Vinyl Dimethyl Phosphate Research Articles

Control of caterpillars on tomatoes with chemicals and pathogens.

Highly effective control of the tomato fruitworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), was obtained with a DDT spray and a spray mixture containing 44% carbaryl and 11 % methyl parathion and with cornmeal baits incorporating carharyl or Gardona® (2-chloro-l- (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate); however, the spray mixture and the baits were only moderately effective against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was highly effective against the tobacco hornworm, Manducu sexta (Johannson), and the cabbage looper, but it was only moderately effective against the tomato fruitworm and the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania (Cramer). Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (from H. zea ) failed to protect the tomato fruit effectively. Sprays of methomyl, Velsicol® VCS-506 ( O - (4-bromo-2-5-dichlorophenyl) O -methyl phenylphosphonothioate), and carbaryl + parathion and CSM bait containing Cardona gave outstanding control of the southern armyworm; however, Velsicol VCS-506, and carbaryl + parathion caused injury to the plant foliage.

Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Organophosphorus-Resistant Orchard Populations of Neoseiulus fallacis and Its Prey12

Two strains of the phytoseiid Neoseiulus (Typhlodromus) fallacis (Garman) from different North Carolina apple orchards showed a high to moderate degree of resistance to azinphosmethyl and parathion when compared to a strain that had not been exposed to these compounds. One of the resistant strains was further tested and results showed a moderate degree of cross resistance to Gardona,® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and Imidan,® ( O, O -dimethyl Sphthalimido methyl phosphorodithioate), and a minor degree of cross resistance to Omite, (2-( p - tert -butylphenoxy) cyclohexyl 2-propynyl sulfite). Plictran® (tricydohexyltin hydroxide) was shown to be more toxic to the organ phosphorus-resistant strain than the susceptible strain. The degree of organ phosphorus resistance in N. fallacis was the same or greater than in its prey, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the twos potted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, collected from treated orchards. The level of susceptibility of the 3 mite species to amite and Plictran was: European red mite> two spotted spider mite> N. fallacis .

Gardona Applied to Woolen Fabric as a Mothproofer During Dry cleaning2

Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) applied in drycleaning solvents to woolen cloth satisfactorily protected the cloth against feeding damage by larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (F.), at deposits as low as 0.08% by weight. Chemical analyses of the treated cloths showed that: (1) calculated and actual deposits of Gardona were similar, indicating that selective sorption of Gardona did not occur, (2) Gardona residues on the cloth samples were not affected by either steam pressing or oven drying, and (3) no residue buildup occurred on the cloths when they were re-treated 3 times during the drycleaning process.

New Insecticides to Control Sunflower Moth1

Three applications of endosulfan satisfactorily reduced damage to sunflower heads and seeds caused by Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst). Three other insecticides—methyl parathion, Gardona® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichloro-phenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and carbofuran adequately controlled this pest when applied at the onset of bloom and twice thereafter at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks. Triple applications of methyl parathion left residues on sunflower seeds which exceeded its established tolerance for this commodity.

Residues of Encapsulated Rabon in Poultry Manure and Its Larvicidal Activity to House Flies1

Three formulations of encapsulated Rabon® (2-chloro-1-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate were fed mixed with poultry mash to laying hens for a treatment period of 14 days. The dosages administered were 50, 100, 400, and 800 ppm of actual Rabon. Samples of manure collected on the 14th day were analyzed by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector, and amounts of actual Rabon were determined. On seeding the manure from the Rabon-fed hens with larvae of Musca domestica L., excellent control of susceptible and organophosphate-resistant flies was obtained.

Residues of Encapsulated Rabon in Tissues and Eggs of Poultry Manure and Its Larvicidal Activity to House Flies1

Three formulations of encapsulated Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) were fed to 4 groups of hens by mixing it with poultry mash for a treatment period of 14 days. Then, half the hens was slaughtered; the other half was slaughtered shortly after cessation of treatment. Body tissues extracted after slaughter, and eggs collected during treatment were analyzed. Small amounts of residues were recovered, mostly from the fat of hens fed 800 ppm. Other tissues and egg yolks at this level contained traces or no residues of Rabon, and no detectable amount was recovered from the body tissues and egg yolks of hens receiving dosages lower than 800 ppm. Residues when present were eliminated shortly after termination of treatment.

