Village Boundaries Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF THE CEMENT DUST ON ANTS GROUPING (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE)

Introduction. Industrial emissions affect the impoverishment of insect fauna not only by reducing their species composition but also by reducing the abundance of dominant species.Aim. Therefore, the goal of the research was to investigate how the cement dust affects species diversity of ants, density and types of anthills.Methods. Investigation of the effect of cement dust on mirmecofauna was carried out on the territory of village Yamnytsia, Tysmenytsia district, Ivano-Frankivsk region and its vicinity, near the cement plant of PJSC «Ivano-Frankivskcement». Meadows and deciduous forests were studied within the village of Yamnytsia, which are located at different distances from the source of cement dust (0; 0.5 km; 1 km; 5.5 km) and 30 km from the village boundary (control). To quantify the species composition of Formica ants, the methods of K. V. Arnoldi were used. Counting of anthills and sampling of ants was performed according to the method of G. M. Dlussky. Anthills were described by the standard method, the account of the building material of the nests was carried out visually, the material was not selected.Results. Analyzing the distribution of ants genera and species on the experimental meadows, we found a direct correlation between the number of ants and the distance from the sources of cement dust (r=0.87 at p<0.05). The largest number of the ant species was observed in the area of influence from the genus Lasius. Myrmica nests are found not closer than 1 km from PJSC «Ivano-Frankivskcement», Formica nests are only in the control. With a decrease in the pollution degree, the proportion of underground nests increases (r=0.90 at p<0.05), the proportion of the dome nests decreases (r=-0.94 at p<0.05). At the same time, the size of dome on average decreases when the distance from the source of pollution grows. All anthills registered in the most polluted zone consist of a mixture of cement dust and earth up to 45 cm high. About 75 % of all nests found were heavily overgrown. Adaptation of the ants to the influence of cement dust differs from other types of impact and is expressed in the fact that in technogenic territories anthills are more often dome-shaped, of smaller diameter and considerably higher than those located in the control zone. This is because the soil near PJSC «Ivano-Frankivskcement» is covered with a layer of the lime dust which reaches 5 cm. Lasius niger is resistant to various forms of the anthropogenic influence, which can be explained by the adaptive features of the anthill forms.Conclusion. Under the influence of emissions from PJSC «Ivano-Frankivskсement», the anthill density of Formica genera is greatly reduced and is dominated by ants of the genera Lasius and Myrmica. The height of the L. niger anthill is inversely proportional to the distance to the source of industrial emissions, and the frequency of occurrence of underground nests of most species is directly proportional to the degree of anthropogenic impact.Keywords: ants; anthropogenic influence; cement dust; Lasius; Myrmica.

Bathymetric, Physicochemical and Microbiological Analyses of Sarikum Lake (Sinop-Turkey)

Sarikum Lake located in the protected area of Sarikum Village boundaries of Sinop Province Central District was investigated in terms of bathymetric, physicochemical and microbiological aspects. This study was carried out between October 2017 and March 2018. For bathymetric analysis, a Garmin echo 551 c brand dual frequency depth gauge (echo sounder) and 2 GPS receivers were used. For pollution parameters, water samples were taken from stations determined at 3 different points of the lake. Parameters such as temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity, Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) and pH were measured with the multifunctional meter during sampling. In addition, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), iron (Fe), phosphate phosphorus (PO43--P), manganese (Mn), nitrite nitrogen (NO2 --N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3- -N) and total hardness (Ethylene Diamine Tetra (EDTA) titrimetric) according to standard methods (Apha, Awwa, Wef, 2005). Total coliform, E. coli, fecal streptococcus, fecal coliform, sulfide reducing anearob and Clostridium perfringes analyzes were performed for microbiological analyses. Sulfide reducing anaerobes were not detected in the assay results. Based on the obtained results, it is determined that Sarikum Lake within the sanctuary area of Sarikum Village of Sinop province (Turkey) is close to the dirty / pollution limit according to the inland field regulations.

