Village In Turkey Research Articles

Kontraurbanizacija kao utočište tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19

Migration still plays an important role today and can occur between countries and settlements for different reasons. One of the types of migration is counter-urbanisation. This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the communal needs and physical structure of the countryside, focusing on counter-urbanisation. In this context, semi-structured interviews were conducted in 17 villages in Turkey, and the observation method was utilised. Results show a trend of retirees participating in counter-urbanisation activities during the pandemic by focusing on the countryside’s survival function. In the post-pandemic period, refuge qualities emerged due to their tendency to return. With this counter-urbanisation, the increase in the population of rural areas renders the existing organisational structures inadequate in terms of communal services and brings new needs to the agenda.

Determining Factors Effecting the Population Growth Rate of Villages in Turkey: An Econometric Perspective

Assuming core (permanent) population to be vital to the maintenance of the village and rural life, this study investigates the population growth rate (PGR) of villages in Turkey. PGR is used as a dependent variable in the analysis, using a sample of 201 villages. The independent variables are ascertained through face-to-face interviews with village heads (mukhtars). Hypothesis tests, correlation analysis and econometric models are used to examine the development/decline trends of the PGR of the village. The results show that total land property of the village and land property per household are the strongest variables supporting the continuity of population. Agricultural income remains the biggest income item in most villages, and this increases according to land size. Beyond this, opportunities for paid work outside the village while living in it (extra-village employment) positively affect the rate of increase of the village population.

Monitoring spatiotemporal impacts of changes in land surface temperature on near eastern fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) in the Middle East

Persistence and coexistence of many pond-breeding amphibians depend on seasonality. Temperature, as a seasonal climate component, affects numerous physical and biological processes of pond-breeding amphibians. Satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) is the radiative skin temperature of the land surface, which has received less attention in spatiotemporal seasonal habitat monitoring. The present study aims to evaluate the increasing and decreasing effects of LST trends at two levels: (1) habitat suitability and connectivity; (2) individual population sites and their longitudinal distribution (with increasing longitude).Habitat suitability modeling was conducted based on an ensemble species distribution model (eSDM). Using electrical circuit theory, the connectivity of interior and intact habitat cores was investigated. An average seasonal LST was prepared separately for each season from 2003 to 2021 and entered into Mann-Kendall (MK) analysis to determine the spatiotemporal effects of LST changes using the Z-Score (ZMK) at two confidence levels of 95 and 99%. Based on the results, in winter, 28.12% and 70.70% of the suitable habitat were affected by an increasing trend of LST at 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. The highest spatial overlap of the decreasing trend of LST with the suitable habitat occurred in summer and was 6.4% at the 95% confidence level and 4.2% at the 99% confidence level. Considering population site at 95% confidence interval, the increasing trend of LST was calculated to be 20.2%, 9.5%, 4.2%, and 6.3% of localities in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. At the 99% confidence level, these percentages reduced to 8.5%, 3.1%, 1%, and 1%, respectively. During winter and summer, based on the results of the longitudinal trend, an increasing trend of LST was observed in sites. Localities of Hatay and Iica village in Turkey experienced seasonally asynchronous climate change regimes. The approach used in this study allowed us to create a link between the life cycle and seasonal changes on a micro-scale (breeding sites) and macro-scale (distribution and connectivity). Findings of this paper can be effectively used by conservation managers to preserve S. infraimmaculata's metapopulation.

A novel preference‐based artificial‐bee‐colony algorithm approach to the land reallocation optimization problem in a land consolidation case study: DOT village in Turkey

AbstractLand consolidation (LC) is a widely used spatial land management tool. The most essential stage of the LC process is land reallocation, which comprises the exchange of property rights. For this reason, land reallocation may be a potential source of dissatisfaction among farmers, and thus, optimization techniques are continually being developed to minimize these dissatisfactions. The goal of this study was to develop a novel preference‐based artificial‐bee‐colony (ABC) algorithm for use in the land reallocation project for DOT village. In the study, the farmer preferences were prioritized. Specifically, 70% of the lands were preference‐based, with the remainder being random. Furthermore, the ABC algorithm's performance was assessed using three limit parameter (LP) values and two probability functions. The best success was attained when the LP was set to 50 and the roulette‐wheel probability function was employed. The success of land reallocation was defined by the occupancy rate in the blocks and the reallocation rates based on the preferences of the farmer's lands. The occupancy rate in all the blocks using the ABC algorithm was 95.54%, the full occupancy rate of blocks according to farmer preferences was 38%, and the land reallocation rate based on the farmers' preferences was 73%. The remaining lands were distributed to the block areas at random using the ABC method. Moreover, the success of the preference‐based population surpassed that of randomly formed populations.

