Violation Of Ethical Norms Research Articles

Ирония в романе Ф.М. Достоевского «Братья Карамазовы»: функционально-семантический аспект

The article deals with the phenomenon of irony in a literary work. Irony is viewed in the study as one of the text-forming categories of hidden character, which performs the role of a meaningful component in the fictional text. It forms the semantic plan of the literary work and realizes the author's implicit evaluation. The place and role of irony in F.M. Dostoevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov are defined: irony is expressed within the author's implicit evaluation of the characters' relationship among themselves and their attitude to certain facts of reality, as well as in the writer's direct assessment of the personal qualities of the characters. At the same time, through irony the writer reveals not only the violation of ethical norms by the characters of the novel, but also their negative moral values. It is established that in order to actualize ironic evaluation the author of the work combines in one context a number of mechanisms of ironic meaning formation: double antithesis; antithesis combined with an illogical conclusion; contextual reinterpretation of the lexeme meaning in conjunction with antithesis. The complexity of the mechanisms of irony realisation in the novel imparts a sophisticated multifaceted character to the writer's assessment.

ПРОФЕСІЙНА СКЛАДОВА ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ФОТОГРАФІЇ: ЗАКОНОДАВЧІ ВИМОГИ, ЗАУВАЖЕННЯ ТА ПЕРЕСТОРОГИ

The article presents an attempt to define the term «military photography» as a genre of photojournalism. The article considers the role and significance of military photography in the modern information space in the context of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war as an element of visual design of texts and one of the important documents of war crimes recording. The relevance of the publication lies in the fact that armed conflicts, local military unrest, or full-scale wars have long been of interest to the audience in terms of visualizing their course. In addition to the information and visibility that society so desires, photographs taken on the contact line between the enemies also become documentary evidence that cannot be denied or refuted. Photographs in the genre of military photography provide irrefutable proof that people or events recorded by technical devices have lived, have happened, are happening, or will continue to live and happen. That is why any photograph is perceived as the most detailed depiction of the facts of visible reality compared to any other image (painting, sculpture). A brief review of the sources on the research topic is made. The views on military photography of both journalism theorists and practicing photojournalists are analyzed. The most important aspects of the professional activity of a photojournalist, violations of ethical norms, problems and challenges faced by photojournalists of modern media in creating and publishing visual content on military topics are outlined. The author emphasizes the legislative requirements and certain prohibitions on the creation of photo illustrations on military topics and the forms of punishment for violators of such regulations. On the basis of legal and regulatory documents, theoretical generalizations and professional requirements, the author provides advice and recommendations to practicing journalists who will work on creating visual content on military topics for modern media. The conclusions emphasize the importance of professional training of photojournalists working in the combat zone. It is emphasized that, in addition to the professional training of photojournalists who will specialize in recording military events, it is important to pay attention to the legal and regulatory documents that regulate the work of photojournalists in war. Knowledge of such a legal framework, moral and ethical codes and professional advice from practicing journalists should be a mandatory component of training programs.

ПІДХОДИ ОНЛАЙНОВИХ МЕДІА ДО ВИСВІТЛЕННЯ РОМСЬКОЇ ТЕМАТИКИ В ПЕРІОД ПОВНОМАСШТАБНОЇ ВІЙНИ

<p><strong><em>The purpose of the study</em></strong><em> is to outline the approaches used by Ukrainian online publications to cover</em> <em>Roma issues in their materials during a full-scale war. The tasks of the research are to identify trends in the use of language and content elements in media texts, their observance of professional ethics and journalistic standards.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> A combination of methods is used in scientific exploration. In order to identify the language of hostility and Romaphobia in the coverage of Roma topics, a textological analysis of linguistic means in the media was applied. Qualitative content analysis was applied to identify trends in compliance or violation of ethical and professional norms in top online media indexed in the Google search engine. The methods of generalization and induction were applied during the systematization of the analyzed publications and the formulation of research conclusions.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> The full-scale war further exacerbated the already difficult situation with Roma rights in Ukraine. This also applies to the media, which, instead of uniting the Roma national community and promoting its integration, began to separate it from Ukrainians in general. Some local and national media continue to «play» on clickbait headlines, violation of ethical norms through the use of hate speech and Romaphobia, thereby devaluing and humiliating Ukrainian citizens of Roma origin. At the same time, the analysis of media content – the language of publications, their form, content – showed that Ukrainian journalists, in comparison with previous years, began to use correct vocabulary and write balanced materials more often, observing the rules of journalistic ethics and standards of balance and credibility.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> This study specifies the approaches of online media in working with Roma topics, allows to follow the latest situation with coverage of the life of the Roma national community during the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical meaning.</em></strong><em> The results of the work can contribute to the establishment of interaction between journalists and the Roma community in times of full-scale war. In addition, this research can be used directly by Roma activists and community organizations to raise public awareness of Roma culture and identity.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> Roma, online media, Roma issues, Romaphobia, hate speech, journalistic standards.</em></p>