IMPACT and PROSPECT of RAINWATER HARVESTING WITHIN VILLAGE BOUNDARY (JALUKTA SHIVAR ABHIYAN)

IMPACT and PROSPECT of RAINWATER HARVESTING WITHIN VILLAGE BOUNDARY (JALUKTA SHIVAR ABHIYAN)

Drone Application for Generating a High Precision Orthophoto to Support Village Boundary and Land Use Mapping in Indonesia

Many existing village maps in Indonesia are available without spatial references, including in Pandanrejo village in Kaligesing Sub-district, Purworejo District, Central Java. To date, the available village map of the Pandanrejo is sketches map which potentially overlaps with the area of adjacent villages. In this study, we used a commercial drone DJI Phantom 4 for generating a high precision orthophoto to create the exact boundaries and land use information of the Pandanrejo village. The drone captured the aerial images from an altitude of approximately 100 m and automatically take an image every 3 seconds giving an overlap of each image around 70% of each pair of neighboring images. By this mission plan, the drone collected of about 1,312 aerial photographs. In order to obtain better geo-referencing results, eleven Ground Control Points (GCPs) distributed over the study area were obtained by GNSS geodetic tools. Furthermore, the Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm was used to generate point clouds, digital surface models, and digital orthophoto model. These processes were carried out by using Agisoft PhotoScan software completing 10 steps in the workflow starting from adding drone images to the software to building orthomosaic as a basis for a digital orthophoto model. We then analyzed the errors of the resulted orthophoto map by comparing between the ratio of village boundary length to the total village area from drone mapping and terrestrial mapping using GNSS geodetic. The results showed that the drone mapping has successfully produced the village boundary map of the Pandanrejo village (i.e. a boundary length 7,473.2 m and an area 2.18 km2) that is comparable with the result of terrestrial area mapping corrected by GNSS geodetic. In addition, the drone has also successfully mapped the village land use with a total accuracy of 100% accurate. With these results, we suggest drone technology as an alternative method besides a traditional terrestrial method to create a definite village boundary and land use map to support the implementation of Indonesia Law No. 6 of 2014.

Application Of Remote Sensing And GIS in the Identification of Waste Land in Gadilam Lower Sub Basin Of Ponnaiyar Basin in Cuddalore District

Owing to increasing pressure of population there is an excessive demand of lands both in agriculture and non-agriculture purposes. This has resulted in vast stretches of waste land such as degraded land, soil salinity, water logging, desertification, soil erosion etc.; decrease in per capita cultivable land beside ecological imbalances. The pilot studies were carried out by NRSA and evaluated by different experts, and it was decided that the waste land maps on 1:50000 scales depicting the village boundaries were considered to be adequate for reclamation purpose. At present, the new techniques like remote sensing and GIS are used to delineate waste lands, faster and also produce better results. Current study, choose the study area of Gadilam river sub basin falling in Cuddalore and Villupuram districts. Gadilam is one of the sub-basin of Ponnaiyar basin. Main goal of the study examined the role of remote sensing and GIS for the identification of wasteland and to convert the wasteland into fertile land. Study conducted, and various data collected at different levels related to rainfall, control well details, water quality etc. Satellite imagery of the study area is also collected and interpreted. Furthermore, the maps like geology, soil are also collected. Geomorphology, land use, lineament, waste land were generated from satellite imagery. By overlaying the various thematic maps, wastelands and wasteland categories are identified. With the help of ground water wastelands of this study area is to be converted into fertile land.

Environmental Characteristics of World Heritage Sites Based on High Resolution Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study of Hailongdun, Guizhou Province

In this study, by using descriptive statistical analysis and the method of setting up multiple study areas for comparison, with the help of high spatial resolution remote sensing interpretation data, the spatial distribution characteristics of land use in the study areas of World Heritage occurrence environment are studied. The results show that: (1) the mean value of each occurrence environment of Hailongdun World Heritage site is small, the degree of patch fragmentation is large, and the corresponding standard deviation is large, which is caused by the large difference of patch size. (2) The area of residential land, industrial and mining storage land, special land, cultivated land and forest land in Hailongdun World Heritage site is increasing from the core area, buffer area, Hailongdun village to the village boundary, which is in direct proportion to the area change of each environment.

Tri Hita Karana in Balinese Customary Law as a Basis for The Settlement of the Village Boundary Conflict in Bali

Tri Hita Karana in balinese customary law as a basis for the settlement of the village boundary conflict in bali is the title used in this reseacrh, to demonstrate that the philosophical Tri Hita Karana is an extraordinary thought to solve the problems of the Balinese people, especially to solve the problem of village boundaries in Bali. The technicalities of the philosophical Tri Hita Karana are Parhyangan, Pawongan, Palemahan, so that the Balinese only see three technicalities of Tri Hita Karana. The objectives of this study is to examine the real form of the concept of Tri Hita Karana in resolving village boundary conflicts, and to examine the role of Pekraman Village in implementing the Tri Hita Karana concept as the guardian of the life balance of the Krama/Villager of his village community. This research method uses normative methods, namely legal research that examines written law from various aspects. This research analysis used is the analytical approach to History (approach of Historical analysis). The results revealed that Balinese people in resolving their problems, especially related to village boundaries, must always hold on to the concrete steps of Tri Hita Karana, namely Parhyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan to shape the behavior of Balinese people to bring about conflict resolution by means of family negotiations, and mutual respect and try to understand the problem by way of consensus agreement to achieve good together and create harmony.