Sustainability of historic rural settlements based on participatory conservation approach: Kemer Village in Turkey

PurposeThis paper aims to address the issue of the conservation and management of rural cultural heritage, with the aim being to gain an understanding of current problems and needs through a participatory approach, in recognition of the uniqueness of the relationship between nature, humankind and the built environment as an area of study. To this end, a comprehensive case study – Kemer Village in Turkey – focusing on the social sustainability and participatory approaches for the sustainable development of rural settlements is given. Accordingly, possible conservation, management and sustainability strategies are put forward considering the priorities and perspectives of different stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThis paper approaches the subject of rural heritage conservation and management from a social sustainability standpoint, involving an on-site investigation to understand the physical and social context of Kemer Village in Turkey, which has links to different periods in history, and contains significant examples of vernacular architecture and that has maintained its cultural characteristics. Tools and criteria for participatory planning approach were applied ensuring the involvement of the local community and stakeholders.FindingsThe findings of the present study reveal rural settlements to be important factors in the cultural heritage conservation and indicate the importance of prescient management and the adoption of a sustainable development model. Achieving the desired level of sustainability in historical villages through conservation of the built environment with the involvement of the local community is possible, as can be seen in the case of Kemer Village in Turkey, where the villagers and the local authorities worked in cooperation to ensure the preservation of the village's integrity.Originality/valueThis study will describe possible long-term strategies and actions aimed at involving the local community in the sustainable conservation of the rural cultural heritage while also embracing change. It is important that the concept of sustainability is realized with participatory planning methods. In addition to that, rural heritage and social sustainability together incorporate a widespread but rarely considered set of issues addressing local needs in conservation.

The Effect of Cooperatives Producing Non-Wood Forest Products on Rural Development: The Example of Kozak Subdistrict Agricultural Development Cooperative in Turkey

ABSTRACT Pine nuts from stone pine are important non-wood forest products produced in Turkey. Thus, cooperative organizations engaged in the production and marketing of pine nuts play an important role in the development of forest villages in Turkey. This study reports and evaluates the effect of Kozak Subdistrict Agricultural Development Cooperative on economic development of the township. In this regard, a survey was conducted with 190 participants, and data were evaluated statistically. After villagers participated in this cooperative, forest villagers’ income from pine nuts increased and constituted 59.8% of total household income. Although the cooperative has no effect on the animal production of forest villagers, it has positive effects on migration, income level, agricultural production, land used for pine nut cultivation, fuel use and standards of living. Therefore, the number of cooperatives utilizing non-wood forest products should be increased, and efforts should be made to conserve non-wood forest products to increase their added value and sustainable use in the future.

An ethnographic study on the role of village culture and family relations in the transition from home to preschool education

ABSTRACT This ethnographic study aimed to investigate children’s transition from home to preschool education in a traditional village in Turkey. The data were collected through participant observation, interviews, document analysis and researcher diary. Descriptive and content analyses were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that physical conditions, sociocultural and religious structure, and family characteristics in the village created difficulties for children during the transition to school and reduced the frequency and quality of communication between families and school. It was concluded that joint efforts of families, schools, communities and policy-makers would provide an opportunity for children to make a successful transition from home to preschool education.

Socio-economic factors influencing household dependency on forests: an empirical evidence from Turkey

Background: Although forest villages in Turkey do not differ from other villages in the country in terms of administrative divisions, the job possibilities of their residents are limited due to the location of the villages in areas with rugged terrain. Forest villages have the poorest economic status of all types of communities in the country in terms of per capita national income and socio-economic structure; limited agricultural land; inadequate transportation and infrastructure; and, most importantly, weak educational, health, and cultural services. Results: This study explains forest dependency and its relation to certain characteristics of householders by a case study. Data were collected from 150 households and were analyzed using the logistic regression model. Conclusion: The results showed that a householder’s age, duration of residence, and employment variables had a significant effect on the forest whereas other variables, gender, educational level, and household size, did not have a statistically significant effect on forest dependence.

