Vinyl Dimethyl Phosphate Research Articles

Chemical control of house flies in dairy barns and chicken ranches.

Experimental compounds applied as residual sprays were evaluated by treating all potential resting sites for Musca domestica L. in milking barns and calf sheds and by selective treatment of night-resting sites in the same structures. Also evaluated was a combination treatment of insecticide-impregnated cords and liquid bait. Bomyl® (dimethyl 3-hydroxyglutaconate dimethyl phosphate) as a dry bait was tested in chicken ranches. MC-A-600 (Mobam®) (benzo[b]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate) and Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), in the full-coverage treatment, were the more effective materials tested, giving up to 14 weeks’ satisfactory control. In the selective treatment with Moham, satisfactory control lasted about half as long as that obtained with full coverage. Anthio® (S-((formylmethylcarbamoyl) methyl) O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and Bayer 62863 (2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-7-benwfuranyl methylcarbamate) in selective treatments gave results similar to those obtained with Mobam. The combination treatment with parathion-diazinon impregnated cords and dichlorvos as a bait gave excellent control at 1 dairy for 17 weeks but failed after 5 weeks at a 2nd dairy. Tests showed flies from this dairy to be resistant to parathion. Bomyl as a dry bait gave satisfactory fly control in chicken ranches.

Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Stored-Product Insects1

Effectiveness of 48 insecticides was compared against adults of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotraga cerealella (Olivier); confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal; granary weevil, Sitophilus granaries (L.); saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and larvae of Trogoderma parabile Beal. Insects were sprayed with 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0% w/v concentrations of insecticide dissolved in 19:1 acetone-olive oil solvent mixture. Mortalities were recorded after post-treatment exposure of 24 hr for adult insects and 48 hr for larvae. Available data on mammalian toxicity limited the number of effective compounds selected for more detailed toxicological investigations and provided the basis for tentatively grouping insecticides for practical tests according to their potential in sanitation programs. Organophosphorus compounds approximately equal to or safer than malathion were grouped for potential use as commodity protectants, direct spray applications, and residual surface treatments. Bay 77488 ( O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate O -ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime), Bay 78182 ( O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate O -ester with ( O -chlorophenyl) glyoxylonitrile oxime), Bay 78755 ( O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate O -ester with (2, 6-dichlorophenyl) glyoxylonitrile, beta-isomer) , and Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) killed 100% of the 5 species of test insects at I or more of the concentrations used. Malathion, Abate® ( O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O,O -diester with 4, 4' thiodiphenol), and C 9491 (0-2, 5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl O,O -dimethyl phos-phorothioate) were ineffective against larvae of T. parabile , but they were effective against the other 4 species. Insecticides grouped for potential use as direct sprays and residual surface treatments in sanitation programs were less safe than malathion but equal to or safer than diazinon. Of the compounds included in this group, Bay 37341 ( O,O -diethyl o -[4-(methylthio)-3, 5-xylyIJphosphorothioate), Bay 41831 ( O, O -dimethyl 0-4-nitro-mtolyl phosphorothioate), Bay 79330 ( O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate O -ester with (2,6-dichlorophenyl) glyoxylonitrile oxime, alpha isomer), C 8874 (0-(2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate), CP 53926 ( O,O -dimethyl S-(N-formyl- N -methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithio. ate), diazinon, dicapthon, Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), and fenthion killed 100% of all species of test insects at I or more concentrations of spray. CP 47114 ( O,O -dimethyl O -4-nitromtolyl phosphorothioate) was relatively ineffective against T. parabile larvae, but was effective against the other species. Dichlorvos was the only compound tested with known value for its vapor activity and usefulness in direct spray applications. It was effective against all species, and killed 100% of the Angoumois grain moths at the lowest concentration. Carbamate insecticides were grouped for comparison with Baygon® ( O -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate). Mobam® (benzo[b]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate) was the only compound in this group to give complete control of all species at 1 or more of the concentrations used. Bay 62863 (2, 3-dihydro-2-methyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) was effective against 4 species, but it failed to kill all T. para bile larvae at the highest concentration. Eight compounds were equal to or more effective than Baygon, but each showed tolerance to 2 or 3 species of test insects. Differences observed among species in susceptibility to carbamate insecticides indicated a need for further work in this area with a wide range of stored-product insects.

