Long Bean Research Articles

Nutritional Qualities, Metabolite Contents, and Antioxidant Capacities of Yardlong Beans (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) of Different Pod and Seed Colors.

Studying the effects of genetic and environmental factors on plant biochemical components helps in selecting the best varieties for the food industry and breeding programs. This study analyzed the nutritional qualities, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activities of 14 field-grown yardlong beans accessions and how they are affected by differences in pod and seed colors. The analyzed parameters varied significantly among the yardlong bean accessions, with variances ranging from 1.36% in total unsaturated fatty acid content to 51.01% in DPPH• scavenging activity. Accessions YLB4, YLB7, and YLB14 performed the best, showing antioxidant indices of 100.00, 70.10, and 67.88%, respectively. Among these, YLB14 showed a characteristic property, having the highest levels of vitamin C (2.62 mg/g) and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (2.67). It also had the second highest dietary fiber (21.45%), stearic acid (4.44%), and linoleic acid (40.39%) contents, as well as the lowest thrombogenicity index (0.38). Although cluster and principal component analyses did not clearly separate the yardlong beans based on pod or seed color, analysis of variance revealed that these factors and their interaction had significant effects on total phenol, DPPH• scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, and reducing power. In contrast, the nutritional parameters, except for dietary fiber, were not significantly affected by pod and seed color variations. Therefore, consuming yardlong beans of different pod and seed colors may not affect the overall nutrient intake. In general, this study identified yardlong beans with green pods and black seeds as good sources of antioxidants. Accordingly, further metabolomics and genomics studies are suggested to thoroughly explore their characteristics.

Effect of varying levels of plant density on growth of Yardlong bean

Effect of varying levels of plant density on growth of Yardlong bean

Lignocellulose sustainable composites from agro-waste Asparagus bean stem fiber for polymer casting applications: Effect of fiber treatment

In the past decades, lignocellulose fibers have attracted significant attention due to their low density, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability. Consequently, researchers are intensifying their efforts to explore the potential of lignocellulosic fibers as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fibers in polymer composites. Among various natural fibers identified as potential reinforcements, agro-waste from the Asparagus Bean stem (ABS) which has been discarded as landfill after harvest has emerged as a promising source of lignocellulose fibers for promoting sustainability. This study investigates the reinforcement suitability of ABSF in polymer matrices. A water-retting process was used for extraction, followed by treatment with a 5 % alkali solution. Cellulose content was enhanced to 65 wt%, and fiber density increased to 1.13 g/cm3 after chemical treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated improved thermal stability of the treated fibers up to 247 °C. Morphological analysis showed increased surface roughness and impurity removal. To evaluate the reinforcing effect of the chemical treatment, epoxy composites with 10 wt% reinforcement were developed. The mechanical properties of these composites improved significantly, with more than 1.1 times when used alkali-treated ABSF as reinforcement. Flexural properties were substantially enhanced, with flexural strength increasing from 90.53 MPa to 122.71 MPa and flexural modulus from 2.41 GPa to 2.95 GPa due to better fiber-matrix interaction and removal of weak, amorphous constituents. The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate that ABSF is a viable alternative raw material for composite reinforcement, suitable for developing lightweight structural applications.

Characterization of bean common mosaic virus isolates infecting three leguminous bean crops from South and Southeast Asia.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) is causing economically important diseases in leguminous crops worldwide. In this study, BCMV isolates from country bean (CB, Lablab purpureus), yard-long bean (YLB, Vigna unguiculata) and rajma bean (RB, Phaseolus vulgaris) collected from Bangladesh, Nepal and Cambodia were characterized. Samples tested positive for BCMV in serological assays were subjected to high-throughput sequencing to generate near full-length genome sequences. In pair-wise comparisons of the polyprotein open reading frame, thirteen BCMV isolates from Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Nepal showed sequence identity of 92.1 to 98.8% at the nucleotide and 94.2 to 99% at the amino acid level among themselves and with corresponding sequences of BCMV reported previously. In phylogenetic analyses using the global BCMV sequences, they segregated into five distinct lineages, with RB isolates from Nepal clustering with US1/NL1-clade of common bean isolates from different countries, YLB isolates aligning with blackeye cowpea strain sequences reported from China, and CB isolates from Nepal and Bangladesh clustering with soybean isolates from China. One YLB isolate from Nepal was identified as a putative recombinant. None of the BCMV sequences aligned with isolates representing the RU1 or PStV clades. In grow-out tests, seed samples from local markets showed 14.3 to 38.1% transmission efficiency rate of BCMV with CB seed lots and from 9.5% to 33.3% with YLB seed lots.