Folk medicinal plants used for the treatment of gynecological disorders by the rural population of Zorlu village (Turkey)

Background: This research deals with the indigenous medicinal plants used by rural population of Artvin-Borçka (Zorlu village), for the treatment of gynecological disorders. For this purpose, ethnomedicinal survey of Zorlu village in Turkey was carried out during 2008-2009. Methods: In the present study, a two-part survey was made. The first part of the survey was determined the folk medicine used for treatment of gynecological disorders. Second part of the survey were determined the ethnomedicinal uses of the plants. Results: Local inhabitants are extremely knowledgeable about the utilization of indigenous flora of the study area and konowledge about the treatment of gynecological disorders. As a result of the study 74 plant taxa belonging to 59 genera and 30 families were determined. These 74 plant taxa used the treatment of gynecological disorders. Information on 74 plant taxa with their botanical name, pharmacological activity, ethnomedicinal usage knowledges were provided. In additon, the pharmacological properties of these plant taxa such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anthelmintic, antimalarial, antidiabetic, anti-ınflammatory, analgesic, tumor-ınhibitory, antiallergic, antihepatotoxic, antiulcer, anticandidal, antifungal, anticancer, antibiotic, anticariogenic, antigenotoxic, antirheumatic, antipruritic and antihypertensive activities are presented in this study. Conclusions: Present study is about the utilization of medicinal plants in Zorlu Village, they were used the traditional knowledge for the treatment of gynecological disorders. Documentation of such ethnomedicinal data on biological resources will can be used for medical and pharmaceutical science. Keywords: Turkey, medicinal plants, ethnomedicine; gynaecological disorders.

Towards historical interpretations in archaeology: a case from an isоlated community.

Vakıflı is the only remaining ethnic Armenian village in Turkey and the last officially recognized Western Armenian speaking settlement in the world. From this point of view it is an isolated community, the investigation of which is of primary importance as a case in common historical and social processes. When in 1939 the Sanjak of Alexandretta was handed over to Turkey, the inhabitants of Vakıflı did not leave the Mount Musa, they still live there (ca. 150 Armenians). Considering Vakıflı from various cultural perspectives (geography, name, history, population, settlement, cemetery, temple, material culture, language, script, economy, communication, myth, feast, value system) an attempt is made to pass from ethnography to archaeology and to check the possibilities of archaeological reconstructions. In the meanwhile, the question is touched upon, to what extent archaeology is able to speak about the problems of cultural and ethnic identity. The observations demonstrate the diversity of cultural phenomena, as well as the complexity of their interpretation, thus emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary research for understunding the historical and social processes in early societies.

Determination of Volatile Components of Helichrysum arenarium subsp. aucheri Naturally Distributed in Two Different Regions

The aim of this study was to determine the volatile components of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench subsp. aucheri that belongs to the Helichrysum genus, belonging to the Asteraceae family, one of the important families for Turkey and generally known as ‘ölmez çiçek, altın otu or mantuvar’ in Turkey. To determine volatile components, leaves and flowers of Helichrysum arenarium subsp. aucheri specimens were collected from Isparta Aksu and Adana Feke villages in Turkey, and dried at room temperature. Then, volatile components were determined with HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis. As a result of the findings obtained, a total of 86 volatile components were found for Helichrysum species. A total of 64 volatile components were determined for Helichrysum arenarium subsp. aucheri specimens collected from Isparta Aksu region, whereas the main components were found as trans-Caryophyllene (24.33%), .α.-humulene (16.14%), α- pinene (14.79%); and dl-limonene (11.98%), respectively; and a total of 87 volatile components for specimens collected from Adana Feke region, whereas the main components were found as trans-caryophyllene (24.57%), α-pinene (22.5%), β-pinene (8.98%), limonene (8.21%), respectively.

Making small-dams work: everyday politics around irrigation cooperatives in Turkey.

Much research on environmental issues in Turkey has focused on conflictual state-led projects, for example on the large-scale GAP irrigation schemes or hydroelectric plants. This article shows that, in a complementary way, it is also necessary to study less contested projects, since power struggles for control over natural resources tend to occur in the implementation and everyday management of these as well. It analyses the everyday dynamics of negotiations and the arrangements found locally during the implementation of the national programme ‘1000 gölet in 1000 days’. Gölet, hillside reservoirs built for irrigation, enabled the government to demonstrate its involvement at a very local level in numerous villages in Turkey. However, the complex implementation of these numerous and relatively small projects compelled agents of the hydraulic administration to negotiate the transfer of their management to local actors. Taking irrigation cooperatives in the Izmir region as a starting point, this article highlights how the shaping of social arrangements for managing the new water resource depends both on local and supralocal power relations. It challenges the idea of a monolithic state disconnected from homogenous communities of irrigators, and reveals the flexibility of these relations. It focuses on the way actors – not only irrigators but also state officials at the local level – adapt norms, bend rules and find arrangements in order to shape new water institutions and infrastructure.