Проблеми у сфері доброчесності суддів в сучасних умовах політико-правової реальності

The article examines aspects of the generalization of problems in the field of integrity of judges in modern conditions of political and legal reality. The integrity of judges is the basis for ensuring civil rights and freedoms, as well as for fulfilling the important role of judges in ensuring a just society. In the context of judicial reform in Ukraine, the integrity of judges acts as a strategic tool for ensuring the independence and transparency of the judicial system, contributes to strengthening citizens' trust in the judiciary and increasing the authority of the court in society. It has been established that in the context of the purification of the judiciary, the integrity of the courts becomes a key tool for identifying and using negative phenomena, such as corruption, impartiality and other violations of ethical norms. This requires judges to follow not only the letter of the law, but also the higher principles of justice, which are based on general human rights and principles of justice. It is motivated that trust in the judicial system is based on society's deep understanding of equality before the law and the independence of the judiciary from the influence of political or other external factors, acting as a key element of the legitimation of power and the legal system as a whole. Therefore, it is summarized that the judicial system, as a reflector in the entire legal system, bears a huge responsibility to society and the state as a whole, contributing to establishing trust in the legal system and supporting the principles of equality and justice. The following problems in the field of integrity of judges in the modern political and legal reality are singled out: moral instability of representatives of the judiciary and the dilemma of individual morality in the context of a court decision; political influence on judges and the process of administration of justice; systemic defects and moral and ethical orientation of the judicial system, here it is important to take into account that the judicial system itself can write internal defects and conflicts of interests that can undermine the integrity of judges; intercultural dissonance and problems of sociocultural adaptation of judges in international aspects of the implementation of multifaceted social space.

Compliance with the Code of Ethics in the Presentation of Transactional Analysis Concepts Through Statements and Manifestation in Social Networks

This article is based on the report at the SOTA conference (March 25-26, 2023) and is devoted to the study of ways of demonstration and manifestation as a psychologist in the space of social media, safely for this psychologist, clients, subscribers, readers, taking into account the need to exclude the risks of violation the code of ethics. In my opinion, the relevance of this topic is high, since many psychologists have a need to demonstrate themselves, but sometimes the ways that marketing offers may be a violation of ethical norms. In this paper I reflect on how to demonstrate yourself in social media relying on the concepts of Transactional Analysis, and how to realize the needs of a specialist in presenting him- or herself, whether it is a desire to share promotional and useful information, or to reveal him- or herself as a professional to potential future clients, or to receive recognition and be noticeable. At the same time, the novelty of my perspective is that in the article I analyze the ways to realize the need for presence in social networks, taking into account the uniqueness of the specialist. In particular, I consider how to run a channel, blog, website, account with pleasure and interest, thereby making social networking a safe process, both for the specialist and for readers, so that the ethical principles become not an image of a Controlling Parent, but a support and a way to help in taking care of yourself and your customers with respect. In this article, I rely on research in the field of Transactional Analysis by authors such as Eric Berne, Vann Joines, Ian Stewart.