Research on the impact of planting schemes on the trait variability of Vigna varieties (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.)

This research aimed to study the formation of asparagus bean yield, taking into account the influence of technological factors, including testing specific varieties based on changes in stand density. Among the primary methods used to investigate this issue were field experiments to examine the cultivation techniques and statistical analysis to assess the reliability of the results. This article presents the results of studies on sowing patterns: 70×10 cm, 70×25 cm (control), 70×40 cm, and 70×50 cm, on bush asparagus bean varieties Kafedralna (Ukraine) and U-Cha-Kontou (China) (control). Stand density significantly influenced the morphometric characteristics and productivity of the studied varieties. Increasing plant density to 143,000 plants/ha led to a significant increase (by 2-3 t/ha) in the yield of flat pods in both cultivars compared to the control (70×25 cm). The highest yield of flat pods (7.7-10.4 t/ha) was obtained for varieties at a density of 143,000 plants/ha. This is related to the optimal provision of plants with moisture, light, and nutrients at a given stand density. The Kafedralna variety generally exhibited a higher yield of flat pods than the U-Cha-Kontou variety. At lower seeding densities (29,000 plants/ ha), the beans had a greater mass (120.5-152.0 g), but their number per plant was lower. Reducing stand density to 29,000 plants/ha led to an increase in the beans’ dry matter, sugars, and vitamin C content. The Kafedralna variety had a higher content of these components under all sowing patterns. A strong correlation was found between biochemical indicators and stand density. The optimal sowing pattern for cowpeas to obtain flat pods in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine can be considered 70×10 cm and 70×25 cm. The Kafedralna variety is recommended for open-field cultivation to obtain flat pods. The materials presented in the article have practical value for developing effective technologies for growing bush varieties of asparagus beans in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine for vegetable production

Flowering zinnia as companion plant increases predatory arthropod abundance and improves yard-long bean yield

Flowering zinnia as companion plant increases predatory arthropod abundance and improves yard-long bean yield

Study on Genetic Variability and Heritability in F3 Population of Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) for Yield and its Components

Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt), is significant among legume vegetable crops. Global warming and climate change can significantly impact its cultivation, yield, and production. This study examined the F3 population of five yardlong bean families: F3-1, F3-2, F3-3, F3-4, and F3-5. The findings revealed that all five families exhibited high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for yield per plant, indicating substantial variability for these traits in their progenies. For all the characters under consideration, the genotypic variation coefficient was lower than the phenotypic coefficient of variation. High heritability, along with high genetic advance per mean (GAM), was observed in pod weight, pods per plant, yield per plant, and vine length. This indicates significant potential for selecting these traits within these specific populations due to the wide range of variation and the influence of additive gene action. The study will help in selecting traits for further crop improvement programs.

The Potential of New Purple Yardlong Bean Varieties in Open-Field Organic Farming Compared with Chemicals Management under Plastic Net-House

The purple yardlong bean "Muang Rachamongkol" is a pure line variety and was improved under organic farming. To examine this variety potential, a randomized complete block design was planned with 4 replications of 20 plants each, in comparison with two varieties: “Sirindhorn#1” and “Laisua Jakkaparn”. These bean varieties were grown during September-November 2020 under 2 production systems; 1) organic system under open-field and 2) under plastic net-house. The results showed that the characteristics of the new variety such as flower, fruit, and seed characters differed from the comparative varieties. For plant growth including plant height and the number of branches, and the interaction between the production system and varieties during the 3rd-6th weeks after planting were found to be significantly different. Plants grown under a chemical system showed a higher plant height and number of branches than an organic system, and varieties “Muang Rachamongkol” and “Sirindhorn#1” showed the highest plant height in both conditions. In addition, the influence of the production system was observed with the chemical system which showed the high number of pods, total pod yield, and pod weight of 34.91 pod/plant, 815.11 g/plant, and 27.67 g/pod, respectively. “Muang Rachamongkol” showed 27.15 pod/plant, 611.83 g/plant, and 26.41 g/pod, which was similar to the responses of “Sirindhorn#1” for the growth, yield, uniformity score, and plant vigor score in both of organic and chemical conditions.

