Village Research Articles

ENHANCING GOVERNANCE THROUGH DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

This research focuses on critical urgency considering the limited explanation in the literature regarding improving digital governance at the village level, especially in Penglumbaran Village, Bali, in the context of E-Government. This urgency arises primarily from the need to understand the practices implemented by village governments in realizing good governance that is responsive to the needs of all village residents. Meanwhile, the main objective of this research is to investigate and analyze improvements in digital governance in Penglumbaran Village, Bali, focusing on implementing E-Government and its impact on administrative efficiency, transparency, and community participation. Then, the descriptive analytical-qualitative method used in this research is supported by a desk study approach, where secondary data relevant to the research topic is used as the basis for analysis. In addition, through implementing the Online Digital Village Administration, Penglumbaran Bali Village has succeeded in increasing the accessibility of government services and strengthening village governance. It is illustrated in research findings, which positively impact efficiency, transparency, and community participation in government decision-making. Therefore, this research provides significance for understanding the effectiveness of digital governance in the context of E-Government at the village level. Thus, this research opens up the potential to support improvements in digital governance at the village level more broadly, aligning with modern government developments.

Associations between digital literacy, health literacy, and digital health behaviors among rural residents: evidence from Zhejiang, China

ObjectiveWithin the digital society, the limited proficiency in digital health behaviors among rural residents has emerged as a significant factor intensifying health disparities between urban and rural areas. Addressing this issue, enhancing the digital literacy and health literacy of rural residents stands out as a crucial strategy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between digital literacy, health literacy, and the digital health behaviors of rural residents.MethodsInitially, we developed measurement instruments aimed at assessing the levels of digital literacy and health literacy among rural residents. Subsequently, leveraging micro survey data, we conducted assessments on the digital literacy and health literacy of 968 residents in five administrative villages in Zhejiang Province, China. Building upon this foundation, we employed Probit and Poisson models to empirically scrutinize the influence of digital literacy, health literacy, and their interaction on the manifestation of digital health behaviors within the rural population. This analysis was conducted from a dual perspective, evaluating the participation of digital health behaviors among rural residents and the diversity to which they participate in such behaviors.ResultsDigital literacy exhibited a notably positive influence on both the participation and diversity of digital health behaviors among rural residents. While health literacy did not emerge as a predictor for the occurrence of digital health behavior, it exerted a substantial positive impact on the diversity of digital health behaviors in the rural population. There were significant interaction effects between digital literacy and health literacy concerning the participation and diversity of digital health behaviors among rural residents. These findings remained robust even after implementing the instrumental variable method to address endogeneity issues. Furthermore, the outcomes of robust analysis and heterogeneity analysis further fortify the steadfastness of the aforementioned conclusions.ConclusionThe findings suggest that policymakers should implement targeted measures aimed at enhancing digital literacy and health literacy among rural residents. This approach is crucial for improving rural residents' access to digital health services, thereby mitigating urban–rural health inequality.

PENGARUH DESA WISATA TERHADAP PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN, EKONOMI, SOSIAL BUDAYA MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR DESA WISATA

Tourism is a tourism activity that is realized in the form of activities or travel activities. Tourism activities must be supported by the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure so that these activities can take place optimally and sustainably. According to the 2016 Ministry of Tourism Pocket Book, tourism contributed 9% to National GDP or Rp 946.09 trillion. Tourism contributes to the country's foreign exchange of Rp 120 trillion and provides employment to 11 million people. Currently, tourism is realized by what is called a Tourism Village which has the meaning of a community or society consisting of residents in a limited area having direct interaction in a management which has the care and awareness to coordinate with each other to build and be formed to empower the community as the main actors in the administration of the Tourism Village. In its development, Tourism Villages continue to develop in almost every province in Indonesia and participate in influencing the daily activities of the villagers. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact caused by the existence of the Tourism Village on changes in land use, economy, socio-culture, and the community environment around the Tourism Village using the literature review method. Based on the results of the studies that have been carried out, several indicators and parameters were found based on variables. The findings show that there is an influence caused by the existence of a tourist village on land use, economy, socio-culture in the community in the Tourism Village area.