Дискоммуникация: межкультурный, дискурсивный и лингвоэкологический аспекты

The article clarifies the concept of discommunication, defines its place among the related concepts of communicative failure and communicative conflict, and suggests ways of studying discommunication at the discourse level. A new interpretation of discommunication is proposed in the framework of the linguoecological approach to communication developed by V.I. Shakhovsky. Discommunication is treated as an umbrella term that unites various manifestations of ineffective communication which can occur due to many reasons. At the intercultural and intracultural levels, discommunication can result from non-implementation or incomplete implementation of the communicative intention, failure to achieve the communicative goals, or their mismatch. The resulting ineffectiveness of communication and the ineffectiveness of the communicative interaction are due to a number of reasons, both linguistic and extralinguistic, among which are violation of ethical norms and ecology of communication; non-observance of the rules of argumentation; using manipulative strategies; unsuccessful verbalization of the intention by the addresser. The latter is exemplified in detail with the excerpts from the Russian-language courtroom discourse. It is represented through violations in goal-setting and errors in the formulation of the idea. Expanding the list of discourses for analyzing discommunication will allow identifying the specifics of its implementation in various speech genres and types of communication, and help determine its causes and outline ways to overcome it.

On a single ‘line” of regulation of liability for legal and regulatory violations

The article raises and examines the problem of creating a “line” of offenses and violations of ethical norms, depending on their degree of public danger – from left to right: crime – a criminal offense (which has not yet been legislated in our country) – an administrative offense – violation of the norms of ethical acts (codes, etc.). That will allow to clearly define the place of each violation in conditions of blurring of the boundaries between them in some cases (examples are given) and, accordingly, adequate punishment for each violation. And this will contribute to the improvement of legislation – material and procedural public law sense, to carry out its incorporation, and in the future, it is possible, and codification.

SITUATION TASKS FOR STUDENTS OF GRADES 5–6 ON THE ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNET COMMUNICATION

The article discusses the problem of violations of ethical norms of communication on the Internet by students of grades 5–6. Young adolescent children are found on the Internet in violation of ethical standards and often violate them themselves. The actual task of teachers is to form students' skills to protect themselves from threats to the information environment that are unethical in nature. The article presents examples of situational tasks of three types: tasks that reveal the key concepts of the ethical foundations of communication on the Internet; situations of students' search activity in the network; situations of interaction of younger adolescents in the information environment. The developed set of tasks allows organizing the practical activities of students in grades 5–6 on the development of ethical norms of behavior in the global network both at informatics lessons and during extracurricular activities.

CONFLICTOGENIC FACTORS IN VIRTUAL POLITICAL DISCOURSE

This article aims to identify the causes of conflicts in communication upsetting the balance of interethnic relations, mutual understanding, interaction between representatives of different countries and peoples and to develop mechanisms for overcoming them in the discourse of political Internet, which occupies a special place in the Internet communication and enables politicians having access to the Internet to speak to the public. The article presents a typology of communicative failures, identifies what makes a communication conflict (situational factors, contextual factors; productive and receptive factors; ritualization of live speech communication, violation of ethical norms, leveling pragmatic speech characteristics, incorrect linear speech organization; reticence; shifting from one topic to another, etc.). Theoretical and methodological bases of the research are ontological and anthropocentric approaches: a person is recognized as a "measure of all things", he perceives the world through self-awareness in this world, and language, as a means of communication, acts as the main constitutive characteristics of thinking, speaking, and creating the reality person.

Cyberbullies, Trolls, and Stalkers: Students’ Perceptions of Ethical Issues in Social Media

ABSTRACTLittle research has been done to examine users’ perceptions of ethical issues related to communication on social media. This exploratory, descriptive study examines undergraduate students’ perceptions of ethical issues in how they and their peers use social media and the consequences the ethical issues have on themselves and others. An online survey was distributed to students at a regional university (N = 201). Results show that most students have observed violations of ethical norms; they believe that the most common ethical issues are inappropriate pictures, privacy concerns, and people harassing others.

Особенности научной коммуникации в России (из опыта Совета по этике научных публикаций)

N. Luman noted that science exists because of the truth/ lie code, so in science, one true statement can be connected only to another true statement. In this logic, we could assume that the communication between scientific journals authors, experts and the Council on the Ethics of Scientific Publications working under the auspices of the Association of Scientific Editors and Publishers (ASEP) determined by the absolute values of science. During the three years of its activity, the Ethics Council has gathered quite a rich experience of communication in terms of requests / recommendations concerning violations of ethical norms with publications referring themselves to scientific ones. At the same time, the results of communications / miscommunications between journals, authors, reviewers, databases of scientific information allowed to systematize and identify nine types of communications (both formal and informal). The main conclusion we can draw is that lies and disrespect have become the norm, and science as a type of activity in Russiarisks to mutate when it sets goals that are different from the search for scientific truth.