Village as A Regional Development Axis

The planned development should be aimed at increasing the capacity of the village government and the Village Consultative Body through facilitation, training, and assistance in planning, implementing and monitoring village development, managing village assets and finances, preparing village maps and setting village boundaries, implementing village planning and developing centers village information. Overall capacity building refers to preparation of local resources.

Productivity Improvement of Wasteland in Drought-Prone, Overdrafted and Rocky Terrain Watershed: A Case Study of Upper Thurinjalar Watershed in Ponnaiyar Basin Tamil Nadu, India

A great extent of productive land has become wasteland due to climatic change, frequent monsoon failure and inadequate water supply for irrigation. Identification of such lands can be helpful for conversion into productive land. Present study focuses on identification of wasteland in the watershed by utilising land use map of 2018 by interpreting satellite image of IRS-P6 LISS IV over upper Thurinjalar watershed in Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu. For this purpose, digital image processing software ERDAS IMAGINE 2015 and GIS Software ArcGIS 10.5 version were used. Fifty percentage of the total geographical area of the watershed is reported as wasteland in our study. Favourable wasteland layer was superimposed upon the administrative village boundary map by GIS overlay analysis. Type of wasteland was demarcated using remote sensing and GIS techniques, and thematic layers such as lineament map, geomorphology map and depth to bedrock map were generated. Through GIS overlay analysis, wasteland map of the study area was overlaid on the three thematic layers and favourable artificial recharge sites were identified. In upper Thurinjalar watershed, 61.06 km2 is highly favourable and 214.18 km2 is moderately favourable for recharge, and the sites are recommended for groundwater recharge using structures such as pits, percolation ponds, borewells and check dams. Among wastelands, degraded lands under plantation, lands with scrub and lands without scrub were prioritised for groundwater recharge. Technique adopted in our study can be applied over other watersheds and wasteland to convert them into productive land.

Spatial dynamics and activity patterns of the fosa Cryptoprocta ferox in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar: carnivores navigating a human-influenced landscape

AbstractThe Vulnerable fosa Cryptoprocta ferox is the largest native carnivore in Madagascar, fulfilling a unique ecological niche in the island's remaining forests. Negative interactions with humans threaten the long-term viability of most remaining fosa populations across Madagascar. Threats to the fosa include habitat loss and persecution by humans resulting from perceived predation on domestic animals. We used GPS collars to record space use and activity patterns of five fosas in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar, during the dry seasons of 2016 and 2017. The results, with up to 2,110 recorded locations per individual, indicated fosas’ home ranges and movements were not limited to the forest, and all collared individuals used networks of habitat patches and corridors to navigate deforested areas. The fosas studied in Ankarafantsika National Park had significantly larger home ranges than those reported in previous studies in other protected areas. They were rarely found within village boundaries and appeared to avoid areas of human habitation, suggesting that during the study period livestock was not a significant component of the fosas’ diet in this Park. Our results suggest that fosas have some flexibility that enables them to adapt to living near deforested and human-dominated areas by altering their space-use patterns, but they are compensating by increasing their home range size.

Geospatial and Community Participation Combination in Complete Systematic Land Registration Implementation in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency

Land certification provides land legal certainty for every citizen of the Republic of Indonesia, especially, farmers, who constitute the majority of the population of Indonesia. The importance of the agricultural land has been explained in the Republic of Indonesia’s Defense White Paper that the growing amount of agricultural land has a detrimental effect on the Indonesian nation which is agrarian. Decreasing agricultural land is the main factor causing reduced food security. Geospatial technologies such as remote sensing and terrestrial surveys are very helpful for Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) activities. However, the implementation in the field of technology has not yet been optimized due to the lack of the support from Regional Government and the Community. By taking the PTSL implementation in two villages in Barabai Subdistrict, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, it was found that problems related to the absence of certaintyof village boundaries, accurate and scattered control points and community understanding of the importance of the legality of their land are inhibiting factors for PTSL activities. By combining this technology with community participation it will produce the right and ideal combination.