Total Plate Count of Traditionally Produced Smoked Skipjack in Ambon

In Ambon City, smoked skipjack is very popular and is one of the people’s daily sources of protein. Smoked skipjack is classified as a ready-to-eat food ingredient. As a ready-to-eat product, the food safety aspect of smoked skipjack is a scientific fact that must be identified and disclosed so that people can consume it safely. The aim of this research was to determine the safety of smoked skipjack products produced in three production center villages in Ambon City based on the total plate count (TPC) value. The research applied exploratory method and was carried out in two stages: 1) conducting observations at six smoked skipjack home industries in three villages; 2) performing an analysis of the total plate count (TPC) of the smoked skipjack. The TPC analysis was carried out in the Fisheries Products Technology laboratory at Pattimura University. The total plate count (TPC) of smoked skipjack from three home industries in Ambon City is at a safe level for consumption, namely from TPC 3,8 x 102 CFU g−1 to 1,4 x 104 CFU g−1. Smoking is done traditionally with the same facilities and processes except for the form of smoked fish and the way it is displayed when sold.

MAP, PEOPLE, AND POLLUTANTS: LINKING SOCIOLEGAL-SPATIAL SCIENCE TO UNDERSTANDING WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SLEMAN REGENCY, INDONESIA

Indonesia’s waste management strategy promotes sustainable management and effective use of natural resources, as do many others. Due to a shortage of final processing sites (FPSs), ineffective solid waste management, and low environmental awareness, delivering information on ecologically friendly waste management has been difficult. Therefore, this research aims to locate typical landfills in highly populated metropolitan regions, explore solid waste management difficulties, and suggest feasible solutions. Sleman Regency, Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, was our focus while choosing an FPS location and assessing socioeconomic factors. We filter and classify quantitative and qualitative data from maps, observations, interviews, and document searches before using them in our mixed-methods approach. This study used sociolegal-spatial methods to improve waste management. The results show that geographical accuracy and comprehensiveness may be achieved within legal and institutional contexts. Trash reduction can be achieved if provincial, district/city, sub-district, and village administrations are compelled to adopt waste management policies and plans. These findings show that the government cannot accomplish its 2,030 waste elimination goal without systematic and long-term public infrastructure and village home socialisation.

Digital Innovation Based on Village Mall Application in the Development of Sidomulyo Tourism Village, Silo District Jember Regency

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the influence of digital innovation, specifically the Malldesa application, on tourism village development in Sidomulyo Village, Silo Sub-district, Jember Regency. Malldesa is developing tourism communities in Sidomulyo Village, Silo District, Jember Regency. The research method employed is qualitative, including observation techniques, in-depth interviews, and document analysis as the primary data sources. Malldesa management, community leaders, local officials, and visitors are among those who responded to the research. The findings revealed that the Malldesa application favourably impacted the growth of tourist communities in Sidomulyo Village. This program facilitates transactions, promotes local products, and broadens market reach for village businesses. Malldesa has also helped villages improve their information technology skills and comprehend the value of branding and digital marketing. Furthermore, this digital innovation has increased community participation in tourism village administration. Community participation in decision-making and development planning in tourist villages has expanded, improving collaboration between local governments, business actors, and communities. Thus, this study shows that digital innovation based on the Malldesa application plays a vital role in the development of tourism villages in Sidomulyo Village, Silo District, and Jember Regency. Information technology in the tourist sector can be one of the answers to improving the welfare of rural populations and advancing the area's tourism potential.