Multivariate Analysis of Biochemical Properties Reveals Diversity among Yardlong Beans of Different Origins.

This study analyzed the nutrient levels, secondary metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities of 35 yardlong bean accessions from China, Korea, Myanmar, and Thailand, along with their key agronomic traits. Significant variations were found in all the parameters analyzed (p < 0.05). The crude fiber (CFC), dietary fiber (DFC), total protein, and total fat contents varied from 4.10 to 6.51%, 16.71 to 23.49%, 22.45 to 28.11%, and 0.59 to 2.00%, respectively. HPLC analysis showed more than a 10-fold difference in vitamin C level (0.23 to 3.04 mg/g), whereas GC-FID analysis revealed the dominance of palmitic acid and linoleic acid. All accessions had high levels of total unsaturated fatty acids, which could help in preventing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, total phenolic, tannin, and saponin contents ranged between 3.78 and 9.13 mg GAE/g, 31.20 and 778.34 mg CE/g, and 25.79 and 82.55 mg DE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities like DPPH• scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging, and reducing power (RP) ranged between 1.63 and 9.95 mg AAE/g, 6.51 and 21.21 mg TE/g, and 2.02, and 15.58 mg AAE/g, respectively. Days to flowering, total fat, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and TPC were significantly influenced by origin and genotype differences, while seeds per pod, one-hundred seeds weight, CFC, DFC, vitamin C, RP, and TSC were not affected by these factors. Multivariate analysis categorized the accessions into four clusters showing significant variations in most of the analyzed parameters. Correlation analysis also revealed significant relationships between several noteworthy parameters. Overall, this comprehensive analysis of biochemical factors revealed diversity among the different yardlong bean varieties. These findings could have practical applications in industries, breeding programs, and conservation efforts.

Intelligent vegetable freshness monitoring system developed by integrating eco-friendly fluorescent sensor arrays with deep convolutional neural networks

Given the perishable and seasonal nature of vegetables, monitoring their freshness is essential to ensure food safety and reduce waste. Currently, there are limited packaging systems for fresh vegetables that incorporate intelligent freshness monitoring labels. Herein, we report on the development and application of a 3 × 6 fluorescent sensor array that exhibits pH-sensitive properties, utilizing curcumin, puerarin, and fisetin. During spoilage, yardlong beans and spinach, which had high protein content, produced alkaline volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whereas sweet corn, rich in sugar, emitted acidic VOCs. The fluorescent sensor array, integrated with deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), enabled non-destructive, real-time, and accurate classification of the freshness of the aforementioned three vegetables by detecting the acidity or alkalinity of their VOCs. The trained ResNet50 DCNN model achieved an overall accuracy of 96.21 % in classifying the freshness of the aforementioned vegetables in the testing set, with specific accuracies of 98.58 % for yardlong beans, 97.15 % for spinach, and 92.89 % for sweet corn, respectively. This intelligent freshness monitoring platform is adaptable for monitoring and classifying the freshness of a wide range of agricultural and food products.

The Application of Botanical Pesticides to Control Fusarium Wilt on Asparagus Beans

Triggered by a fungus of the genus Fusarium, wilting prevails in various horticultural crops in Indonesia. In asparagus beans, this pathogen can lead to decreased production. One eco-friendly controlling measure is the application of botanical pesticides made from betel leaves and neem leaves which have been extensively used to control various pathogenic fungi. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of plant-based pesticides made from neem and betel leaves in controlling Fusarium wilt in asparagus beans. This research was run for approximately six months, initiated at the Laboratory of Plant Protection in Universitas Borneo Tarakan, and ended in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture. It involved Fusarium propagation, preparation of planting media, planting asparagus beans, infecting Fusarium, and producing as well as applying botanical pesticides. It employed a one-factor randomized block design with 5 treatments, control (P0), 5% neem leaf extract per plant (P1), 10% neem leaf extract per plant (P2), 5% betel leaf extract per plant (P3) and 10% betel leaf extract per plant (P4). The covariance analysis results showed that the treatment did nothave a significant effect on the number of affected branches, the number of pods and pod weight. Even so, it can be concluded that P2 can reduce wilted branches by up to 48%, with the same concentration, and P4 can reduce wilted branches by up to 52%. In terms of the total number and the total weight of the pods, P4 achieved the best results with 77 pods, weighing 3,272 grams.