Biology of the Corn Earworm and Control with Insecticides and Virus in Washington1

Corn earworm moths, Heliothis zea (Boddie), collected in a black-light trap equipped with an oven for killing the moths, increased from 2 per night in June to 10 in July, 50 in August, and more than 100 in September. Spray applications tested during 1962 to 1967 showed that Furadan® (2, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), Gardona® (2-chloro-l-(2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and Matacil® (4-(dimethyl-amino)- m -tolyl methylcarbamate), gave control equivalent to carbaryl. The Heliothis virus provided moderate control with some formulations, but observations indicate that infection with the virus occurs mainly when the larva eats the egg shell on hatching, so that more frequent applications would be needed to equal control with insecticides.

Arrestant-Feeding Stimulant as an Additive to Shell SD-8447 for Control of Corn Earworm Larvae in Sweet Corn123

The mortality of larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) on corn seedlings grown in the greenhouse increased significantly when an arrestant-feeding stimulant extracted from sweet corn kernels was mixed with Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and Compared with mortality on a check treated with SD-8447 only. Also, damage to com ears decreased significantly when the extract plus SD-8447 was applied to artificially infested sweet corn silks in the field. Thus the incorporation of an arrestant-feeding stimulant with an insecticide would increase the effectiveness of a corn earworm control program.

Evaluation of Shell SD 8447, SD 8448, and SD 8436 as candidate systemic insecticides for control of common and northern cattle grubs.

Three materials of low mammalian toxicity from the Shell Development Company, SD 8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), SD 8448 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate), and SD 8436 (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dibromophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) showed moderate systemic activity against the northern cattle grub Hypoderma bovis (L.), and the common cattle grub H. lineatum (de Villers), when they were applied to calves by the pour-on procedure. Although early tests indicated 89-100% control with these materials, later tests produced 41 and 60% control on animals treated with SD 8447 at 30 g/head and 46 and 73% control on animals treated with SD 8436 at 20 g/head. SD 8448 was not included in the later tests. The materials produced no significant cholinesterase depression, no indication of toxicity, and no significant differentials in weight gain.

Dust stations for control of the face fly in South Carolina.

Self-applicatory devices consisting of shed-protected dust bags were installed in 24 pastures to control the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, on beef cattle in Oconee and Pickens counties, South Carolina. Dust formulations of dimetilan 2% and 1%, ronnel 5%, coumaphos 5%. malathion 5%, SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) 5%, and pyrophyllite (check) placed in the bags resulted in 54 to 84% reduction in counts of face flies on the cattle. (Average of 15-4.2 flies per head during treatment period.) The number of flies per face in the insecticide-dust treatments were reduced significantly below those on the controls (average of 9.1 flies per head) within 1 week post treatment and remained at lower levels for the duration of the experiment. There were no significant differences between treatments. The amount of dust used per cow per day was approximately 6-11 g.

Evaluation of Experimental Insecticides for Control of Hornworms on Tobacco

Nine compounds were tested on mature tobacco plants as foliage sprays for the control of the early instars of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson), and the tomato hornworm, M. quinquemaculata (Haworth). Three systemic insecticides, NIA 10242 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), American Cyanamid CL-47470 (cyclic propylene (diethoxyphosphinyl)-dithioimidocarbonate), and Amer. Cyan. 47031 (cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinyl) dithioimidocarbonate) were the most effective materials tested. Oxydemetonmethyl was ineffective in controlling hornworms. Five nonsystemics, Chipman RP-11974 ( O, O -diethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with 6-chloro-3-(mercaptomethyl)-2-benzoxazolinone), GS-13005 ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with 4(-mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy-∆2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one), GC-9160 (ethyl 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-decachloro-octahydro-2-hydroxy-1,3,4-methane-2 H -cyclobuta[ cd ]pentalene-2-levulinate), MC-A-600 (benzo[ b ]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate), and SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) were effective initially and gave somewhat similar residual control of the 2 species of hornworms.

