Vigna Radiata Seeds Research Articles

Study of the effect of the fermentation process on the biochemical characteristics of Vigna radiata

This article provides a comparative assessment of the chemical composition, the content of vitamins, minerals and amino acid composition of ordinary and fermented mung bean seeds, Vigna radiata. The seeds of Vigna radiata of the domestic selection "Zhasyl Dan" are the object of research. In order to increase the biological values of Vigna radiata seeds and improve their biochemical composition, a fermentation process was carried out. The effect of the fermentation process on the biochemical and amino acid composition of Vigna radiata seeds was studied. The fermentation process of mung bean seeds occurs due to the activation of a number of biochemical compounds and enzymes contained in the seed itself. The main substances that participate in and influence fermentation are amylases, proteases, lipases, gibberellins and other phytohormones such as auxins and cytokinins, polyphenols and antioxidants. Fermentation of Vigna radiata seeds was carried out at room temperature 200 C for 72 hours. The seeds were placed in a plastic container, then covered with drinking water also at room temperature. The water level was monitored every 12 hours. The research was carried out in the accredited testing laboratory "Regional Testing Laboratory of Engineering profile "Structural and Biochemical Materials" on the basis of M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent. As a result of the study, it was found that fermentation of Vigna radiata seeds leads to an improvement in physico-chemical properties. This is due to the strengthening of the amino acid composition of the Vigna radiata seed, especially the effect of fermentation has a positive effect on essential amino acids. It was found that as a result of fermentation, the level of essential amino acids increased in the following order: valine – by 25.4%, leucine – by 32.8%, phenylalanine – by 27.7%, threonine – by 44.9%. There was also a decrease in the indicators of anti-nutritional substances - in particular, there was a decrease in the amount of oligosaccharides. Due to the activation of the enzyme systems of the seed itself, their nutritional and biological value increases.

Exploring Moringa concanensis nimmo mediated Bio-preparation of Ag doped MgO nanoparticles for biological activity and chromium (VI) remediation

The ethanolic extract of Moringa concanensis plant bark was used as a reducing agent for the phyto-mediated synthesis of Ag-doped MgO nanoparticles (Mc-Ag-MgO NPs). The Mc-Ag-MgO NPs were characterized using various analytical tools. The nanoparticles were found to be acicular in morphology with a crystallite size of 34.64 nm. The Mc-Ag-MgO NPs were evaluated for their antioxidant, anticancer, brine shrimp lethality, Cr(VI) adsorption, and phytotoxic properties. The plant extract contained phenols (102.87 ± 1.24 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (118.76 ± 1.34 mg QE/g DW), and terpenoids (44.78 ± 1.43 mg linalool/g of extract DW). The Mc-Ag-MgO NPs showed significant results in phosphomolybdate, DPPH, metal chelating, and reducing power assays, confirming their antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties in biological systems. The Mc-Ag-MgO NPs exhibited significant cytotoxicity against A549 cells and were found to be least toxic to brine shrimp, confirming their anticancer activity and biocompatibility or safety towards the ecological system. The Mc-Ag-MgO NPs (100 mg) showed 100 % adsorption of 100 ppm Cr(VI) in solution at the optimum pH of 5 and a contact time of 120 min, indicating its higher efficiency in heavy metal remediation and usage over chemically derived adsorbent. The germination percentage in Vigna radiata seeds was found to be 66.67 ± 0.22 % and 63.33 ± 0.32 % for Mc-Ag-MgO NPs before and after Cr(VI) adsorption, respectively, showing its safety and potential application in agriculture. Therefore, it can be useful for applications including biomedicine, Cr(VI) remediation, and agricultural safety.

Nano-priming of Vigna radiata seeds with opuntia stricta-derived γFe2O3 nanoparticles