Village Elites and Social Structures in the Late Medieval Campine Region by Eline Van Onacker, and: Village Community and Conflict in Late Medieval Drenthe by Peter Hoppenbrouwers

Reviewed by: Village Elites and Social Structures in the Late Medieval Campine Region by Eline Van Onacker, and: Village Community and Conflict in Late Medieval Drenthe by Peter Hoppenbrouwers Patrick Ball Van Onacker, Eline, Village Elites and Social Structures in the Late Medieval Campine Region (The Medieval Countryside, 17), Turnhout, Brepols, 2017; hardback; pp. xli, 320; 7 b/w illustrations, 3 maps, 57 graphs, 68 b/w tables; R.R.P. €100.00; ISBN 9782503554594. Hoppenbrouwers, Peter, Village Community and Conflict in Late Medieval Drenthe (The Medieval Countryside, 20), Turnhout, Brepols, 2018; hardback; pp. xvii, 384; 14 b/w illustrations, 4 maps, 9 b/w tables; R.R.P. €100.00; ISBN 9782503575391. These monographs concern two of the Low Countries' three notable sandy inland districts: Eline Van Onacker examines Belgium's Campine region; Peter Hoppenbrouwers considers Drenthe, in the Netherlands. These regions shared characteristic features and differed from other rural areas, so the volumes complement each other. This research is welcome. As Hoppenbrouwers, a graduate of the 1970s, remarks, with the decline of neo-Marxist history 'peasant societies and village communities are out of favour as objects of historical research' (p. 1). Van Onacker, of a more recent generation, adopts a revisionist perspective, arguing that researchers have privileged rural regions that suit their interests and prejudices, favouring those where medieval communities transformed swiftly into modern, industrialized ones, neglecting those that behaved otherwise. Both works make regular comparison with the situation in Flanders, France, Germany, or England. Whereas Hoppenbrouwers cites copious instances from everyday life, Van Onacker's volume abounds in graphs, tables, and diagrams. Both authors allude to the limitations of their sources. The records of rural communities can be erratically preserved, while, notwithstanding comparable natural environments, these regions' social structures varied. Consequently, the differential creation and survival of source material has permitted different things [End Page 290] to be investigated. While Hoppenbrouwers makes good use of the judgements of the Etstoel (Drenthe's highest judicial and political body), the conflicts he examines occurred in villages whose local records have not survived. For the different aspects of her study, Van Onacker draws on information from different Campine villages, since none has the full set of records to suit her purposes—something that renders extrapolation risky, considering she notes significant variability between villages in some respects. Similar variation between regions means Drenthe and the Campine are not directly analogous: the absence of a regional council such as Drenthe's Etstoel brought about the Campine social structure that Van Onacker describes. Nevertheless, the two regions evidently have strong resemblances, including the persistence of a substantial common wasteland, which by the later Middle Ages had vanished elsewhere in the Netherlands. The works are thus productively read together. Hoppenbrouwers's is the first English-language study of Drenthe. Two introductory chapters precede three devoted to specific categories of community conflict. Chapter 2 describes the legal system within which disputes played out; Chapter 1 is a compendious, eighty-four-page survey of everything else of an introductory nature: the study of medieval villages; Drenthe's history and historiography; the source materials consulted; the region's landscape, demography, and territorial divisions; its rural society and peasants; the landholdings of lordships, ecclesiastical or secular; and, finally, a comparison with property relations in 1630. For readers previously unacquainted with Drenthe this is a great deal to assimilate. The chapter is accordingly heavy-going, although, for the same reason, potentially an invaluable resource. Succeeding chapters are comparably detailed but become progressively easier as the contents of earlier ones are internalized. With the last three the work comes into its own. Chapter 3 concerns disputes regarding village boundaries, the use of a village's commons, or the maintenance of bridges, ditches, and the like, either between neighbouring villages or between the village community and one of its members. Hoppenbrouwers concludes that these were sparked less by population growth than by burgeoning state formation, which demanded greater systematization, for purposes such as taxation. Chapter 4 concerns feuding. Although murder and other felonies went to trial automatically, other offences, including accidental killing, were 'cases of vengeance': the victim's kinsfolk might demand the right of blood feud; they might apprehend culprits...