VILLAGE GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACHIEVING THE VILLAGE AUTONOMY PROGRAM THROUGH THE PERFORMANCE OF VILLAGE APPARATUSES IN GARUT REGENCY

The village apparatus in the Garut Regency still needs to be fixed. It is suspected that the village autonomy program will be less successful because the management of village governance has yet to be implemented. This study intends to examine the influence of village government management on the effectiveness of regional apparatus in implementing the village autonomy program. Utilizing a survey approach, quantitative and descriptive analysis is the research methodology used. The research target group was 421 villages included in the village administration in Garut Regency, with 81 villages being the sample of 81 respondents. Statistical analysis method using path analysis is the applied data analysis technique. Based on the discussion results, the village government's management needs to disseminate development to the community optimally. The performance of the village apparatus could have been better for the independence of the apparatus in carrying out its duties and responsibilities and the effectiveness of the achievement of the village autonomy program. The findings of the research results are suggested to the government of Garut Regency to increase the effectiveness of achieving the village autonomy program to make clear and detailed village strategic policy formulations.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN AKUNTABILITAS, TRANSPARANSI DAN PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN ALOKASI DANA DESA DALAM PENCAPAIAN GOOD GOVERNANCE

This research aims to analyze accountability, transparency and community participation in managing Village Fund Allocations in Candiwates Village, Prigen District, Pasuruan Regency in 2022, using a descriptive qualitative approach. with primary data sources and secondary data, using data collection methods through interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that the management of Village Fund Allocations in Candiwates Village is in accordance with the provisions stipulated in Domestic Regulation Number 20 of 2018. However, there are discrepancies in village administration because the recording of receipts and expenditures in the general cash book is carried out every 2-3 months for one report times. Transparency and participation in Candiwates Village is considered adequate from the planning to accountability stages and in accordance with the provisions of Domestic Regulation number 20 of 2018.

Internal Causes, Challenges and Realization Paths of Regional Coordinated Development to Promote Common Prosperity

Realizing regional coordinated development is not only conducive to implementing the new development concept, but also conducive to building a new development pattern and realizing the goal of common prosperity. However, at present, there are some problems, such as the gap between the northeast and the east, middle and west, the gap between the north and the south and the internal gap of the "the belt and road initiative", the spatial layout of metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations is dense in the east and sparse in the west, and the cooperation process between regions is slow. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period and in the future, we should focus on cultivating economic growth points, taking county towns and central villages (towns) as important nodes of urban-rural integration and development, and metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations as growth poles to promote the construction of cross-regional economic belts; Focus on the construction of major economic belts and build a criss-crossing regional coordinated development network; Take "the belt and road initiative" as the guide and accelerate the construction of a new development pattern.

Surveillance of echinococcosis in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022

To analyze the echinococcosis surveillance results in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures in the prefecture. Villagers were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling method from class I and II echinococcosis endemic counties in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022 for detection of human echinococcosis, while all patients undergoing ultrasound examinations in medical institutions in class III endemic counties received active echinococcosis screening. In addition, livestock in centralized slaughterhouses or slaughtering sites were screened for echinococcosis using the palpation and necropsy method, and fresh domestic dog feces samples were collected from randomly selected dog owners in each administrative village for detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs. The trends in detection of human and livestock echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed human echinococcosis cases and detection of Echinococcus coproantigen in domestic dogs were analyzed in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022. The mean detection rate of human echinococcosis was 0.13% (540/407 803) in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022, which appeared a tendency towards a decline over years (χ2trend = 1 217.21, P < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 147.02, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate seen in Hejing County (3.44%, 86/2 500), and the detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 302.46, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate in Qiemo County (2.74%, 118/4 313). The detection of human and livestock echinococcosis and dog feces antigens Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs all appeared a tendency towards a decline in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022; however, there is still a high echinococcosis transmission risk in local areas. Sustainable integrated echinococcosis control is required in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture.