The experimental investigation aimed to enhance sustainable and biocompatible nano-agriculture by examining the possible effects of biosynthesized nanoparticles (γFe2O3 NPs) on seed growth and growth parameters of Vigna radiata. The outcomes of various characterization procedures such as FTIR, XRD, UV, and Fe-SEM were used to determine the successful generation of γFe2O3 NPs (nanoparticles), which were capped with multiple phytoconstituents contained in the Opuntia stricta extract. γFe2O3 NPs were synthesised, as evidenced by the peak's presence, having a mean crystallite size of 13.9 nm, and were successfully detected using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crucial Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) testing also yielded unambiguous proof of the element iron's presence. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the synthesis of pure maghemite nanoparticles. Wide areas around 350, 500, 670, and 1330 cm-1 values verify the creation of pure maghemite. TGA analysis was performed to check the stability of nanoparticles in which the residual weight was found to be 87.62%. TEM images confirm the spherical shape, and the mean size of the nanoparticles was found to be 12.28 nm. Through a number of tests, the analysis showed that the nanoparticles have a strong antioxidant capacity. This experiment aimed to determine how biogenic γFe2O3 Nanoparticles affected Vigna radiata seed germination. Measurements of shoot and root lengths, seed vigour index, germination rates, mean daily germination, and peak value (PV) were all included of the assessment. There was a total of four distinct γFe2O3 NPs concentrations examined (25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL). The penetration of the γFe2O3 NPs affects the germination and growth of the Vigna radiata seeds. When compared to untreated seeds, the germination index values for Vigna radiata seeds that underwent effective treatment with γFe2O3 NPs significantly improved.

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Fixed bed column adsorption systems to remove 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide from aqueous solutions using magnetic activated carbon

The widespread use of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a weedkiller has resulted in its persistence in the environment, leading to surface and groundwater pollution. In this study, the fixed bed column experiments were performed to remove 2,4-D from aqueous solutions using magnetic activated carbon derived from Peltophorum pterocarpum tree pods. The evaluation was done on effects of operating parameters such as bed depth (2–4 cm), influent flow rate (4.6–11.4 mL/min), and 2,4-D concentration (25–100 mg/L) on the breakthrough curves. The data fit well with the Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models, exhibiting high R2 values. Results indicated that lower flow rates, lower 2,4-D concentrations, and greater bed depths enhanced adsorption capacity, achieving up to 196.31 mg/g. Reusability studies demonstrated the material's potential for repeated use, while toxicity studies with Vigna radiata seeds confirmed the effectiveness of Fe3O4-CPAC in removing 2,4-D. This investigation highlights the promising application of Fe3O4-CPAC in fixed bed adsorption systems for efficient 2,4-D removal.

Green-synthesized CuO and ZnO nanoparticles derived from Calotropis gigantea (Apple of Sodom): enhancing plant growth, efficient dye removal, and potent antibacterial applications.

Nanoparticles, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant attention in various scientific disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, biology, and environmental engineering. In recent years, the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as NiO, Fe2O3, ZnO, SnO2, and CuO via green routes, has gained attraction due to their diverse applications in fields ranging from catalysis and electronics to medicine and environmental remediation. This study focuses on the green synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Calotropis gigantea (Apple of Sodom) leaf extract as a reducing agent and stabilizer, with zinc nitrate (ZnNO3.6H2O) and copper nitrate (CuNO3.3H2O) as precursors. The hexagonal phase of ZnO and monoclinic plan structure of CuO with high crystallinity was confirmed by XRD and elemental composition by EDX analysis. With the help of an SEM image, particle size measured for CuO and ZnO using ImageJ software was found to be 56.08nm and 46.49nm, respectively. This study investigates the efficacy of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment, particularly focusing on methylene blue dye decolorization using the statistical processing of response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken method. Additionally, it explores the impact of synthesized nanoparticles on seed growth enhancement, using Vigna radiata (green gram) seeds immersed in various doses of nanoparticles (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2mg/30mL). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is evaluated. The results confirm the effectiveness of the materials for methylene blue dye removal, achieving 80.53% with CuO and 78.25% with ZnO. Significant seed growth was observed with a low nanoparticle dosage of 1.5mg/30mL, resulting in the highest seedling vigour index and germination percentage. This reduces the need for fertilizers and lessens environmental impact.

Sonocatalysis and Photocatalysis in Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 ceramics

AbstractThe photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and sono‐photocatalytic performances of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) ceramic (synthesized through solid‐state reaction route) were investigated for the degradation of an organic dye named methylene blue (MB). The as‐prepared BST ceramic powder was characterized using a scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The optical energy band gap of BST ceramic was found to be ∼3.17 eV. BST has shown significant catalytic activity following sonocatalysis and photocatalysis processes, i.e, ∼48% and ∼65% in 3 h, respectively. The synergic effect of the sonocatalysis and photocatalysis processes had shown an excellent degradation of 81% in 3 h. To determine the reactive species responsible for the degradation of MB dye, a scavenger test was also performed using isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and benzoquinone (BQ) scavengers. The degree of MB dye degradation was quantified by a phytotoxicity test on “Vigna radiata” seeds. Furthermore, the potentiality of BST ceramic was explored for water cleaning applications while irradiating it to solar radiation in real‐time conditions.