Laboratory Tests with Promising Insecticides for Control of Adult and Larval Stable Flies1

Of 19 compounds that were effective against adults and larvae of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), 4 had extremely low oral toxicities to rats or mice. These were SD-8949 (1-(2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate), SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), SD-8211 (2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and SD-8972 (1-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate). Susceptibility of the insect to the different compounds was determined by spraying adults in a wind tunnel and exposing larvae in treated CSMA medium. An evaluation was made of 146 compounds against adults and 212 against larvae.

Control of chicken body, shaft, and wing lice on laying hens by self-treatment with insecticide dusts and granules.

The chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (L.); and wing louse, Lipeurus caponis (L.), on hens were markedly reduced when granules or dusts of 7 toxicants were applied to litter or when 2 toxicants were placed in dust-bath boxes, except for a dust-bath treatment of 1% Dowco 175 (2,4-dichlorophenyl propyl methylphosphoramidate). Treatment with 4.4% granules of Zytron® ( O -2,4-dichlorophenyl 0 -methyl isopropylphosphoramidothioate), 2% dust of Imidan® ( O,O -dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate), and 2% dust of carbophenothion gave 100% control in 10 days or less when the toxicants were applied to litter at the rate of 50 g/m2. A 5% dust of Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate), applied at the same rate, was only slightly less effective. However, 5% granules of ronnel, 2% granules of bromophos, and 2% dust of dimetilan, applied at the same rate, never entirely eliminated lice from the birds.

Insect Control and Residues in Sweet Corn Using Ground Equipment for Treating with Low-Volume Formulations12

Low-volume ground equipment was evaluated for its ellectiveness in insect control. The control of corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), using low-volume forumlations of endosulfan-malathion, DDT-malathion, and 50-8447 (2-chloro-I-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) was equal to that obtained with 2 lb per acre of DDT emulsifiable concentrate. Corn earworm control with a pneumatic (F-l) nozzle with air plus charge and a flat fan (650017) nozzle was not significantly different when varying rates of malathion and SD-8447 were used, but both types of nozzles were significantly better than the DDT standard or the 1,-1 nozzle without air plus charge. Residues of low-volume DDT-malathion showed a 3-12 ppm DDT increase and a 4-24 ppm malathion increase from the first to the second application. with no additional increase shown for the remaining 3 applications. Seven days after the fifth application, residues declined to 6 and 0.8 ppm for DDT and malathion, respectively.

House fly control and insecticide resistance with continued use of diazinon, ronnel, and dimethoate.

House fly, Musca domestica L., control and development of resistance was studied in Somerset and Hunterdon Counties, New Jersey, from 1962 to 1966, using 0.5 and 1.0% residual treatments with diazinon, ronnel, and dimethoate. Control varied from 0 to 86 and 0 to 56 days with 0.5 and 1.0% diazinon, respectively; from 0 to 7; and 38 to 87 days with 0.5 and 1.0% ronnel, and 0 to 69 and 15 to 91 days with 0.5 and 1.0% dimethoate. Resistance to diazinon, ronnel, malathion, dimethoate, lindane, and DDT was greatest in barns sprayed with diazinon. Use of ronnel did not result in high ronnel were obtained where 1% insecticide was used. Flies reared from manure collected in treated barns were generally equal to or more resistant than adult flies collected from the same barns. Flies collected in these barns and exposed on surfaces in the barn also showed high levels of resistance. Resistance decreased with flies tested late in the season. Overwintering spray deposits of diazinon were still toxic to susceptible flies the following spring but most of the ronnel and dimethoate were lost. Sanitation and weather conditions greatly affect breeding conditions and these in turn affect fly numbers. Resistance increases in the summer, depending on these conditions and insecticide use, and decrease somewhat in winter months when the levels are measured in the fly population as a whole. SD 8447 (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) gave control for 42 to 71 days and shows promise as a new material. Mobil MC-A-600 (benzo[b]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate) gave control for 10 to 26 days and turned an unsightly blue-gray color when in the presence of lime whitewash. Roth materials were applied at 1%.