Aspekty etyczne badań klinicznych zlecanych przez zachodnie firmy farmaceutyczne w NRD

Between 1983 and 1990, at least 163 Western drugs were tested in the GDR. On the basis of archival documentation, relevant literature, and interviews we examined the clinical trials of five drugs more thoroughly; two of these individual case studies are introduced in this article. In the case of the clinical trials of the synthetic human growth hormone Saizen we found extensive trial and patient documentation, which allows for a detailed analysis of ethical aspects such as parent information and informed patient consent. In the case of the clinical trials of the „abortion pill“ Mifepristone (RU-486) for the World Health Organization we uncovered irregularities with regard to the ethical evaluation. However, taken together, we could not find any serious violation of ethical norms in connection with our cases studies.

Ethical dilemmas in nursing practice / Etičke dileme u sestrinskoj praksi

Contrary to the laws governing the legal duties of health workers and punish their violation of ethical norms are not clearly defined laws, but commonly prescribe appropriate codes. In the Federation B i H, as well as the Republiika Srpska formal codes of which were developed by the International Code of ethics of nurses. Negative trends in society have made to the medicine under the influence of various factors in the first place money, turned into a fertile ground for individuals to prove himself. Where we often neglect the true value of human achievement, but the stress and adopt values based on statistical results. In the race for the continuous improvement and studying health care workers, and everyone else, neglect respecting the needs and values of people. The position of nurses in relation to ethical issues is very ambiguous, located between opposing attitudes and expectations. Although required independent action and independent thinking, to once again request the cooperation and approval of others. Nurses are more and more considered as employees, rather than professionals with a clearly defined mission and professional activities. The official stance is sometimes more appreciated than ethically responsible execution of their duties. The task of every health care professional is to achieve the highest ethical standards of professional conduct and to motivate such behavior colleagues and associates.

Vignettes to identify the ethical domain of an emerging country's banking sector: the experience of Turkey

The fiduciary dimension of the banking business creates a high potential for ethical violations and financial fraud leading to systemic crisis, regardless of national boundaries. In emerging markets, the lack of adequate legal and regulatory systems in the financial sector facilitates the exploitation of a free moral space. The moral integrity of bank managers, as guardians of others' money, is crucial to the sustainability of the system. This study aims to assess the ethicality of some banking practices as perceived by top bank managers in Turkey, an emerging market. To this purpose 22 sector-specific vignettes that describe possible misconduct were developed and a field survey conducted. Vignettes were mailed to top managers of all the banks. The response rate was 29%. The findings, on the whole, indicate a high level of ethical awareness on the part of banks' top managers. The respondents' approval threshold is higher when the stockholder demands to be successful in the short run, at the expense of the customers and the other stakeholders of the bank. Another finding is that the respondents do not consider extending partial treatment to those with whom the manager has a care relationship as a violation of ethical norms.

Response to Mervyn Frost: The systematic violation of ethical norms in British Foreign Policy

Response to Mervyn Frost: The systematic violation of ethical norms in British Foreign Policy

Organizational ethics: A stacked deck

The astute manger should be aware that, in organizations, the deck is frequently ‘stacked’ against higher levels of ethical behavior. This deck stacking occurs because of socialization processes, environmental influences, and the organization hierarchy. As a result of bosses using hierarchical leverage to take the ethical dimension of decision-making away from subordinates, the stage is set for a they-made-me-do-it defense of their moral integrity by these subordinates if and when violations of ethical norms come to light. There is also at work, however, an I-made-them-do-it situation in which professionals who prefer to ‘nest’ in the more technical aspects of their work ‘delegate’ — upward — to their bosses ethical decision-making. Understanding these dynamics is crucial in an age which is especially sensitized to the ethical facet of organizational behavior.