-private partnerships seems another vital trend in health protection within efforts aimed at reducing impacts on the environment and implementing medical and prevention programs for population.