Metabolism of 2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate in the dog and rat

Metabolism of 2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate in the dog and rat

Control of Horn Flies by an Electrochemical Device13

Horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), may be controlled without manually applying insecticides to cattle with in-expensive attractant toxicant devices. One such device used ultraviolet radiation to attract flies from the cows to gauze curtains impregnated with a 5% aqueous suspension of Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate). Maximum effectiveness was obtained at night or early in the morning and when 2 of the devices faced each other on either side of a narrow chute such as that leading to a milking barn.

Toxicity and Anticholinesterase Activity of Four Organophosphorus Insecticides to Four Species of Flies1

The toxicity. the in vitro and in vivo anticholinesterase activity, and the correlation between toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of 4 chemically related organophosphorus compounds to 4 species of flies: the house fly, Musca domestica L.; an anthomyiid fly, Fannia pusio (Wiedemann); a blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.); and a flesh fly, Parasarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy), were investigated. The compounds used were: SD 8280 (2-chloro-1-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate); SD 9020 (O-[2-chloro-l-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-vinyl] O, O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) ; SD 8436 (2-Ghloro-1-(2, 4-dibromophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) ; and SD 8211 (2-chloro-l-(2, 5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate). In general, all the compounds showed high insecticidal activity. P. argyrostoma was the most resistant species to the insecticides and C. megacephala the most susceptible. The natural activity of the head cholinesterase based on the actual head weights of M. domestica, C. megacephala, and P. argyrostoma was comparable. The head cholinesterase of F. pusio was more active than that of the other 3 species. The in vivo cholinesterase inhibition showed great variation in percent inhibition, and the rates at which maximum inhibition and recovery of inhibited enzyme occurred. Rapid reactivation of inhibited cholinesterase was observed in surviving and dead flies of all species. In general, inhibition was always higher and recovery was less complete in the dead flies than in the corresponding living flies. However, in C. megacephala treated with SD 8436 and SD 8211 mortality occurred only after reactivation, since the maximum inhibition in the dead flies was less than that in the living flies. The results of this study indicated that the most toxic compounds were not always the most effective cholinesterase inhibitors. There is little or no correlation between toxicity and in vitro or in vivo inhibition.

Life History and Control of a Casebearer, Chlamisus cribripennis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on Blueberry1

The casebearer, Chlamisus cribripennis (LeConte), has caused serious damage to lowbush blueberry in Nova Scotia since 1962. Both larval and adult stages are phytophagous and in heavily infested fields many of the plants are killed back to ground level. The species has 1 generation a year and overwinters as an adult. Eggs are laid about the middle of June and hatch in late June. The larvae pass through 3 instars and pupate in late July. The adult stage is reached in 4-5 weeks and feeding by the beetles continues until late October or early November. Effective control was attained with a single application of azinphosmethyl, carbaryl. Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), Imidan® (O, O-dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodicrationthioate), and diazinon. Carbaryl dust also was effective. One application of any of these materials at the end of blossoming period (June 30) was sufficient.

2-Chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl Dimethyl Phosphate, a New Insecticide with Low Toxicity to Mammals

2-Chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl Dimethyl Phosphate, a New Insecticide with Low Toxicity to Mammals

Evaluation of Shell SD-8447 for Control of Two Sweet Corn Insects1

In evaluating Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) as an insecticide for control of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), laboratory and field experiments were conducted at Tifton, Ga., during 1963 and 1964. Data from a leaf-feeding trial indicated that Shell SD-8447 was equal to or better than p, p' -DDT in controlling 4-day-old fall armyworm larvae. Shell SD-8447 applied topically was about 50 times more toxic than the p, p' -DDT to third-instar fall armyworm larvae. In small-plot field tests Shell SD-8447 at 1 1b/acre gave as effective control of both sweet corn insects as DDT at 2 1b/acre. A method of using electron affinity gas-liquid chromatography was found to be suitable for detecting residues of Shell SD-8447 on sweet corn. Residues on sweet corn stalks and leaves and those on ear husks were directly proportional to the amount of material applied. Shell SD-8447 also disappeared from stalks and leaves and from car husks at a rate proportional to the rate the material was applied. The residue on the cars was negligible.