Analisis Kebijakan Desentralisasi Politik Dalam Mewujudkan Daerah Otonomi Baru di Seram Utara Kabupaten Maluku Tengah

The research entitled Analysis of Political Decentralization Abominations in Creating a New Autonomous Region in North Maluku Central Horrors, uses a qualitative descriptive method to describe how Decentralised Political Policy creates a new autonomous region in the Middle Maluku North Horror. The study uses conciliation policy theory, the theory of political decentralization, and regional autonomy as well as the theories of political authority, using indicators of the authority of local governments in making political decisions, strategic formulation of planning of regional development programmes, and budget accommodation in budgeting. Increased public service and empowerment of the community, as well as public participation, and prospects for the development of the North Horrors Region.The results of the survey showed that the various political decisions implemented by the Government of India in the framework of regional development were political decisions related to the development of indigenous villages or administrative villages, political decisions relating to the construction of new villages in order to promote regional development and political decisions involving local governments and the DPRD in the context of emergency development and rural development. Furthermore, in connection with the planning strategy of various regional construction programmes implemented by the Regional Planning Agency, the aim is to prevent inter-emergency arrangements and in order to improve the well-being of the people in the various districts of disaster that exist in the Central Maluku.

Penggunaan Video Animasi Sebagai Sarana Edukasi Bagi Anak Di Dinas Keluarga Berencana, Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dan Perlindungan Anak

Education is a conscious and planned effort to develop the potential of students to have spiritual strength, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and necessary skills. Educational technology, especially multimedia such as animated videos, has great potential in improving the effectiveness of learning. However, in Central Aceh, the use of animated videos as a means of education in socialization activities is still limited. This research limits the focus to the use of animated videos as a means of education for children in the Family Planning, Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office in Central Aceh. The problem formulation includes questions about the feasibility of using animated videos as a learning medium and their effectiveness in socialization activities in villages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using animated videos as a learning medium and measure their effectiveness in socialization activities in Central Aceh villages. The results of the study are expected to provide new insights on the use of animated videos in the context of education in Central Aceh, as well as provide recommendations for the Family Planning, Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office to improve the quality of socialization through innovative learning media.

Identifying the Optimal Area Threshold of Mapping Units for Cultural Ecosystem Services in a River Basin

Mapping cultural ecosystem services (CES) in river basins is crucial for spatially identifying areas that merit conservation due to their significant CES contributions. However, precise quantification of the appropriate area of mapping units, which is the basis for CES assessment, is rare in existing studies. In this study, the optimal area threshold of mapping units (OATMU) identification, consisting of a multi-dimensional indicator framework and a methodology for validation, was established to clarify the boundary and the appropriate area of the mapping units for CES. The multi-dimensional indicator framework included geo-hydrological indicator (GI), economic indicator (EI) and social management indicator (SMI). The OATMU for each indicator was determined by seeking the inflection point in the second-order derivative of the power function. The minimum value of the OATMU for each indicator was obtained as the OATMU for CES. Finally, the OATMU for CES was validated by comparing it with the area of administrative villages in the river basin. The results showed the OATMU for CES was 3.60 km2. This study adopted OATMU identification, with easy access to basic data and simplified calculation methods, to provide clear and generic technical support for optimizing CES mapping.

Implementation of Good Governance Principles in Rancapaku Village, Padakembang District, Tasikmalaya Regency

This research was conducted due to problems related to the not yet optimal Rancapaku Village Government in implementing the principles of good governance. The purpose of this study is to find out and describe how the Rancapaku Village Government applies the principles of good governance so that if there are problems or obstacles encountered, the right solution can be found. This study uses research methods with a descriptive qualitative approach so that in collecting data by interviews and observation as well as documentation to produce primary data and secondary data. Meanwhile, to test the validity of the data, namely by triangulating the data so that the resulting data is not subject to data manipulation. Based on the research results, it was found that the application of the principles of good governance in Rancapaku Village, Padakembang District, Tasikmalaya Regency was analyzed using theory according to the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), namely transparency, accountability and participation which measure that the application of the principles of good Governance in Rancapaku Village has not been implemented optimally where there are still obstacles faced by the Rancapaku Village Government. So it can be concluded that to support the application of the principles of Good Governance it is very important to pay attention to the leadership style of the Village Government and administration of government which includes government services, appropriate development, and the responsiveness of the Rancapaku Village Government in overcoming problems in the community.