Registration of four pest‐resistant long bean germplasm lines

AbstractLong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis, asparagus bean, Asian yardlong bean), the vegetable type of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], is a climate‐resilient and nutritious food legume grown by Southeast Asian farmers in the Central Valley of California and marketed to Asian immigrant communities across the United States. Insect pests are major threats, reducing yield and quality of all current lines. Modern plant breeding protocols and extension activities were implemented to develop resistant lines using sources of natural resistance found in African cowpea germplasm. Three aphid‐resistant long bean lines, Dark Green 1994 (Reg no. GP‐320, PI 702995), Light Green 2055 (Reg. no. GP‐321, PI 702996), and Purple 2056 (Reg. no. GP‐322, PI 702997), were developed by introgression of two known quantitative trait loci (QTL) for aphid resistance into three local elite lines through marker‐assisted backcrossing (MABC). One bush‐type long bean line, Bush 2074 (Reg. no. GP‐319, PI 702994), carrying two known QTL for root‐knot nematode resistance, was also developed to enable scaling up production and to improve nematode management in large‐scale commercial farming. These improved lines were evaluated in controlled experiments which also served in outreach activities to enable adoption. Each of these advanced lines, when forming a near‐isogenic pair with its recurrent parent, can provide useful genetic materials for resistance gene discovery.

Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the mediator complex subunit in asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedialis) and its expression profile under cold stress

BackgroundThe mediator complex subunits (MED) constitutes a multiprotein complex, with each subunit intricately involved in crucial aspects of plant growth, development, and responses to stress. Nevertheless, scant reports pertain to the VunMED gene within the context of asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedialis). Establishing the identification and exploring the responsiveness of VunMED to cold stress forms a robust foundation for the cultivation of cold-tolerant asparagus bean cultivars.ResultsWithin this study, a comprehensive genome-wide identification of VunMED genes was executed in the asparagus bean cultivar 'Ningjiang3', resulting in the discovery of 36 distinct VunMED genes. A phylogenetic analysis encompassing 232 MED genes from diverse species, including Arabidopsis, tomatoes, soybeans, mung beans, cowpeas, and asparagus beans, underscored the highly conserved nature of MED gene sequences. Throughout evolutionary processes, each VunMED gene underwent purification and neutral selection, with the exception of VunMED19a. Notably, VunMED9/10b/12/13/17/23 exhibited structural variations discernible across four cowpea species. Divergent patterns of temporal and spatial expression were evident among VunMED genes, with a prominent role attributed to most genes during early fruit development. Additionally, an analysis of promoter cis-acting elements was performed, followed by qRT-PCR assessments on roots, stems, and leaves to gauge relative expression after exposure to cold stress and subsequent recovery. Both treatments induced transcriptional alterations in VunMED genes, with particularly pronounced effects observed in root-based genes following cold stress. Elucidating the interrelationships between subunits involved a preliminary understanding facilitated by correlation and principal component analyses.ConclusionsThis study elucidates the pivotal contribution of VunMED genes to the growth, development, and response to cold stress in asparagus beans. Furthermore, it offers a valuable point of reference regarding the individual roles of MED subunits.