"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from (Tectona Grandis Linn.) Teak Leaves and its Phytostimulatory Effect on Vigna Radiata Seeds"

"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from (Tectona Grandis Linn.) Teak Leaves and its Phytostimulatory Effect on Vigna Radiata Seeds"

Detoxification of p-nitrophenol (PNP) using Enterococcus gallinarum JT-02 isolated from animal farm waste sludge

Enterococcus gallinarum (JT-02) isolated and identified from the animal farm waste sludge was found to be capable of biodegrading p-nitrophenol (PNP), an organic compound used to manufacture drugs, fungicides, insecticides, dyes, and to darken leather. The intention of this study was to optimize the biodegradation by finding the optimal conditions for the specific strain through single-factor experiments. The bacterial strain was grown in Luria Bertani broth and various parameters were optimized to achieve the prime settings for the p-nitrophenol (PNP) biodegradation. The results indicated that the best setups for the biodegradation by the strain JT-02 was 100 mg/L of PNP; pH 7; 30 °C; 150 rpm in a shaker incubator and 3% (v/v) of inoculum dose. Once the optimal conditions were found, the bacteria were capable of degrading p-nitrophenol (98.21%) in 4 days. Intermediates produced during PNP biodegradation were identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis and the biodegradation pathway was elucidated. Phytotoxicity studies were carried out with Vigna radiata seeds to confirm the applicability and efficiency of PNP biodegradation.

Ball-milling synthesized Bi2VO5.5 for piezo-photocatalytic assessment

The mechanochemical ball milling followed by heating at 650 °C for 5 h successfully produced the single-phase Bi2VO5.5 powder. Catalytic activity for methylene blue dye degradation was investigated. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to confirm the phase formation. The sample’s charge carrier transportation behavior was ascertained using time-dependent photocurrent analysis. The piezo-photocatalysis experiment yielded a 63% degradation efficiency for the ball-milled Bi2VO5.5 sample. The pseudo-first-order kinetics of the piezo-photocatalytic dye degradation are discerned, and the significant k value of 0.00529 min−1 is achieved. The scavenger test declares the h+ radical is the predominant active species during the piezo-photocatalysis experiment. Vigna radiata seeds were used in a phytotoxicity test to evaluate the germination index. The mechanochemical activation method facilitates reactions by lowering reaction temperature and time. The effect of improved piezo-photocatalytic efficiency on the ball-milled Bi2VO5.5 powder is an unexplored area, and we have attempted to investigate it. Here, ball-milled Bi2VO5.5 powder achieved improved dye degradation performance.

Ultra-fast photocatalytic degradation and seed germination of band gap tunable nickel doping ceria nanoparticles

Doping transition metal ions into cerium oxide (CeO2) results in interesting modifications to the material, including an increase in surface area, a high isoelectric point, biocompatibility, greater ionic conductivity, and catalytic activity. Herein, various concentrations (1–5%, 10% and 20%) of nickel (Ni) doped CeO2 nanoparticle have been made by a facile chemical process. Using a variety of cutting-edge analytical techniques, the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of undoped and varied concentrations (1–5%, 10%, and 20%) of Ni doped CeO2 nanoparticles have been investigated. Pure cubic fluorite structure with average crystallite sizes in the region of 12–15 nm was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed highly homogeneous hexagonal shape of the particles with average size of 15 nm, was also used to determine microstructural information. According to the optical absorption, the band gaps of Ni doped and undoped CeO2 nanoparticles were found to be 2.96 eV and 1.95 eV, respectively. When exposed to sunlight, the narrow band gap Ni doped CeO2 nanoparticles worked as an active visible light catalyst to remove the dyes Rose Bengal (RB) and Direct Yellow (DY). The best photodegradation efficiencies for RB and DY dyes were found about 93% and 97%, respectively, using the 5% Ni-doped CeO2 catalyst. The apparent rate constant values of 0.039 for RB and 0.040 min−1 were attained for DY. As well, the treated, untreated dye solution and control solutions were utilized to assess the toxicity of commercially accessible Vigna Radiata seeds. In this study exhibits percentages of length and germination increased by 30–35% when compared to dye pollutant solution. The Ni doped CeO2 can provide a substantial alternative for current industrial waste management because of its quick photocatalytic activity and remarkable seed germination results.