Participatory mapping and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images for developing village level coastal geoinformation

Village maps can provide geospatial data and information that would enable them to become an important instrument in regional development planning. The purpose of this study was to produce geospatial data and information on coastal village resources based on the Indonesian Geographic Information Agency (BIG) reference guidelines. The study was conducted in Langnga Village, Mattiro Sompe District, Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This research used raster and vector data. Raster data consisted of high-resolution images obtained from Unmanned Areal Vehicles. The ground truthing used open access applications and interviews with the community. The licensed Arc.GIS 10.5 software was used for the spatial analysis. The dominant land cover/land use categories were aquaculture ponds and rice fields. These areas have historically undergone a dynamic change of land use from rice fields to ponds and back again. Other land uses were settlements inhabited by farmers and fishermen. White sand beaches are one potential resource in this villages, but they are prone to abrasion. The spatial information contained in the village resource and boundary map can be considered as a breakthrough step and could become a pilot for other villages to follow.

Lesson Learned from Social Forestry Practice in a Forest and Climate Change Project in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Social forestry is considered as one element to support the practices of sustainable forest management in private and state forests in Indonesia. Currently, the government is promoting the five schemes of social forestry: Village Forest, Community Forest, Community-Based Plantation Forest, Customary Forest, and Partnership. An explorative study of a forest and climate change project in Kalimantan was conducted for 5 years and the experiences should be shared to learn about the strengths, threats, and strategies related to social forestry implementation. After the government has issued the new social forestry policy in 2016, nine villages were facilitated by the project and has obtained the Village Forest Licence. Most villagers preferred to participate in the Village Forest Scheme because the concept was simple and perceived by the people as easily managed. Village boundary agreement, community participation, intensive community empowerment by government or NGO were the important components for having social forestry licence from the Minister. Participatory land use planning was necessary to support the practice of sustainable social forestry, as well as local champion, villagers and local government commitment.

Stability evaluation of the Gümüşhane-Akçakale cave by numerical analysis method

The Akcakale Cave is located in the vicinity of the Arsa neighborhood within the boundaries of the Akcakale village, Gumushane, Turkey. The cave is rich in cave formations (stalactite, stalagmite, cave pearl, cave flower, wall travertines). Thus, the appropriateness of opening the cave to visitors to boost tourism is of importance for the local and national economy. This study analyzes the stability of the Akcakale Cave using a numerical analysis method. According to the results of the total displacement analysis, there are displacements in the entrance, ceiling, and sidewalls of the cave ranging from 1 mm to 48 mm. It seems that the entrance, ceiling, and sidewalls of the cave face a high risk of local or sudden collapse. According to the deformation analysis of the length section of the cave examined, local collapses may occur especially in the first 75 m from the entrance of the cave. We believe that this situation would not carry a risk for the Arsa neighborhood for now. In conclusion, the results of the stability analysis and in-situ observations showed clear evidence of former and ongoing cave-ins (collapses) and the Akcakale Cave faces a high risk of local or sudden collapse. Thus, although the Akcakale Cave is one of the most prominent karst caves in Turkey, it seems to be not appropriate to open the cave to tourist visits.

Feasibility study of effective usage of available Agricultural Information System for various Village Boundaries of India

Feasibility study of effective usage of available Agricultural Information System for various Village Boundaries of India

METODE PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA BATAS DESA UPT TAMBAK SARI KECAMATAN POTO TANO KABUPATEN SUMBAWA BARAT

Riwayat Artikel:Diterima: …-…-…Disetujui: …-…-… Abstrak: Faktor pemerataan merupakan alasan kebutuhan adanya pemekaraan wilayah desa, tidak sedikit dari pemekaran wilayah desa memicu terjadinya sengketa batas desa apabila pemufakatan batas desa tidak bisa di selesaikan dengan musyawarah. Desa UPT Tambak Sari merupakan salah satu desa pemekaran di Kecamatan Poto Tano yang memiliki permasalahan terhadap sengketa batas desa dengan desa sekitarnya sehingga menghambat proses penetapan batas desa menjadi definitif, oleh karena itu perlu adanya metode penyelesaian sengketa dalam penetapan batas desa UPT Tambak Sari. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pelaksanaan penetapan dan penyelesaian sengketa batas Desa UPT Tambak Sari. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskripsi kualitatif melalui pendekatan pemetaan partisipatif serta mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 45 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pedoman Penetapan Dan Penegasan Batas Desa. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu pelaksanaan penetapan batas desa yang dilakukan secara kartometris internal desa, selanjutnya dilakukan musyawarah pemufakatan batas antar desa dengan pemaparan toponimi serta segmen batas desa, namun lemahnya regulasi dan sumber informasi terkait batas desa secara indikatif memicu terjadinya sengketa batas antar desa. dalam proses penetapan batas desa juga telah di sepakati mekanisme penyelasian sengketa batas desa, mekanisme yang di sepakati yaitu adanya laporan terhadap sengketa batas desa kepada tim penyelesaian perbedaan pendapat kemudian dilakukan mediasi dan musyawarah, apabila tidak menemui kesepakatan maka selanjutnya akan di proses secara ajudikasi, dalam proses ini penyelesaian sengketa batas desa UPT Tambah Sari dapat terselesaikan pada tahap mediasi berdasarkan keputusan bersama Bupati Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat dengan menimbang sejarah pembentukan desa serta regulasi yang ada.