Influence of biological preparations on organic cultivation of vegetable plants

The introduction of organic technology for growing vegetable plants will help to reduce the environmental burden of pesticides and produce safe vegetable products with high yields. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of biological preparations on the organic cultivation of vegetable plants. Field, measuring and weighing, mathematical and statistical methods were used to determine the efficacy of the preparations. The study was conducted in 2018-2021 in different regions of Ukraine. It was established that the systemic use of biologics during the growing season of vegetable plants provided rapid growth and development, helped to increase immunity to diseases, reduced the activity of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil, and provided an increase in overall yield. The general use of biologic preparations in open ground conditions contributed to a total potato yield of 25.4 t/ha, and the complex use of preparations on Brussels sprouts forms a larger number of heads – 90 units. The Organic Balance biological product provided an increase in yield of up to 3.5 t/ha and 90% marketability of products when growing Chinese cabbage. Chemical analysis showed that the use of biologics increased the dry matter in tomato fruits by 1.03 % – in the Rio Fuego variety and 1.39% – in the Missouri variety. The yield increase in the studied varieties of asparagus beans Laura and Purpurova was 0.5 and 0.6 t/ha compared to the variants without seed inoculation. The use of biological preparations provided a higher yield in tomato plants of the Asvon variety by 2.2 t/ha, significantly reduced the content of nitrates in fruits to 50-80 mg/kg, while in the control – 110-170 mg/kg, increased the content of dry matter by 1.03 and 1.39%, depending on the variety. The gross yield of winter garlic with the use of biologics increased by 5%, and the marketability of potato tubers increased by 5%. Organic technologies would allow farmers to minimise the use of pesticides, produce environmentally friendly products, and increase yields

Assessment of Yard Long Bean Varieties for Optimal Cultivation in Tropical Conditions

Yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata) is an important leguminous crop in tropical countries. It is a very common vegetable cultivated by the farmers of the South Asian countries including Bangladesh. The popularity of this vegetable is increasing due to its good taste and nutritive value. An experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Field, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh, from October 2021 to December 2021 to evaluate the growth and yield performance of four varieties of yard long bean. The varieties were FLK-203, FLK-204, FLK-205, FLK-206. The study revealed that the highest plant height (261.8) was recorded in the Yard-long bean FLK-206 followed by FLK-203 (239.1). The first flowering (31.33 DAP) was found in variety FLK-203 followed by variety FLK-204 (36 DAP). The highest number of pods plant-1 (25.33) was found in Yard long bean variety FLK-204 followed by variety FLK-206 (18.33) plant-1. Maximum fruit length (67.56 cm) was recorded in variety FLK-206 followed by yard-long bean variety FLK-204 (56.16). The highest pod girth (1.06 cm) was in the yard long bean variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-204 (0.8 cm). Maximum number of seed pod-1 (20.66) was found in variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-206 (18.66). The highest weight of 10 seeds (2.21) was found in variety FLK-206 followed by variety FLK-204 (1.16). The highest fresh weight pod-1 (32.4 gm) was in the yard long bean variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-204 (24.23 gm). The highest yield pod-1 (690.26 gm) was in yard-long bean variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-206 (506.2 gm). The highest pod yield ha-1 (82.73 t ha-1) was recorded in yard-long bean FLK-203 followed by FLK-206 (60.73 t ha-1). So, the variety Yard long bean FLK-203 was found superior based on the overall performance for cultivation under the Argo-climatic condition of Noakhali. Vol. 10, No. 3, December 2023: 269-276

Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and its attributing traits in Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata sub sp. sesquipedalis) genotypes

Correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and its attributing traits in Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata sub sp. sesquipedalis) genotypes

Evaluation of Local and Exotic Hybrid Genotypes of Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata) in Saline Prone Area of Bangladesh

Evaluation of Local and Exotic Hybrid Genotypes of Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata) in Saline Prone Area of Bangladesh

Relative impact of vermiwash against phytophagous insects and growth properties of yardlong bean (&lt;em&gt;Vigna unguiculata&lt;/em&gt;)

Due to severe insect infestation, yardlong (Vigna unguiculata) bean expansion and production have been declining in Sri Lanka. This experiment tested the effectiveness of several vermiwash against phytophagous insects in yardlong bean. Ten distinct types of vermiwash were generated by alternately and separately feeding exotic (Eudriluseuginea) and indigenous types earthworm with the specified botanicals, viz. onion and garlic peel, marigold and neem leaves, and the materials given for mass culturing. Eleven treatments including 10 vermiwash and untreated control and three blocks were laid on Randomized Complete Block Design. Since the third week of planting, vermiwashes have been administered to the corresponding plots at weekly intervals. Before each application of treatment, the total number of insects in each treated and untreated plot were carefully counted. ANOVA assessed treatment effects, and Duncan's Multiple Range Test compared mean separation values at 5% significance using SAS software. Plots treated with vermiwash made from indigenous earthworm varieties with garlic peel (1.33), exotic varieties with onion peel (2.33), and native varieties with onion peel (3.00) had the significantly similar fewest epilachna beetles. Further, vermiwash of an indigenous variety with neem leaves, where the maximum yield of yardlong beans was also discovered, had a considerably lower population of epilachna beetles. Furthermore, with the exception of the vermiwash of exotic species with onion peel, practically all treatments were less harmful to ladybird beetles. As demonstrated by this experiment, vermiwash has a beneficial effect on plant development in terms of both plant height and leaf area. Vermiwash made from combining an indigenous species of earthworm with neem leaves was potentially suggested for yardlong bean production since it was both environmentally and economically efficient.

Pengaruh waktu induksi dan ZPT terhadap pertumbuhan kalus kotiledon kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)

Yard-Long bean plants are an agricultural commodity that has great potential to be developed because they are easy to cultivate, their market share is also quite high but there are still problems in meeting the need for sufficient seeds and they are still susceptible to pests and disease. Therefore, efforts need to be made to increase production and induce variations. One method that can be used is tissue culture for the induction of somaclonal variations and/or the formation of transgenic plants. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in callus initiation time and the effect of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) administration on the growth of long bean cotyledon explant callus. Seed sterilization was carried out using detergent, 10% sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol and sterile distilled water. The results of the research showed that variations in callus initiation time on MS media with the addition of 2,4-D PGR and the use of several variations of PGR in subcultures were able to initiate callus and influence callus size, callus color, and the percentage of browning of Yard-long bean cotyledon explants. Callus initiation time of 4 weeks with a combination of 2 ppm BAP concentration with 0.1 ppm IAA produced the largest callus size and brownish white callus color. The addition of PGR during subculture had a smaller browning percentage than the treatment without PGR.

COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC VIABILITY ANALYSES OF INTEGRATED AND POLY CULTURE SYSTEM OF PRAWN (MACHROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII) PRODUCTION

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of integrated culture on Prawn (Machrobrachium rosenbergii) production compared with the prawn polyculture system, in terms of production and financial profitability and viability. In the polyculture system, prawn were incorporated with rohu (Labeo rohita), mola (Ambypharyngodon mola), snail (Pila golobosa), and in case of the integrated culture system with three treatments (T1, T2 and T3), prawn, rohu, mola, snail were cultured with integrating vegetables: the T1 had dike-vegetables (brinjal,lady finger, tomato); , the T2 had hanging vegetable (bottle gourd; sponge gourd), and floating vegetables (kolmi, helencha); the T3 had floating-bed vegetables (tomato, onion; yardlong beans, capsicum, chili). The prawns were cultured for 240 days with feeding of commercial feed at the rate of 8% of body weight. The production of prawn in the integrated culture system was 712.34±15.623, 714.36±14.77 and 741.98±15.39 kg/ha whereas 646.90±19.36 kg/haprawn in the polyculture. Dike vegetable tomato, lady finger and brinjal were produced 416.67, 916.67 and 104.2kg/ha respectively; hanging vegetables guard and sponge guard were produced 666.63 and 583.43 kg/ha respectively; floating vegetables Kolmi and helencha were produced 333.3 and 625 kg/ha respectively and floating bed vegetables onion and hybrid long beans was 291 and 390 kg/ha. It has been evident that the integrated culture system had higher prawn production than had the polyculture system. The net revenue from integrated culture system was 436015.7, 41153505 and 420018.4 TK in the T1,T2, and T3, respectively and 322837 TK in the polyculture system, addressing the profitability of integrating vegetables in the prawn multi-trophic culture system.The resultant information has pointed out the suitability of integrating prawn, finfish, snail and vegetables, which can be an eco-friendly (i.e. bio mitigation intervention) system for fulfilling household nutrition by regular consumption as well as for earning money by selling.