Mathematical Mystery in a Cultural Game

This study described the mathematical depth in a mathematical activity carried out in a village in Turkey’s Eastern Anatolia Region. This activity presented in the context of the game reflects a cultural situation of doing mathematics over time. In this context, it can identify as a study of ethnomathematics. Therefore, the cultural game was introduced first, and then the mathematical depth behind this game was uncovered in all its aspects. Finally, the mathematical relationship behind the game was analysed in terms of mathematics education. The case study, as one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. The participants of the study consist of 1 person who knows, transmits, and teaches the cultural game. The game process and semi-structured interview that constituted the research data were recorded with a camera and a voice recording device. Descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of the interview. Findings of the study suggest that the cultural game is played without considering its mathematical depth, but that there is a rich mathematical depth behind it. The results also indicate that such games offer an effective way for adults learning mathematics. On the other hand, the study revealed that there could be different ways of thinking between school mathematics and ethnomathematics. It is thought that synthesizing mathematics with games that include ethnomathematics has the potential to provide students at diverse levels with an excellent mathematical experience.

Social Memory of the Greek‐Turkish Population Exchange in Daily Life: A Case Study of a Tobacco‐Producing Village in Turkey

AbstractThis article aims to understand how villagers whose ancestors had to migrate to Turkey from Greece in 1924 as a result of the Greek‐Turkish population exchange remember their past. Within a theoretical framework built around the concept of habitus from Bourdieu’s oeuvre, social memory, and identity, I argue that social memory finds a practical place in the habitus of the villagers and promotes the villagers’ identity through practices. By emphasising the time dimension in the working of habitus, I also discuss how habitus attunes to changing conditions. Based on semi‐ethnographic fieldwork, this article claims that the relationship among habitus, social memory, and identity was established within the framework of everyday lives that revolved around tobacco production and later changed with the transformation of the tobacco market in Turkey after the 1980s.

The impact of differences in land fragmentation parameters on the planning, implementation, and evaluation of land consolidation projects. Case studies of Turkey and Poland

Land fragmentation is one of the key factors of agricultural production profitability. One way to objectively assess the phenomenon is to represent it as several specific land fragmentation indices. Nevertheless, similar land fragmentation index values can be interpreted differently in different farming conditions in various countries. How these indices are calculated depends directly on the format of input data, usually based on cadastral data. The present research on eight villages in Turkey and Poland was an attempt to determine the impact of the identified differences, including different ways cadastral data are organised, on the method of calculating land fragmentation indices and results of the calculations. The authors have demonstrated the fundamental importance of the method of including holding shares in parcel ownership titles in the calculations. Spatial distribution of farm buildings turned out to have a significant impact as well. The differences identified for the villages in both the investigated countries influence the primary objectives of land consolidation projects and should be decisive for key aspects when evaluating such projects.

A rare cause of granulomatous hepatitis: Tularemia

Tularemia is a zoonotic infection caused by Francisella tularensis. Tularemia has several clinical form in humans, including ulceroglandular, pneumonic, oropharyngeal, oculoglandular, and systemic (typhoidal). Tularemia may develop granulomatous and suppurative lesions, especially in the affected regional lymph nodes and various organs. Patients with hepatic involvement typically have elevated transaminase levels, hepatomegaly and rarely jaundice. Histologically, there are typically suppurative microabscesses with occasional surrounding macrophages. Rarely, hepatic granuloma can develop due to tularemia. We present a case of an 8 year-old male residing in a rural village in Turkey, who came to our hospital after having intermittent fever for four months and right upper abdominal pain for two months. Liver had a nodular appearance in liver imaging and liver biopsy were consistent with granulomatous hepatitis. The microagglutination test was positive for tularemia in the patient who was investigated for granulomatous hepatitis etiology. Symptoms and signs improved with tularemia treatment. We present a rare case of hepatic involvement of tularemia in a child. Clinicians should be suspicious of and evaluate for typhoidal tularemia in patients who present with prolonged fever and non-specific systemic symptoms, potentially with associated abdominal pain.