Transcriptome and physiological determination reveal the effects of selenite on the growth and selenium metabolism in mung bean sprouts

Selenium (Se) biofortification of crops has been studied to substantially improve the Se content in human dietary food intake. In the present study, Vigna radiata (mung bean) seeds were soaked in different concentrations of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Low concentration of selenite is conducive to seed germination and growth, and can increase the fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of sprouts. The concentration of Na2SeO3 lower than 50 mg/kg resulted in noticeable elongation in the stem and marginal elongation in root. Mung bean seeds soaked with 80 mg/kg Na2SeO3 accounted for 93.77% of organic Se after growing for about 5 days. Transcriptome data revealed that Se treatment enhances starch and sugar metabolism, along with the up-regulation of ribosomal protein and DNA synthesis related genes. Further analysis indicated that the mung bean seeds absorbed Na2SeO3 through PHT1.1 and NIP2. Se (IV) was transformed into Se (VI) and transported to stems, leaves and roots through cotyledons during the germination of bean sprouts. SULTR3;3 may play an important role in the transit process. Se (VI) or Se (IV) transported to the leaves was catalytically transformed into SeCys through SiR and CS, and SeCys is further converted to MeSeCys through SMT. Most SeCys were transformed into SeHCys through CBL, transported to plastids, and finally transformed into SeMet through Met Synthase.

Piezocatalytic activity of CaO–Bi2O3–B2O3 glass-ceramics under ultrasonic vibrations

Transparent glass-ceramics of CaO–Bi2O3–B2O3 (CBBO) were fabricated using the conventional melt quench technique. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were employed to confirm the phase of the prepared samples. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to verify that the material was, indeed, glassy. The CBBO glass samples were subjected to heat treatment at 540 °C for 30 min and 1 h based on their crystallization temperature obtained from DSC analysis. This study focused on the piezocatalytic behavior of CBBO glass-ceramic samples. Piezocatalysis experiments were conducted on the fabricated glass-ceramic samples, and it was discovered that the samples heat-treated for 30 min (HT30m) at 540 °C showed maximum dye degradation of 61% under 240 min of ultrasonication. Experiments were repeated multiple times to confirm their reliability. Additionally, a phytotoxicity assessment was performed on the degraded dye using vigna radiata seeds. The antibacterial properties of the CBBO glass-ceramic samples were also investigated via piezocatalysis. It was discovered that the HT30m CBBO glass-ceramic sample removes 98% of Escherichia coli and 99% of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria within 120 min of ultrasonication.

Piezo-photocatalytic activity of Bi2VO5.5 for methylene blue dye degradation

This study comprises the combined effect of piezocatalytic and photocatalytic activity to obtain improved piezo-photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency in visible light. Single-phase Bi2VO5.5 powder was prepared through solid-state synthesis at 750 °C in 8 h. Time-dependent photocurrent responses were conducted to understand the phenomenon of charge carrier transport in visible light. Bi2VO5.5 powder sample demonstrated high photocatalytic efficiency and good reusability possessing a bandgap value of 2.13 eV. Bi2VO5.5 powder sample attained ∼70% and ∼58% degradation efficiency during photocatalysis and piezocatalysis respectively. The piezo-photocatalytic methylene blue dye attained ∼82% degradation efficiency in 240 min duration of visible light illumination. The scavenger test depicted holes (h+) as the principal active species in the piezo-photocatalytic dye degradation. There incurred no severe loss in photocatalytic efficiency even after 4 cycles which proclaims the reusability of the Bi2VO5.5 powder sample. A study on the kinetic rate constant with varying dye concentrations was conducted. With varied dye concentration of 5, 10, 15 mg/L, the kinetic rate constant obtained was 0.00528, 0.0030, and 0.00125 min−1, respectively. Germination index was found through a phytotoxicity test using vigna radiata seeds. Here visible light along with mechanical energy has been used to achieve higher MB dye degradation efficiency through piezo-photocatalysis.