Digital technology adoption for village public administration—Evidence from Indonesia

Village administration in Indonesia has changed its scope and operation with the integration of digital technology into public services at various levels. These conditions prompt questions about the successful digital transformation of public administration services. Digital transformation encompasses not only technological aspects but also socio-cultural factors. This paper reports the study related to implementing ICT-based applications in village administration policy in Indonesia. The study involved 315 village officials from 167 villages in 16 sub-districts within Toba district, North Sumatera province. A village administration software prototype was developed and introduced to the villages’ officials during the study. This study aims to gain insights from the officials’ response regarding digital technology-supported village administration. The research revealed that many village officials must gain the necessary knowledge and skills to conduct administrative tasks digitally, as they still rely on traditional, non-digitized methods. Recommendations include increased support and assistance from the Regency Government to help villages understand and implement digital administration and capacity-building activities to familiarize village officials with ICT advancements. The study also found that digital transformation in village administration remains challenging, with digitization and digitalization processes often overlooked. Addressing these challenges requires additional training and improved infrastructure availability. Finally, we propose a conceptual model of digital transformation for public administration at village level as generic components for digital implementation of village administration.

Prevalence, Intensity and Degree of Infestation Profile Argulus japonicus Ectoparasite in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) at Ngawi and Tambakrejo, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia

The demand for common carp in Indonesia is high, and the success of seed production relies on the quality of the broodstock. However, freshwater aquaculture faces challenges from diseases, particularly parasites like Argulus japonicus. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, intensity, and degree of infestation of A. japonicus on common carp. The research method was survey. The research was conducted in October 2019 at Ngawi Fish Hatchery Center and in November 2023 at Tambakrejo Village, Waru, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. There were 26 broodstock of common carp as samples. A. japonicus were ectoparasites found to infest 10 common carp (Cyprinus carpio) broodstock that were ready to spawn at Fish Hatchery Center in Ngawi, East Java and 16 common carp (C. carpio) that raised from Tambakrejo Village farmer in Waru, Sidoarjo, East Java. Prevalence of the fish infested with A. japonicus was same in 100% at both regions. However, there is different in the intensity of A. japonicus at Ngawi Fish Hatchery Center (29 individuals/head) and at Tambakrejo Village, Waru, Sidoarjo (42,5 individuals/head). But, the degree of infestation in both location was classified as severe. Attachment site of A. japonicus were in the fish body surface, fins, and mouth. During the research, water quality is in normal limits that can be observed by 28°C temperature, 7.1 pH, and 2.6 mg/L DO. In conclusion, common carp in Ngawi Fish Hatchery Center and Tambakrejo Village, Waru, Sidoarjo, East Java, were infested with the heavy category of A. japonicus.

Does rural infrastructure resilience affect population loss? Empirical research based on spatial measurements

PurposeBy analyzing the mechanisms by which rural infrastructure resilience (RIR) impacted population loss in Longxi County, this study proposes measures to improve RIR, which provides a practical reference for realizing China's rural revitalization strategy, besides providing ideas for alleviating population loss in similar regions around the world.Design/methodology/approachThis study considered 213 administrative villages in Longxi County in the Longzhong loess hilly region as the evaluation unit. Based on the construction of a multidimensional RIR evaluation system, the spatial spillover effect of RIR on population loss was determined using the spatial Durbin model (SDM).FindingsThe average resilience of each subsystem of rural infrastructure in Longxi County was low, and there were large differences in the spatial distribution. The mean RIR index value was 0.2258, with obvious spatial directivity and agglomeration characteristics. The population loss index of Longxi County had a value of 0.1759, with 26.29 of villages having a high loss level. The population loss was relatively serious and was correlated with the spatial distribution of RIR. The villages with larger RIR index values had lower population loss. The RIR had a significant spatial spillover effect on population loss. Productive infrastructure resilience and living infrastructure resilience (LIR) had negative spillover effects on population loss, and social service infrastructure resilience (SSIR) had a positive spillover effect on population loss.Originality/valueBy analyzing the mechanisms by which RIR impacted on population loss in Longxi County, this study proposes measures to improve RIR, which provides a practical reference for realizing China's rural revitalization strategy, besides providing ideas for alleviating population loss in similar regions around the world.

The Application of Stakeholder Theory in a Small Public Sector Accountability Unit: An Indonesian Village Government Case

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the accountability model in a small unit of public sector organization. Hence, it elaborates on the elements that should be considered in developing an accountability model by reviewing the literature on accountability in general, its practices in the public sector organization, and the numerous regulations covering the village administration in Indonesia. The accountability of village administration in Indonesia is related to the village community and the upper-level government entities. As the lowest-level government unit, the leader and his/her administration should be accountable to the village community and the upper-level government entities, such as districts/cities, provinces, and related ministries at central governments with various needs. Thus, village administration focuses more on meeting the needs of the upper-level government entities rather than fulfilling the needs of the village community as primary stakeholders. The strategies in developing the accountability model for a small unit of public sector organization need to consider the relation between village administration as an agent and other primary stakeholders as principals. The study adds to the theoretical knowledge of the accountability model for a small unit of public sector organization, particularly in Indonesian village administration.

Village Information System (SID) Effectiveness in Improving Village Administrative Services

This research investigates the effectiveness of the Village Information System (SID) in improving public services in Sekardangan Village, focusing on the period of 2020-2022. The descriptive qualitative method is employed, utilizing primary and secondary qualitative data sources, including library research and interviews with the village head and operators. Results reveal that Sekardangan Village provides effective, fast, precise, and efficient services. However, the web-based SID has not been fully effective due to challenges faced by elderly residents with limited socialization from local government. This study contributes to the understanding of smart governance and the role of information systems in enhancing village administration services. Highlight : The study analyzes the effectiveness of the Village Information System (SID) in improving public services in Sekardangan Village, focusing on the period of 2020-2022. Qualitative data sources, including library research and interviews with the village head and operators, were utilized to assess the effectiveness of the SID. The results indicate that while Sekardangan Village provides effective, fast, precise, and efficient services, the web-based SID has not been fully effective due to challenges faced by elderly residents with limited socialization from the local government. Keywords: Effectiveness, Village Information System, Public Service, Sekardangan Village, Qualitative Method

Assessing Air Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Approaches

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate air quality in Dong Thap province, Vietnam. The air quality data was collected during 2019–2020, representing the time of pre- and mid-COVID-19. Twenty-seven air quality samples (in the areas of urban, residential-administrative, hospital-schools, and industry-craft village areas) were used for the evaluation. Air quality was evaluated using national technical regulations on air quality, including QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT and QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT. The difference of mean air quality between the areas was examined using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Duncan test at a significant level of 5%. The relationship between air quality parameters and microclimate factors was tested using Pearson correlation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to identify critical variables and potential sources of air variation. Cluster analysis (CA) was applied to group similar air quality sites, thus recommending air monitoring site selection. The results show that the air quality in the study area is not polluted. The concentrations of noise, TSP, SO2, and NO2in the mid-COVID-19 pandemic were significantly lower than those in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic due to the social distancing policy. There was a close correlation among air quality parameters, except for air humidity. PCA identified two to four potential sources of air variation, explaining 84.3%, 100%, 100% and 89.7% of the total air quality variance at urban, residential–administrative, hospital-schools, and industry-craft villages, respectively. CA divided the 27 sampling sites into eight groups by the differences, mainly in humidity, wind speed noise, TSP, and CO. Eight sampling sites could be potentially reduced from the current monitoring program for representativeness and cost-effectiveness purposes. All air parameters in the current study are significant for monitoring, and the potential sources of air quality variation are traffic activities, industrial production, craft village activities, and daily life using fuels in residential areas. The results of the current study provide useful information for air quality monitoring and management. Future monitoring programs should include toxic air pollutants in air quality monitoring programs. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-02-012 Full Text: PDF