Toxicity and Residues of Encapsulated Rabon to Salmon Sex-Link Hens

Encapsulated Rabon® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5 trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) was fed to Salmon sex-link hens continuously in massive dosages (800 ppm) mixed with mash for a treatment period of 90 days. The effects on body and organ weights as well as on egg production, and feed and water consumption were recorded. The general appearance and behavior of the birds were also observed. Blood counts and a general gross autopsy were carried out on both control and treated birds after slaughter. The shell thickness and interior quality of the eggs were also evaluated. No inhibition of physiological activity or decrease in reproductive performance was noted. Analysis of body tissues and egg yolks yielded minute quantities of residues in some samples.

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Insecticides Against Spodoptera littoralis Larvae1

Twelve insecticides used at one or more concentrations and different formulations of the same insecticide were evaluated in the field in the fall of 1969 for the control of larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) on lucerne. A bioassay in which all field-tested insecticides were included was performed in the laboratory to determine their effectiveness against 3rd- and 5th-stage Spodoptera larvae. More than 90% mortality of both instars was obtained with Cyolane® (cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinyl) dithioimidocarbonate) 25% EC applied at the rate of 1.49 kg and 1.11 kg active ingredient/ha. Monocrotophos 40% EC at 1.48 kg AI/ha gave 90% control of 3rd instar and 80% control of the 5th-instar larvae. Field mortality, in which no separation of instars was attempted, was assessed 5 days following treatment. More than 90% mortality of the mixed instar population was obtained with monocrotophos 60% EC at 1.47 kg, Cyolane 25% EC at 0.78 kg, 1.49 kg, and 1.11 kg, and Gardona® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-triehlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) 75% wp at 1.46 kg/ha. Monocrotophos 40% EC rate at 1.11 kg gave 88.5% control.

House fly control and insecticidal resistance in New Jersey.

In Somerset and Hunterdon Counties, N.J., residual applications in dairy barns of diazinon, dimethoate, ronnel, bromophos, Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichloro-phenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), Ravap® (a formulation with 1% Rabon and 0.1% dichlorvos in the finished spray) and Ciba C-9491 ( O -(2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate) applied at 1% failed to give satisfactory control of the house fly, Musca domestica L. The 1st application gave better control than retreatments. The F1 generation of flies, collected from barns before treatment in June and again in August, was exposed to topical applications of all of the insecticides as well as lindane. It was demonstrated that during the season where these materials were used house fly resistance increased at all locations and with all insecticides. SBP1382 (5-benzyl-3-furyl) methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate (ca. 70% trans, 30% cis isomers) at 0.25 and 0.5% gave inadequate control and showed slight increase in resistance during the season.

Hermetia illucens Control in Poultry Manure by Larviciding12

Effectiveness of 5 larvicides at the rate of 1 gal/100 ft2 (400 ml/m2) for the control of larvae of Hermetia illucens (L.) in manure under caged laying hens, was determined. Excellent control was achieved by 0.5% RaVap® consisting of 2 lb/gal Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) and 0.2 lb/gal dichlorvos, and 0.5% Zytron® (O-2.4-diclilorophcnyl O-methyl isopropylphosphoramidothioale). Ronnel was slower acting but did give satisfactory control at 0.5%. Equivalent control by dimethoate was obtained with a 1% spray but not with 0.5%. Malathion gave little or no control at concentrations as high as 1%. In the presence of H. illucens larvae, larvae of the house fly, Musra domestica L . were absent. Following control of the H. illucens larvae, house fly larvae became abundant in the manure. A single larvicidal treatment may be expected to satisfactorily control H. illucens because of the slow development of that species. However, frequent retreatments may often be necessary to control the resurgent population of house fly larvae.

Further tests of aerial applications of ULV organic phosphate insecticides for controlling the horn fly in South Dakota.

During the summer of 1969, Ravap® (a 1:4 mixture of dichlorvos and Cardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate)) and dichlorvos were tested in ULV formulations and applied by aircraft to control Haematobia irritans (L.) on range cattle in South Dakota. Ravap, in 4 pounds per gallon oil solution, was applied at 12 ounces per acre and dichlorvos at 90% solution at 2½ ounces per acre. Counts made the day following application showed that Ravap gave 78.2% reduction in the average number of horn flies per side on cows and 82.4% reduction on calves. Dichlorvos on the day following application gave 53.7% reduction on cows and 67.8% reduction on calves. Neither compound showed economic control at the end of 1 week. Horn flies, as counted in the check herd, showed 2 seasonal peaks, the average on July 15 was 1000 per side and on August 25 was 440 per side. The mid-season low average of 78 per side occurred August 4.