Studies on House Fly Control1

In experimental studies on control of house flies, Musca domestica L., in 3 dairies near Savannah, Georgia, Staufter N-2404 ( O - (2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) O -isopropyl ethylphosphonothioate) at a dosage rate of 0.5 g/m2 gave satisfactory house fly control for 9 weeks at each dairy. At 2 g/m3 Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1- (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) provided 13 weeks of satisfactory grill indices in one dairy; but in the second dairy the house fly densities, although reduced, fell to satisfactory control levels only on 2 of the first 7 post-treatment weeks. At one dairy Hooker HRS-1422 (3,5-diisopropylphenyl methylcarbamate) at 2 g/m2 gave satisfactory control for 7 weeks. Bayer 41831 ( O,O -dimethyl- O -(3-methyl- 4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) at 1 g/m2 gave 5 weeks of satisfactory control at one dairy, and at 2 g/m2 remained effective for 9 weeks at a second dairy. Dichlorvosresin strands failed to give satisfactory control at 2 dairies even though the similar treatments had been effective in 1962. At a chicken ranch the strands gave 10 weeks of satisfactory control as compared with 13 weeks in 1962. Bait applications of apholate at a chicken ranch did not bring the house fly population under control even though the number of ovipositing females and the viability of eggs from such females was lowered.

Evaluation of Some Chemicals as Feed Additives to Control Face Fly Larvae1

Dairy cattle were fed measured doses of insecticides mixed with grain. Dung collections were infested in the laboratory with newly hatched larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, and survival to the pupal stage was observed. The lowest effective daily doses tested were: coumaphos-0.25 mg/kg; Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro 1-(2,4,5-trichlorolphenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) and Shell SD-8448 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate)—0.5 mg/kg; General Chemical 4072 (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl diethyl phosphate)—1 mg/kg; and Imidan® (phthalimidomethyl O, O -dimetlnl phosphorodithioate)—2 mg/kg. Hooker HRS-1422 (3.5- diisopropylphenyl N -methylcarbamate), Famophos ( O-p (dimethylsulfamoyl) phenyl O, O -dimethyl phosphorolhioate), and Bayer S-940 ( N -hydroxynaphthalimide diethyl phosphate)—50% oral drench powder at 2 mg/kg were ineffective as were 2 phenothiazine formulations at 5 mg/kg and menazon at 10 mg/kg.

New Insecticides Against Adults of Two Species of Hippelates Eye Gnats1

Twenty new compounds were evaluated for biological activity Against Hippelates collusor (Townsend) (the predominant eye gnat species in the Southwestern States) and H. pusio Loew. Both species reacted in essentially the same way to most of the compounds. Sumithion® ( O,O -dimethyl O -4-(nitro-m-tolyl) phosphorothioate), mevinphos (Phosdrin®, Bayer 37289 ( O -ethyl O -2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate), Bayer 37343 ( O -[3,5-dichloro-4- (methylthio) phenyl] O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate), and SD-7587 (l-( p -chlorophenylthio) vinyl dimethylphosphate) were most effective. Sumithion and Bayer 37343 have relatively low mammalian toxicities. Knockdown effects of 6 carbamates were also studied. Among these Isolan® (l-isopropyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate) produced the quickest knockdown, followed by dimetilan, Bayer 37344 [4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate] and Pyramat® (6-methyl-2-propyl-4-pyrimidinyl dimethylcarbamate). It is pointed out that quick knockdown effects of less effective compounds may be undesirable from the standpoint of abating insects for longer periods.