Genotoxic hazard and oxidative stress induced by wastewater irrigated soil with special reference to pesticides and heavy metal pollution

Due to enhancement of industrial growth and urbanization, soil contamination is increasing prominently. Therefore, it is important to examine possible adverse effects of industrial waste. Soil samples were might to be polluted with several heavy-metals and pesticides. Gas chromatographic results showed occurrence of high-level of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in studied soil samples. Genotoxicity of soil extracts was assessed using environmental-risk assessment models. Soil samples were extracted in hexane and dichloromethane solvents and were evaluated for genotoxic potential by prokaryotic (Ames test, plasmid nicking assay and E. coli K-12 DNA repair defective mutants) and eukaryotic (Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration and Vigna radiata seed-germination test) bioassays. Strain TA98 was found the most susceptible among soil extracts. The mutagenicity of hexane soil extract from wastewater irrigation was found to be higher than that of DCM samples in terms of mutagenic index, mutagenic potential, and induction factor for Ames strains. The damage in DNA repair defective mutants of hexane extracts were found higher compared to DCM extracts at dose of 20 μl/ml of culture. Survival in polA, lexA and recA mutants were 39%, 47% and 55% while treated with hexane extract. Allium cepa test, mitotic index was decreased in dose-dependent way and various kinds of chromosomal aberrations were found. Vigna radiata seeds germination and other parameters were also affected when treated with wastewater irrigated (WWI) soil. Oxidative stress in V. radiata roots were also showed under CLS microscope. Genotoxicity of WWI soil extract was also confirmed by plasmid nicking test. Our study provides possible explanation for the assessment of potential health and environmental hazards of the industrial region.

The Biodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Using Response Surface Methodology: Effect of Biogenic Substrate and Kinetic Evaluation.

4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) is a persistent organic pollutant commonly found in petrochemical effluents. It causes toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human beings and aquatic lives. Therefore, an environmentally benign and cost-effective approach is needed against such pollutants. In this direction, the chlorophenol degrading bacterial consortium consisting of Bacillus flexus GS1 IIT (BHU) and Bacillus cereus GS2 IIT (BHU) was isolated from a refinery site. A composite biocarrier namely polypropylene-polyurethane foam (PP-PUF) was developed for bacterial cells immobilization purpose. A lab-scale moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) packed with Bacillus sp. immobilized PP-PUF biocarrier was employed to analyse the effect of peptone on biodegradation of 4-CP. The statistical tool, i.e. response surface methodology (RSM), was used to optimize the process variables (4-CP concentration, peptone concentration and hydraulic retention time). The higher values of peptone concentration and hydraulic retention time were found to be favourable for maximum removal of 4-CP. At the optimized process conditions, the maximum removals of 4-CP and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were obtained to be 91.07 and 75.29%, respectively. In addition, three kinetic models, i.e. second-order, Monod and modified Stover-Kincannon models, were employed to investigate the behaviour of MBBR during 4-CP biodegradation. The high regression coefficients obtained by the second-order and modified Stover-Kincannon models showed better accuracy for estimating substrate degradation kinetics. The phytotoxicity study supported that the Vigna radiata seeds germinated in treated wastewater showed higher growth (i.e. radicle and plumule) than the untreated wastewater.

0-D/3-D heterojunction composite constructed by decorating transition metal oxide nanoparticle on peony-like ZnO hierarchical microstructure for improved photodegradation of palm oil mill effluent

A series of transition metal oxide nanoparticles decorated on peony-like hierarchical porous ZnO (MO/ZnO, where MO = CuO, WO3 and Nb2O5) was synthesized using a precipitation-ultrasonic method. The X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy findings indicated the existence of both MO and ZnO in the composites. The field-emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope observations revealed that the MO nanoparticles were well dispersed onto peony-like ZnO hierarchical microstructure. Furthermore, the enhanced visible light absorption abilities of MO/ZnO were confirmed by UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic effectiveness of MO/ZnO was investigated by palm oil mill effluent (POME) degradation under UV irradiation. Among them, Nb2O5/ZnO composite exhibited the best photodegradation efficiency (91.7%) and the highest rate constant (0.0102 min−1) after 240 min irradiation. Moreover, a complete decolorization of POME was observed after 30 min irradiation using Nb2O5/ZnO composite. The phytotoxic effects of POME against the Vigna radiata seeds also reduced greatly after photocatalytically treated using Nb2O5/ZnO composite. Meantime, the product revealed great photocatalytic stability with the degradation efficiency retained more than 80% after 4 cycles. The radical trapping experiment demonstrated that hydroxyl radical and photogenerated hole played major role in POME degradation. The outstanding photoactivity of Nb2O5/ZnO composite can be explicated by efficient charge separation between Nb2O5 and ZnO where the evidence can be obtained from photoluminescence and terephthalic acid-photoluminescence probing analyses. The present study to construct these heterojunction composites can provide an innovative view to design highly effective photocatalytic system for the treatment of industrial wastewater.