Fly control in caged-poultry houses: comparison of larviciding and integrated control programs.

Weekly larviciding of the manure under caged laying hens with 1% RaVap® (EC consisting of 2 lb/gal Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) and 0.2 lb/gal dichlorvos) or with 1% Zytron® (0-2,4-dichlorophenyl O-methyl isopropylphosphorainidothioate) gave satisfactory control of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the little house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.). An integrated control program based on selective adulticiding with RaVap at 2- to 5-week intervals gave control as satisfactory as the weekly larviciding. The populations of manure-inhabiting mites, Macrocheles muscadomesticae (Scopoli) and Fuscuropoda vegetans (De Geer), which are predaceous on the immature stages of the house fly, were destroyed by larviciding but were unharmed by selective adulticiding. It was estimated that, under conditions in North Carolina, the larviciding method would require 16–18 applications during die season of fly activity (May–October) for satisfactory control, while the integrated program would require 5 or 6 applications of insecticide. Larviciding would require 5 times as much insecticide and 2.5 times an many man-hours per season as would be needed for the integrated control program.

Insecticides for Codling Moth Control and Their Effect on Other Insects and Mites of Apple in British Columbia1

Several insecticides were evaluated in 1968 and 1969 for control of the codling moth, J. aspeyreesia pomonella (L.), and their effects on white apple leafhopper, Typhlocybapomaria McAtee; apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer; and the following mite species: European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); McDanicl spider mite, Tetmnychus medanieli McGregor; apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa); and the phytoselid Metaseiulus occiderztalis (Neshitt). Diazinon, diazinon + Superior oil, and Lannate® ( S -methyl N- [(methylcarbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidate) did not give adequate control of the codling moth, but they were effective against the white apple leafhopper and apple aphid. The materials were not toxic to predaceous phytoseiid mites, and no increases in phytophagous species were noted. Phosalone and Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5 trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) gave very good control of the codling moth and white apple leafhopper and suppressed the apple aphid. Phosalone did not cause an increase in phytophagous mites and was not toxic to predaceous phytoseiids. Gardona-sprayed trees showed damaging numbers of European red mite. McDaniel spider mite, and apple rust mite. Although predaceous phyto-seiids were reduced in the early season on Ganlona plots, they increased by late August. Toxicity to predaceous mites does not seem to account for the rapid increase of phytophagous mites on apple trees sprayed with this insecticide.

Comparative Studies on Four Strains of Typhtodromus occidentatis. II. Laboratory Toxicity of Ten Compounds Common to Apple Pest Control1

Four strains of Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt from different geographical areas were exposed to 10 compounds which are common to the control of apple pests in the western United States. Predator strains from Washington and Utah demonstrated resistance to azinphosmethyl and Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate) when compared with 2 susceptible strains from California. The Washington strain of T. occidentalis when contrasted with strains from Utah and California, exhibited tolerance differences for 4 compounds including carbaryl, clicofol, oxythioquinox and Omite® (2-(p-ten-butylphenoxy) cyclohexyl 2-propynyl sulfite). Predaccous mites from Oak Glen, near Yucaipa, California, were least susceptible to dinocap treatments. Carbaryl applications, when compared with reports of field evaluations in the published literature, were less toxic in our laboratory test than expected. Except when applied at extremely high dosages, parathion was uniformly nontoxic to all predator strains. Toxicity differences among-strains appeared to be due to selection arising from previous chemical treatments and to have resulted in cross tolerant, tolerant, and resistant strains of T. occidelltalis .

Gardona as a Feed Additive for Control of Fly larvae in Cow Manure123

In a series of 3 trials, Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-tri-chlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) fed to lactating dairy cows at levels of 22, 37, and 48 ppm of the air-dryration killed 94% or more larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., seeded onto the feces. No Gardona (<0.001 ppm) appeared in the milk of cows in the 1st two trials, but several milk samples from cows in the 3rd trial con tained Gardona residues up to 0.005 ppm, which is be lieved to be due to contamination. In a separate experiment an average of 0.3% of Gar dona fed to cows appeared in the feces.

Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Codling Moth on Pears in California and Their Usefulness in an Integrated Control Program1

Field tests were conducted on pears at San Jose, Calif., during 1967 and 1968 to evaluate several insecticides for control of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) and for the effects on other pest and hendirial species. Azinphosmethyl + Volck SupremeR oil, carhofuran, Fundal SP® (N'- (4-chloro-O-tolyl)-N,N-dimethylformamidine, hydrochloride), Gardona, R (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), lmidanR (O,O-dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate), and Supracidt® (O,O-dimethyl phos phorodithioate S-ester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy- ∆ 2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one) were all relatively effective in control of the codling moth. Imidan and azinphosmethyl + oil were the more effective materials against pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster. Iundal sp controlled both the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and was the only insecticide treatment in which one or the other of the mite species failed to increase following the last application. Buildup of T. urticae occurred 4-5 weeks after the last application in the azinphosmethyl + oil treatment, whereas populations increased earlier and were more severe in the carhofuran and Gardona treatments. P. ulim increased to moderate levels in the lmidan and Supraeide treatments. All the materials were detrimental to predators, especially to anthocorids.

Residues of Rabon in tissues and egg yolks of poultry.

Dosages of 94, 188, 376, 752. and 1504 mg of active Rahon® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), per kg of body weight were fed to Fayoumi hens. Residues of the insecticide were found in the (at of all treated birds. Not until a level of 376 mg/kg was fed were residues present in liver, leg, or breast. Sixty % of the birds receiving 752 mg/kg died during the experiment, and all birds receiving 1504 mg/kg died within 7 days of the initiation of the treatment. In a 2nd experiment, Rabon was fed at levels of 25,50,100, and 200 mg/kg to Comet pullets. Egg yolks, fat, liver, leg, and breast were analyzed. Residues of Rabon were found in the fat of all treated birds 24 hours posttreatment. Analyses of tissues of birds slaughtered 7 and 14 days posttreatment showed no Rabon in the fat. In yolks, residues appeared 2 days after initiation of treatment and disappeared 5 days after last day of treatment. At the 25 mg/kg level some yolks had small residues, but the majority had only trace amounts or no detectable residues.

Susceptibilities of adult Hippelates eye gnats to insecticidal deposits.

Susceptibilities of eye gnats, Hippelates pusio Loew and H. pallipes (Loew), to deposits of 17 insecticides were determined under laboratory conditions. The two species exhibited similar susceptibilities. The most toxic chernicals were Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -3,5,6-trichloro-2-phosphorothioate), ronnel, fenthion, diazinon, malathion, dimethoate, naled, and dieldrin. Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) was moderately toxic. Lower toxicity was exhibited by dimetilan, propoxur, crotoxyphos and trichlorofon. Very low toxicity was exhibited by lindane and DDT and extremely low toxicity by Abate® (O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O,O -diester with 4,4'-thiodiphenol) and methoxychlor.

Susceptibility of Adult Hippelates pusio to Insecticidal Fogs12

The mortalities of caged, laboratory-reared Hippelates pusio Loew (eye gnats) exposed to thermal fogs of 9 insecticides were determined under field conditions. Naled and propoxur were most toxic. DDT was least toxic. The other insecticides of intermediate toxicity were: fenthion, dichlorvos, Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -3,5,6-tri-chloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), CIBA C-9491 O -(2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate), and a mixture of malathion and Lethane 384® (2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl thiocyanate).

Further Investigations on Control of the Corn Stem Weevil, Hyperodes humilis, as a Pest of Field and Sweet Corn

After a dozen years corn stem weevil continues as an economic pest in the Everglades. While standard phosphatic soil insecticide treatments indicated reasonable commercial control, all experimental phosphate and carbonate insecticides tested as foliar and soil treatments showed great promise. The following materials looked particularly effective: carbofuran; R-2596, 0-ethyl-S-p-chlorophenyl ethylphosphonodithioate; UC-34096, 4-([(dimethylamino) methyline]amino)-m-tolyl methylcarbamate; Fundal, N,N-dimethyl-N'-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl) formamidine hydrochloride; Gardona, 2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate; VCS-506, 0,2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenyl-0-0-methylphenylthiophosphonate; Monitor, 0-S-dimethyl phosphoramidithioate; Lannate, S-methyl N-[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidate; Ortho Bux, m-(1-ethylpropyl) phenyl methylcarbamate mixture (1-4) with m-(1-methyl = butyl) phenyl methylcarbamate; and Dursban, 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate.