Vinyl Acetate Content Research Articles

Polyamide4‐block‐poly(vinyl acetate) via a polyamide4 azo macromolecular initiator: Thermal and mechanical behavior, biodegradation, and morphology

ABSTRACTA series of polyamide4‐block‐poly(vinyl acetate)s were synthesized by the radical polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) using an azo macromolecular initiator composed of polyamide4 (PA4). The block copolymers were investigated by examining their molecular weight, structure, thermal and mechanical properties, biodegradation, and the morphology of the film surface. The compositions and molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 46,800 to 163,700 g mol−1 of the block copolymers varied linearly with increasing molar ratio of VAc to azo‐PA4. The block copolymers have high melting points of 248.2–262.5°C owing to PA4 blocks and heats of fusion, which were linearly dependent on the PA4 content. The mechanical properties of the block copolymers were monotonically dependent on the composition, i.e., increasing the PA4 content increased the tensile strength, whereas increasing the poly(vinyl acetate) content increased the elongation at break. The morphology of the block copolymers suggested the appearance of microphase separation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42466.

Linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity of oleogels based on vegetable oil and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/isotactic polypropylene blends

ABSTRACTThis work deals with a rheological study of oleogels based on high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) / isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blends. EVA copolymers with different vinyl acetate content were used. With this aim, linear small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and nonlinear (relaxation) measurements combined with polarized optical microscopy were carried out. Oleogels were prepared by using the mixing rheometry technique in a batch mixer. Oscillatory strain amplitude sweep tests showed that the end from the viscoelastic linear region for oleogels was accompanied by opposite trends for viscoelastic moduli. SAOS tests showed that all the oleogels present similar behavior characteristic of polymeric systems with physical entanglements. It was found that the elastic equilibrium modulus and loss tangent increases with iPP content. On the other hand, nonlinear relaxation tests presented a strong dependence on the strain applied and the Soskey–Winter model was found to provide an accurate description of the damping function of these oleogels. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42477.

Green composites and blends from leather industry waste

Blends based on protein hydrolysate (PH), derived from waste products of the leather industry, and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), were obtained by reactive blending and their physico-chemical properties as well as their mechanical and rheological behavior were evaluated. The effect of vinyl acetate content and of a transesterification agent added to increase interaction between polymer and bio-based components were investigated. Novel biodegradable polymeric materials for spray mulching coatings were also obtained from hydrolyzed proteins and end-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which was used as crosslinking agent. These products, almost entirely obtained from renewable sources, represent a new type of biodegradable material which looks promising for several applications, for instance in packaging or in agriculture as transplanting or mulching films with additional fertilizing action of PH. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3416–3422, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Formulation and characterization of oleogels based on high‐oleic sunflower oil and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/polypropylene blends

New oleogel formulations based on high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/polypropylene (PP) blends were prepared using the mixing rheometry technique and further characterized. The effects of PP tacticity and EVA vinyl acetate (VAc) content on the rheological, morphological, and thermal behavior of derived oleogels were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized‐light optical microscopy (PLOM) observations indicated that VAc segments markedly influence the crystalline structure of polymeric fractions and phase morphology of oleogels. The normalized crystallinity of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) phase increased linearly with its concentration whereas syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) content does not exert a significant influence. PLOM observations showed that VAc content plays an important role in the phase morphology of PP frictions (size and shape of crystals). The viscoelastic response of oleogels depended on PP tacticity and VAc content, which may be explained attending to the different microstructures attained. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1429–1440, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Comparison of Vinyl Acetate Contents of Poly(Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate) Analyzed by IR, NMR, and TGA

Vinyl acetate (VA) contents of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were compared. Four grade EVAs supplied by Aldrich Co. and four grade EVAs manufactured by DuPont Co. were used. For IR analysis, VA contents were determined using calibration curve (absorbance ratio of 1739 cm �1 /2922 cm �1 or 609 cm �1 /1464 cm �1 ) of reference EVAs. Correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were not sufficiently high (r 2 ≤ 0.96). For NMR analysis, VA contents were determined using peaks of CH3, CH2, and CH. VA contents determined by NMR analysis were less than those marked by suppliers more than 10%. For TGA, VA contents were determined using weight loss through deacetylation. VA contents determined by TGA were slightly different with those marked by suppliers. Difference in the VA contents determined by different ana- lytical methods was discussed, and difference in the analytical results according to the EVA suppliers was also examined.

Ethylene vinyl acetate blends with cellulosic fillers and reinforcements

Polymeric blends based on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) rubbers filled with high molecular weight carboxymethyl cellulose were investigated in view of possible employment as biodegradable materials. The effect of vinyl acetate (VA) content and of addition of transesterification agent to increase interaction between EVA and cellulosic components was considered. Blends reinforced with cellulose microfibers in different amounts were also characterized in their mechanical, rheological, and thermal behavior. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:980–986, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Evaluation of the efficiency of copolymers of methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate synthesized by emulsion polymerization for control of aqueous filtrate loss

ABSTRACTOne of the main problems faced while drilling oil wells is loss of fluid to the rock formation. This loss can be reduced with the use of chemical additives called filtrate controllers, which must be tailored to the specific characteristics of the rock formation and drilling conditions. In this study, copolymers made of methyl methacrylate‐co‐vinyl acetate were synthesized by the emulsion polymerization technique, the most efficient technique to obtain copolymers with widely differing reactivity ratios. The products were characterized and evaluated for filtrate reduction efficiency, in the form of an emulsion and a polymer suspended in water. The filtrate reduction percentage, on the order of 80%, increased with higher concentration of vinyl acetate. The use of the polymer suspended in water caused only a slightly greater reduction in filtrate loss than that produced by the respective emulsion. However, other important advantages are associated with the suspended formulation: lower optimal concentration (∼ 8.5 g/mL), formation of extremely discrete filter cake particles and better logistical aspects, since in the case of emulsions, the volume of material that must be transported is much greater. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42191.

The combination of aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and melamine borate (MB) as fire retardant additives for elastomeric ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)

Fire retardancy and smoke release of ethylene vinyl acetate (vinyl acetate content of 60%, EVA) with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and melamine borate (MB) was evaluated by mass loss cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 and a home-made smoke test and compared to materials already reported in literature. It was found that the combination of ATH and MB results in improved fire retardant properties as well as in decrease smoke release in comparison to the virgin polymer. To evaluate the contribution of MB in the material, the decomposition mechanism of EVA-ATH-MB was examined. First, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was shown that ATH and MB are evenly dispersed in the polymeric matrix. The thermal decomposition of EVA-ATH-MB was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Gases released in a fire scenario were analyzed using mass loss calorimeter coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (MLC-FTIR). The condensed phase of EVA-ATH-MB was examined using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 13C, 27Al and 11B. Moreover, thermal conductivity of EVA-ATH-MB in function of the temperature was measured and compared to that of EVA-ATH materials containing melamine (MEL) or melamine phosphate (MP) instead of MB. It was found that EVA-ATH-MB is protected through a gas and a condensed phase mechanism, whereas MB contributes to the formation of a protective layer due to formation of boron oxide, boron nitride and BNO structures at the sample surface. The formed boron species further lead to decrease of the thermal conductivity in the range of the ignition temperature of the polymer leading to ignition at longer times of EVA-ATH-MB in comparison to the other tested materials.

Co(acac)2 mediated controlled radical copolymerization of vinyl acetate and methyl acrylate initiated by benzoyl peroxide

Cobalt mediated radical copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and methyl acrylate (MA) was successfully performed in the presence of cobalt(II) acetylacetonate (Co(acac)2), dimethylformamide (DMF) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as catalyst, cobalt coordinating agent and initiator, respectively, at 45°C. The individual monomer conversion and comonomer composition of copolymers were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weight (Mn) and its distribution (Mw/Mn) were analyzed by GPC technique. The time dependence of ln[M]0/[M], the variation of molecular weight with respect to the conversion, and molecular weight distribution of copolymers were studied to evaluate controlled characteristics of copolymerization. It was found that Co(acac)2 successfully mediated the radical copolymerization of VAc and MA. Moreover, copolymer molecular weight and copolymerization rate increased with increasing initial MA ratio. The spectroscopy analysis revealed VAc content in the copolymer increased with conversion regardless of VAc initial ratio, indicating a gradient sequence distribution of the copolymer.

Improvement of adhesion and paint ability of EVA copolymers with different vinyl acetate contents by treatment with UV-ozone

The surface modifications produced by UV-ozone treatment of two ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers containing 12 and 20wt% vinyl acetate (EVA12 and EVA20 respectively) were studied. The treatment with UV-ozone improved the wettability of both EVAs due to the creation of new carbon–oxygen moieties. The extent of these modifications increased with increasing length of the treatment and the modifications produced in EVA20 were produced for shorter lengths of treatment. The UV-ozone treatment also created roughness and heterogeneities on the EVA surfaces. Whereas roughness formation prevailed on the UV-ozone treated EVA12, important ablation was dominant on the treated EVA20. T-peel strength values in joints made with polychloroprene adhesive increased when the EVAs were treated with UV-ozone. Short length of UV-ozone treatment (1min) produced higher T-peel strength in joints made with EVA20 whereas higher T-peel strength values in joints made with EVA12 were obtained after treatment for 5–7.5min in which a cohesive failure into a weak boundary layer on the treated EVA surface was found. Furthermore, the adhesion of UV-ozone treated EVA20 to acrylic paint increased. Finally, the ageing resistance of the treated EVA/polychloroprene adhesive joints was good and the surface modifications on the UV-ozone treated EVAs lasted for 24h after treatment at least.

Determination of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion in polymer films at the nanoscale: influence of the composition of EVA copolymers and the molecular weight of PMMA.

Nanothermal-expansion of poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), EVA, and poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, in the form of films was measured to finally obtain linear coefficients of thermal expansion, CTEs. The simple deflection of a cantilever in an atomic force microscope, AFM, was used to monitor thermal expansions at the nanoscale. The influences of: (a) the structure of EVA in terms of its composition (vinylacetate content) and (b) the size of PMMA chains in terms of the molecular weight were studied. To carry out this, several polymer samples were used, EVA copolymers with different weight percents of the vinylacetate comonomer (12, 18, 25 and 40%) and PMMA polymers with different weight average molecular weights (33.9, 64.8, 75.600 and 360.0 kg mol(-1)). The dependencies of the vinyl acetate weight fraction of EVA and the molecular weight of PMMA on their corresponding CTEs were analyzed to finally explain them using new, intuitive and very simple models based on the rule of mixtures. In the case of EVA copolymers a simple equation considering the weighted contributions of each comonomer was enough to estimate the final CTE above the glass transition temperature. On the other hand, when the molecular weight dependence is considered the free volume concept was used as novelty. The expansion of PMMA, at least at the nanoscale, was well and easily described by the sum of the weighted contributions of the occupied and free volumes, respectively.

Thermomechanical Characterization of a Series of Crosslinked Poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] (PEVA) Copolymers

ABSTRACTCrosslinked poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] (cPEVA) has been recently introduced as a polymer material, which can be functionalized with various shape-memory effects by solely altering the thermomechanical treatment called programming.In this study two series of cPEVAs with different vinyl acetate contents of 18 wt% (cPEVA18) and 28 wt% (cPEVA28) comprising different crosslink densities were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) in the temperature range of -130 °C to 120 °C. DMTA tests were performed in torsion mode, because such movements are highly relevant in the context of complex shape changes in shape-memory polymer based devices. Finally, the obtained DMTA results were compared with DMTA conducted in tension mode. Swelling experiments revealed a gel content in the range from 81% to 90% for cPEVA18 samples while for cPEVA28s a complete conversion was observed. The degree of swelling was found to decrease substantially with increasing crosslink density for both cPEVA series.The influence of VA content and extent of crosslinking on the appearance of the respective melting (Tm) and glass transition (Tg) as well as the thermomechanical properties of cPEVA systems could be demonstrated by discussing both DSC and DMTA results. The temperature range of mechanical stability correlates with the VA content and is determined by decreasing Tm values. The cross links do barely alter the stiffness of a PEVA up to the Tm rang, but lead to constant mechanical rigidity in the rubbery range above Tm.

Decomposition mechanism of fire retarded ethylene vinyl acetate elastomer (EVA) containing aluminum trihydroxide and melamine

The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and melamine (MEL) mixture on the flame retardant and smoke release properties of ethylene vinyl acetate (vinyl acetate content of 60 wt%, EVA). The fire retardant properties were evaluated by mass loss calorimetry (MLC), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94. A home-made smoke test was developed to evaluate the smoke release of the material in a given scenario. It was found that the addition of ATH to EVA leads to improved fire retardant properties and reduced smoke release. Partial substitution of ATH by MEL at different ratios resulted in better results in MLC for a ratio of ATH:MEL of 5:1 and 10:1. Moreover, a lower quantity of smoke was released for EVA–ATH–MEL materials during material decomposition.A ratio of ATH:MEL of 5:1 was found to be the most promising. It was also shown that EVA–ATH–MEL ignited at shorter time in MLC test but longer ignition time in smoke test in comparison to EVA–ATH which is due to different test conditions. To understand the role of melamine on material properties, the degradation pathway of EVA–ATH–MEL was analyzed in details. The dispersion of the additives was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showing that all additives are homogenously dispersed in the matrix. In the next step the pyrolytic decomposition was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (py-GCMS). The decomposition of EVA–ATH–MEL was then analyzed in the gas phase using MLC coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (MLC–FTIR) and in the condensed phase using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 13C and 27Al. It was concluded that the additives protected the EVA both by a gas and condensed phase mechanism. The endothermic decomposition of ATH has a cooling effect and dilutes the fuel through release of water in the gas phase. Moreover, in the condensed phase, EVA–ATH–MEL is protected through formation of a char acting as barrier slowing down heat and mass transfer compared to EVA–ATH. Ignition at shorter times of EVA–ATH–MEL in comparison to EVA–ATH was found to be due to higher amount of flammable gases in the gas phase before ignition.

Controlled Release of Mangiferin Using Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Matrix for Antioxidant Packaging

This study investigated the use of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix in controlled release packaging. Mangiferin, having high antioxidant activity, was incorporated into the EVA matrix with different vinyl acetate (VA) contents. Mangiferin release rate increased with increasing VA content (or decreasing crystallinity). Linear relationship between mangiferin release rate and VA content was observed in the range of 18–40% VA. The diffusion coefficients of mangiferin released from the EVA matrices containing 12%, 18%, 25% and 40% VA were 0.482, 0.512, 2.81 and 2.88 (×10−14 m2/s), respectively. The enhancement factors of about 22-fold and sevenfold were observed in the 12% and 18% VA matrices, respectively, when using triethyl citrate as a plasticizer. EVA film containing 40% VA had the highest antioxidant activity (81.90% radical scavenging capacity, (RSC)) because the highest amount of mangiferin was released in the food simulant (84.66 µg/ml). Addition of mangiferin in the polymer matrices had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on thermal and barrier properties of the films but decreased tensile strength and Young's modulus. The results of this study demonstrated that EVA matrices with varying degree of VA could potentially be used to control mangiferin release rate for antioxidant packaging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

관능화 그래핀 쉬트/에틸렌-비닐아세테이트 공중합체 복합재료의 물성

The physical properties of functionalized graphene sheet (FGS)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) was examined with various kinds of EVA, having vinyl acetate (VA) contents in the range of 0 to 40 wt%. The compatibility between FGS and EVA was enhanced as the polar VA content of EVA increased. Thus, the dispersion of FGS in EVA became finer, and the decrease of surface resistivity and the increase of tensile modulus by the added FGS became more effective when the VA content of EVA was high. When the VA content was low, the elongation at break was reduced drastically by added FGS due to the poor adhesion of FGS/EVA interface. The crystallization of EVA was generally retarded by the interaction with dispersed FGS. However, when both the VA content of EVA and the added amount of FGS were low, the crystallization of EVA was enhanced, probably due to the predominant nucleating effect by FGS.

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/sunflower vegetable oil polymer gels: Influence of vinyl acetate content

The overall objective of this work was to study the influence of vinyl acetate (VAc) content on the rheological properties and microstructure of polymer gels based on conventional and high-oleic sunflower vegetable oils and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The mechanical properties during gel preparation can be in situ monitored through the evolution of torque with processing time by using the mixing rheometry technique. Linear viscoelastic measurements, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests and morphological observations, were performed on the resulting gels. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that VAc content and melt flow index of the EVA copolymer significantly affect the rheological and thermal responses of polymer gels. VAc content, mainly affecting EVA degree of crystallinity, and melt flow index influence the linear viscoelastic behaviour in opposite directions. On the contrary, the extension of the linear viscoelastic regime and gel-like to liquid-like response transition temperatures are mainly dominated by EVA degree of crystallinity, as confirmed through calorimetry tests and microscopy observations. The different fatty acid profile in sunflower oils tested does not exert an important influence on process rheokinetics and rheological behaviour.

Effects of Magnesium Hydroxide on the Flame Retardancy of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers/Nitrile Rubber Blends

The fire-resistant noncorrosive ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers with vinyl acetate (VA) content > 40 wt.% (EVM)/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR)/magnesium hydroxide (MDH) composites were prepared, and the influence of MDH contents on flame retardancy, thermal stability, filler dispersion, and mechanical properties were studied. The flame-retardant effect of three different flame retardants [micro-sized MDH (mMDH), nano-sized MDH (nMDH), and micro-sized aluminum hydroxide (mATH)] was also investigated by cone calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and rubber process analysis in this paper. The decrease of the heat release rate and total heat release, the increase of residual mass, and the enhancement of thermal stability of the composites were all due to the flame-retardant effect of the MDH. The EVM/NBR vulcanizates had the best flame retardancy when the mMDH content was 180 phr. It was also found that the nMDH, mMDH, and mATH at the same loading had no obvious influence on the limiting oxygen index, while the combustion behaviors measured by the cone calorimeter had significant differences. The addition of ATH prolonged the time to ignition. The mMDH showed a better flame retardancy for EVM/NBR vulcanizates than the nMDH.

Rheology, Electrical Properties, and Percolation of TRGO‐Filled EVA‐Copolymers

AbstractThis paper describes the production of graphene nanocomposites via melt mixing of thermally reduced graphite oxide with ethylene vinyl‐acetate copolymers of different (0–70 wt%) vinyl acetate content, and their measured electrical and rheological properties. The aim of these studies was to investigate the influence of a continually changing polymer matrix polarity on the dispersion and percolating behavior of graphene fillers, an effect that can be expected to be most prominent with the high specific surfaces of the latter. Composites with graphite and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were produced and examined for comparison. The effectivity of the dispersion process was checked by measuring the melt rheology and electrical conductivity of the samples. The percolation thresholds derived from these measurements show a minimum for VA contents around 20 wt%. The thresholds for electrical conductivity are by a factor around 1.5 lower than the rheological values, and both are distinctively higher than those observed from composites produced via solution mixing. The percolation behavior is compared to predictions made from the surface energy of the compounds.

미세구조 해석을 통한 고농축 복합화약 시뮬란트의 유변물성 예측

고분자 결합제로 vinyl acetate(VA) 함량이 각각 30, 60%인 poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)(EVA)를 사용하여 고농축 복합화약 시뮬란트의 유변학적 특성을 연구하였다. 충전제로는 탄산칼슘 및 research department explosive (RDX)와 물리적 특성이 유사한 Dechlorane을 사용하였다. 회분식 용융 혼련기를 사용하여 농축 현탁계를 혼련하였는데 최대 75 v%까지 충전이 가능하였다. 동적 기계적 물성 변화를 측정한 결과 Dechlorane이 탄산칼슘보다 결합제수지와 더 높은 상호작용을 보였다. 일정 전단속도 방식과 일정 전단응력 방식의 평판-평판 레오미터를 사용하여 현탁계의 미세구조의 변화가 유변물성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였고, Krieger-Dougherty 식을 사용하여 최대 충전 부피분율 및 고유점도를 구하였다. EVA31/Dechlorane 현탁계의 최대 충전 부피분율은 약 70 v%이고, 혼련시 전단응력이 약 2000 Pa 정도 부가되는 것이 적절함을 알 수 있었다. The rheological properties of highly concentrated polymer bonded explosive simulant were studied by using poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) with 30 and 60% vinyl acetate (VA) content as a binder, respectively. Calcium carbonate and Dechlorane, whose physical properties are similar to resarch department explosive (RDX)'s, were used as fillers. The suspensions were mixed in a batch melt mixer and it was possible to fill 75 v% at maximum. From dynamic mechanical analysis, Dechlorane showed higher interaction with binder resins than that with calcium carbonate fillers. The effects of microstructural change on the rheological properties of the suspensions were investigated by a plate-plate rheometer with constant shear rate and constant shear stress modes, respectively. The theoretical maximum packing fraction of EVA31/Dechlorane suspension obtained from Krieger-Dougherty equation was 70 v% and it was thought that 2000 Pa was proper shear stress condition for this melt processing.

Adhesive properties of heat-sealed EVAc/PE films in dependence on recipe, processing, and sealing parameters

The investigated peel system in this study consists of a polyolefine-based, coextruded, three-layer film having ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVAc) copolymer at the interface, heat sealed against a biaxial-oriented polyethylene terephthalate film. This system can primarily be found in the packaging industry offering a residue-free and non-destructive peel behavior. The peel force required to separate the joint depends on the mass fraction of vinyl acetate (VAc) in the EVAc copolymer, the processing conditions in the blowing process of the PE/PEVAc film, and on the sealing parameters. In dependence on the processing conditions and sealing parameters, the standard peel system with EVAc copolymer containing 18 wt.% VAc was investigated. The processing parameters were varied among the processing line of the blown film and their influence on the peel properties were studied. As processing parameters the screw speed within the extruder and the resulting layer thickness, the cooling behavior of the film bubble and the blow-up ratio (BUR) of the film bubble were investigated. The effect of pretreatment conditions was also investigated. The investigations revealed a significant dependence of the peel force on the pretreatment conditions. Processing conditions and the VAc content have a minor impact on the peel properties.