The ecomuseum and solidarity tourism: a case study from northeast Turkey

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the ecomuseum and solidarity tourism and to measure their impact on community development.Design/methodology/approachThe study presented here adopts two methods for collecting qualitative data: in-depth interviews and observations. The total number of village households was 42 and the number of households that hosted tourists in their home was 20. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, qualitative methods were employed in the form of lengthy interviews with 13 residents.FindingsThe findings indicate that tourism for the Bogatepe Village ecomuseum has focused on a solidarity perspective which has provided significant benefits to the community ensuring local sustainable development. The ecomuseum as a concept and a destination has helped to control tourism and strengthened the impact of solidarity tourism on the local community.Research limitations/implicationsThe research presented here must be seen as exploratory. More generally, further research is needed to look at the possibility of developing this type of tourism in other rural areas and similar regions of Turkey (covering both small and large areas) with an important cultural heritage.Originality/valueThe combination of the ecomuseum and solidarity tourism can provide a sustainable solution for tourism in rural areas and provide a model in the development of tourism to other villages in Turkey. The question is whether it could also be used in larger rural areas. The study underlines that Bogatepe is certainly worthy of future study.

Challenging Geographical Disadvantages and Social Exclusion: A Case Study of Gendered Rural Transformation in Mountain Villages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey

AbstractThis article discusses the gender‐specific effect of the changing economic structure of mountain villages in Turkey. Rural women, who are conventionally unpaid family workers, have begun entering into off‐farm work due to declining household incomes in recent years. The implications of this for gender relations are found to be contradictory in much recent research. In this study, we employed the concepts of the hybridity of rural communities and the multiplicity of social exclusion in a globalising countryside. We used a qualitative methodology employing multiple sources of data. In addition to in‐depth interviews with 27 village women, we conducted semi‐structured interviews with village headmen and structured interviews with 218 village women to understand the structural context behind the women’s narratives. We found that the dimension of social exclusion varies with gender and age within the community. While middle‐aged men are increasingly unemployed and have withdrawn into uncompetitive rural life, young women engage in wage work and challenge geographical disadvantages by spending their meagre earnings on transportation and communication technologies. The reconfiguration of marginality within the community, rather than the total marginalisation of villagers, is an ongoing process.

Determination of Contribution of GDoFVA's Projects Implemented which is Purposed for Reducing Firewood Consumption (Case Study; West Mediterranean and Western Black Sea Regions)

Studies which assess the economical contributions of practices of General Directorate of Forest Villages Affairs (GDoFVA) to the region or nation is of a limited number. In order for GDoFVA to develop its policies, it is necessary to identify the economical contribution of its practices at the local, regional and national level. To create awareness of the economical dimensions of the GDoFVA Solar Energy Systems practices, by assessing its contributions to the economy of the local, regional and national economy. The study takes within its scope the economical contributions of the GDoFVA Solar Energy Systems implemented in the forest villages in Turkey by taking into consideration the data from the forest villages of the Western Mediterranean Region. Written resources regarding the topic was obtained from related public organisations and institutions by the screening method. Unique data was collected with questionnaires developed for face to face interviews. The SES practices were implemented for 3,447 families in a total of 152 forest villages in the Western Mediterranean Region. A sample of 15-20% of the population of each village with the SES was obtained. According to the number of families for which the SES was implemented in the forest villages of the region between 2005-2011, the practice leads to a total annual saving of 10,800 stere. The SES practice has been implemented nationwide to 145 thousand families. According to this, the total annual contribution for the nation is 454 thousand stere. This amount shows that there is approximately an annual saving of 340.5 thousand m3 of wood.

Socio-demographic and economic indicators in gender structure in the middle Taurus mountainous villages of Turkey

ABSTRACT: Socio-demographic and economic indicators are very important clues to scientists and institutions to direct development programs for the empowerment of rural women. The goal of this study is to determine the status of rural women living in the Taurus mountainous villages of Turkey according to socio-demographic and economic indicators as related to gender structure. In this research area, there is not enough official data related to socio-demographic and economic indicators about mountainous rural women, like in most developing countries. For this study, the authors collected data from 146 women and 133 men using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. In this research area, we found that women occupy positions of low power compared to men when taking socio-demographic and economic indicators into account. Women tend to define themselves as housewives instead of farmers, and their tendency to migrate to cities were higher than men’s.