PEMBUATAN PETA GEOSPASIAL MELALUI PEMETAAN UDARA PADA KELURAHAN BATU BERSURAT, KECAMATAN XIII KOTO KAMPAR, KABUPATEN KAMPAR, PROVINSI RIAU

One of the most commonly used geospatial mapping methods is photogrammetry (aerial mapping). Photogrammetry is a method of mapping objects on the surface of the earth by using aerial photography as a medium. The aerial mapping process is carried out through cameras installed on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). From the aerial photography, object interpretation and geometry measurements will be carried out to produce line maps, digital maps and photo maps. In general, photogrammetry is a mapping technology by utilizing aerial photography to be processed into a geo-spatial information system. Batu Bersurat Village is one of the villages located in Subdistrict XIII Koto Kampar, Kampar Regency, which did not have a geospatial information map. Community service team from the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Riau had a plan to carry out community service activities in Batu Besurat Village in the form of making geospatial information maps through aerial mapping. This aerial mapping activity was carried out by utilizing UAV with the type of fixed wing. In its implementation, the community service activities were planned to involve Mechanical Engineering students, university students of the University of Riau, village officials and the local community. It is expected that with this community service program, the geospatial information system map made by Batu Bersurat Village can be used in village spatial planning for agricultural land, residential land and validation of village boundaries.

Environmental incomes sustained as provisioning ecosystem service availability declines along a woodland resource gradient in Zimbabwe

Abstract Forest and woodland resources can play a key role in rural livelihoods in the Global South, making it critical to understand what forest change could mean for rural wellbeing. Calculating environmental income has become a popular method of highlighting the importance of environmental resources in livelihoods, but few studies have quantified both provisioning ecosystem service availability and environmental income in the same landscape, or disaggregated environmental income by source land cover. This limits our ability to anticipate how forest change could impact rural livelihoods and could result in management interventions detrimental to vulnerable groups. The objective of this study was therefore to explore links between woodland cover, provisioning ecosystem service availability and household environmental income by applying a novel interdisciplinary approach in six villages on a gradient of woodland resource availability in Zimbabwe. We firstly use techniques from quantitative ethnobotany to score the species underpinning six locally important provisioning ecosystem services, and combine these scores with data from 80 tree survey plots to establish provisioning service availability. We then use income data from 91 households to explore relationships between provisioning service availability and household income portfolios. We find that villages with less woodland have lower availability of all studied ecosystem services and also a lower diversity of species underpinning service provision, but that there are no significant relationships between woodland resource availability and environmental income, livelihood diversity or intra-community income inequality in the case study area. We suggest that income portfolios are very resilient to woodland loss because households can still derive significant resources from woodlands which would be considered degraded in ecological terms and can draw upon kin networks which facilitate access to resources beyond village boundaries. The novel combination of approaches used in this study, particularly if applied at greater spatial and temporal scales, can provide valuable insight into the complexities of resource use in forest-agriculture mosaics.

Zapata's Justice: Land and Water Conflict Resolution in Revolutionary Mexico (1914–16)

AbstractThis article challenges the widely held view that, during the Mexican Revolution, the Zapatista villages governed themselves with complete autonomy from the state and according to the pueblos’ customary justice. It shows how Zapatistas in the multi-state region of south-central Mexico dealt with quarrels over small and medium-sized properties, the restitution of usurped pueblo lands and water resources, as well as village boundary disputes. They did so by blending nineteenth-century judicial procedures and civil law, limited but radical reforms to the existing judicial system and new forms of land and water management – all of which strengthened state authority.