Effect of green synthesized nano-titanium synthesized from Trachyspermum ammi extract on seed germination of Vigna radiate

The current work investigates the conditional influence on Vigna radiate seed germination in vitro and in vivo using the green chemistry approach for the manufacture of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) from seed extract of Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi). Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the TiO2 NPs produced. The crystalline nature of TiO2 NP was revealed by XRD data, and TEM investigation revealed an irregularity in TiO2 NP shape with a size of 17.5 nm. UV absorbance at 315 nm for the TiO2 NPs was observed using Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. The antioxidant potential of the synthesized nanoparticle was discovered to be good. In case of seed germination studies, six concentrations (25, 50 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg mL− 1) of TiO2 NPs were examined along with the control on Vigna radiata seeds. Germination parameters such as seed vigor index (SVI), germination percentage (GP), germination value (GV) root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) of the Vigna radiata seedlings were observed and results revealed that the green synthesized TiO2 NPs were significantly improved. The results indicated that the TiO2 NP affected the plant growth more specifically at lower concentration (50 μg mL−1) of TiO2 NPs. Overall, the findings of this present study stipulated that the green TiO2 NP production can enhance the growth of Vigna radiate under in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Biodegradation of Reactive Yellow-145 azo dye using bacterial consortium: A deterministic analysis based on degradable Metabolite, phytotoxicity and genotoxicity study

Azo dyes are used at larger-scale as coloring agent in the textile industry. It generates a huge amount of dye containing wastewater and its toxicity threatens all kinds of life and also impacts human beings. At present, more impetus is being given to the biological treatment of dye effluent because of its azoreductase enzyme action to break down azo bond which leads to decolorization and degradation of dye. Bacterial consortium of E. asburiae and E. cloacae (1:1 ratio) was used for degradation and decolorization of Reactive Yellow-145 (RY-145) dye. The optimization of dye concentration, temperature, pH, and media has been carried out to determine the conditions required for maximum degradation and decolorization. The mixed consortium (10%) has shown 98.78% decolorization of RY-145 dye under static condition at 500 mgL−1 concentration, 35 °C and pH 7.0 at 12 h contact period. FTIR analysis showed formation of new functional groups in the treated dye, such as O–H stretch at 1361 cm−1, C–H stretch at 890 cm−1, N–H stretch at 1598 cm−1 and aromatic C–H at 671 cm−1 revealing degradation of dye. Biodegraded metabolites of RY-145 dye were identified through GC-MS analysis that includes 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 5-Nitroso-2, 4, 6-triaminopyrimidine, Octahydroquinoline-9-hydroxyperoxide, Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, respectively which have industrial applications. Cyclohexane was used in gasoline and adhesive while Octahydroquinoline-9-hydroxyperoxide and 5-Nitroso-2, 4, 6-triaminopyrimidine were used in manufacturing drugs. Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester are antimicrobial and antioxidant. Phytotoxicity test also showed non-toxic effects of treated dye on germination of Cicer arietinum and Vigna radiata seeds. Similarly, genotoxicity study indicated less toxic effects of biodegraded dye products on Mitotic index (MI) and cell division of Allium cepa.

Sonophotocatalytic Dye Degradation Using rGO-BiVO4 Composites.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/bismuth vanadate BiVO4 composites are fabricated with varied rGO amounts (0, 1, 2, and 3 wt%) through the synergetic effects of ultrasonication, photoinduced reduction, and hydrothermal methods, and the materials are tested as tools for sonophotocatalytic methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. The effect of rGO content on the sonophotocatalytic dye degradation capabilities of the composites are explored. Characterization of the proposed materials is done through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. The coexistence of BiVO4 and rGO is confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and XRD. TEM confirms the existence of interfaces between rGO and BiVO4 and XPS affirms the existence of varied elemental oxidation states. In order to investigate the charge carriers transportation, time‐dependent photocurrent responses of BiVO4 and 2 wt%‐ rGO/BiVO4 are done under visible light irradiation. The sonophotocatalytic MB dye degradation in an aqueous medium displays promising enhancement with rGO doping in rGO/BiVO4 composite. The 2 wt%‐ rGO/BiVO4 sample exhibits ≈52% MB dye degradation efficiency as compared to pure BiVO4 (≈25%) in 180 min of the sonophotocatalysis experiment. Phytotoxicity analysis through germination index is done using vigna radiata seeds.