Sectional View Research Articles

ViTA: A flexible CAD-tool-independent automatic grading platform for two-dimensional CAD drawings

Grading engineering drawings takes a significant amount of an instructor’s time, especially in large classrooms. In many cases, teaching assistants help with grading, adding levels of inconsistency and unfairness. To help in grading automation of CAD drawings, this paper introduces a novel tool that can completely automate the grading process after students submit their work. The introduced tool, called Virtual Teaching Assistant (ViTA), is a CAD-tool-independent platform that can work with exported drawings originating from different CAD software having different export settings. Using computer vision techniques applied to exported images of the drawings, ViTA can not only recognize whether or not a two-dimensional (2 D) drawing is correct, but also offers the detection of many important orthographic and sectional view mistakes such as mistakes in structural features, outline, hatching, orientation, scale, line thickness, colors, and views. We show ViTA’s accuracy and its relevance in the automated grading of 2 D CAD drawings by evaluating it using 500 student drawings created with three different CAD software.

IMPROVING SPATIAL ABILITY SKILLS OF FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS IN BASIC ENGINEERING DRAWING USING A SOLID PAIR MODEL

Good spatial ability skills are an important component of an engineer’s ability to create and interpret engineering drawings, which is demanding in thinking, being a problem-solving process. The ability of an engineer to visualize in 3D is a cognitive skill that is attached to success in basic engineering drawing subjects. Engineering and technology education students need good spatial ability skills to understand several topics in basic engineering drawings like orthographic projection, axonometric drawing, sectional view, and hidden details drawings. This study aims at improving spatial ability skills using a solid pair model among first-year technical education students of Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya. A Quasi-experimental research design was used for the study, a standards pre and post-test were used to conduct a visualization transformation assessment to measure the students’ level of spatial ability skills. The study shows that after treatment using a solid pair model, the student without prior knowledge in basic engineering performed above average, likewise students with prior knowledge in the control and experimental group performed above average. The results indicate that a solid pair model was effective for improving spatial ability skills among first-year technical education students. This study implies to educators that there is need to appropriately enforce the use of a solid pair model for effective teaching and learning of basic engineering drawing. It is, therefore, affirmed that the use of a solid pair model in teaching basic engineering drawings should be enhanced with other teaching methods.
 Marwa, N. J. | Department of Technical Education Kaduna State College of Education, Gidan waya, Kafanchan, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Toward blockchain and fog computing collaborative design and manufacturing platform: Support customer view

Abstract Overview of current manufacturing enterprises show that successful global manufacturing enterprise has great collaboration among designer, manufacturer, and customer, which effect on reducing production life cycle and improving customer satisfaction. Recently, several past and ongoing research projects have conducted to enable the collaborative platform to develop effective collaboration with the manufacturing section, design section, and customer views. However, trustable collaboration and how to utilize customer views efficiently is still a challenge. Therefore, this research proposed a blockchain-enabled fog computing-based collaborative design and manufacturing platform to develop triple communication and cooperation among the manufacturing section, design section, and customers in a trustable environment. In the proposed platform, the machine-learning method is used for clustering and categorizing customer-views, and fog computing-based integration between subsystems via blockchain technology is proposed to improve the data integrity and security problem. The proposed platform explained based on key technology, data integrity, key requirement, and illustrative case study. In this respect, we presented the design and manufacturing of bicycles based on customer requests.

2D metallic tungsten material

2D metallic material is an important group member in 2D material family. Many applications have been applied in the catalysis and devices. In this paper, we present a novel method to prepare the tungsten 2D material, which is simple and powerful. The W thin film is deposited via magnetron sputtering. As-deposited tungsten thin film is able to be exfoliated with wet and dry methods. We show a clear layered structure of the tungsten thin film from the cross sectional view. Via the exfoliation, an large area 2D tungsten monolayer is obtained. After oxidation, the 2D material shows potentials in electric signal transport.

Increased ATFL Thickness Associates To Decreased Physical Activity Levels After Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain

Lateral ankle sprains remain one of the most common orthopedic injuries. Most concerning are the number of patients that develop long term ankle instability and have decreased activity levels. Despite these problems there are limited long-term studies examining changes after an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS). PURPOSE: To examine the post-injury thickness of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and if that thickness relates to physical activity levels one year after an ankle sprain. METHODS: Twenty college students (8 males and 12 females, age=21.2 ± 2.4yr., mass=80.9±21.6kg, ht=173.3±10.6cm) with an acute LAS and 20 healthy matched controls (8 males and 12 females, age=21.9± 2.8yr., mass=79.1±20.2kg, ht=172.5±9.8cm) participated in the study. ATFL thickness was measured with a LOGIQ Book diagnostic ultrasound. The examiner orientated the probe to visualize the cross sectional view of the lateral malleolus, lateral talar articular surface, and the neck of the talus. Once those landmarks and the ATFL were located, images were saved. Thickness of the ATFL was measured at the midpoint of the ligament between the attachments on the lateral malleolus and talus. The main outcome measures were the thickness of the ATFL (mm) at 3 days post LAS and 1 year post LAS, and physical activity levels as measured by the IPAQ and NASA physical activity scales. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between post-injury ATFL thickness and both the IPAQ and NASA physical activity scales. As ligament thickness increased, “average time spent performing vigorous physical activity” significantly decreased (p=.04, r2=-.86) and “average time spent performing moderate physical activity” (p=.02, r2=-.84) also decreased one year after injury. As ligament thickness increased in subjects with a LAS, time spent walking (p=.01, r2=-.92), days per week where vigorous activity (p=.02, r2=-.81) or moderate activity (p=.04 r2=-.85) was pursued one year after their sprain significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in ATFL morphology may lead to the decreased physical activity levels by contributing to ligamentous laxity and/or perceptions of instability. Future research needs to focus on early interventions to ensure proper ligament healing occurs to restore joint function.

Syn-depositional fault control on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation pattern: a case study from Tangbei Area, Bohai Bay Basin, NE China

Tangbei Area, a complex syn-depositional fault development area, is located in petroliferous Bohai Bay Basin with abundant petroleum resources in the Paleogene. The way to figure out possible migration pathways and potential accumulation accommodation controlled by syn-depositional faults has become a key issue for predicting favorable reservoirs. Based on seismic volume and wireline logs, we carried out fine seismic interpretation, document the faults and their combinations in plane view and section view, and reveal its influence on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The results indicate that fine seismic interpretation in the study area provides the distribution and characteristics of syn-depositional faults generated by regional tectonic activities. In addition, syn-depositional faults play an important influence on basin structure and the pathways and traps for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Three types of syn-depositional faults are divided based on their locations. It is found that syn-depositional faults in steep slope zone are much favorable for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Syn-depositional faults in different depositional periods throughout basin evolution act as pathways for hydrocarbon migration, as well as act as seals, which depend on surrounding lithology associations and sealing or leaking properties through time.

Stromatolites in Caves in Southeastern Brazil and their Importance to Geoconservation

This article presents a detailed description of stromatolites formed simultaneously with caves’ bedrock, within karstic areas in Southeastern Brazil. We discuss the importance of such fossils for geoconservation and their legal preservation under the Brazilian law. Six caves are described with occurrences of Conophyton-type stromatolites. All those caves are located in the State of Minas Gerais, one of which in the Arcos-Pains-Doresopolis Karst (Bambui Group) and the others in the Vazante-Paracatu-Unai Karst (Vazante Group). In general, the stromatolite columns are not exquisitely preserved, yet conspicuously exposed in cross section and lateral view. The stromatolite caves are easily accessed, making them suitable for scientific and educational activities to both academic and non-specialized public. Yet, such activities should rely on the implementation of a management plan for monitoring potential damage due to anthropic interference. Given the rarity of caves with fossils embedded in their host rocks, these structures should be treated with the status of maximum importance for conservation, according to the Brazilian legislation, thereby ensuring their permanent protection, with the support of the public entities for environment and nature.

Scientific support of border activity

The object of this research is the border activity, while the subject is the science of border activity – borderology. The article consists of five sections. The first section views border activity as a system of preventive (border prevention and deterrence), security and control (border patrol, border search), and defense-militant measures (special activity, combat activity, operational actions). The second and third sections give detail description to these measures, as well as the typical stages of the cycles of activity. The fourth section is dedicated to description of the structure of borderology – the system of knowledge on ensuring border security, state c of border organizations, preparation and conduct of border activity, and its all-round provision. The fifth section provides a systemic formulation of principles of border activity. Within the framework of development of the concept of “border management system”, the author considers the border activity as a system of measures aimed at ensuring national security in the borders. The science of border activity includes the following disciplines: border art (border policy, border operational art, border tactics), border history, border statistics, mathematical theory of managing border security, legal framework of border security and border activity, philosophy of border security, psychology and sociology of border activity, theory of border training and education, theories of all-round support of border activity, theory of development, application of technical and special means of border activity.   

Morphoanatomical Studies of Tiliacora racemosa Colebr.

Tiliacora racemosa is a climbing shrub belonging to the family Menispermaceae and is used in traditional medicine for treating different ailments such as snakebites, cuts and wounds, strangury and also used as a diuretic. The morphoanatomical studies help to identify diagnostic features for the identification and standardization of the medicinal plant. The plant material was fixed, sectioned using rotary microtome and stained with toluidine blue. The leaf consists of very thick midrib with small lateral veins both being plano-convex. The midrib consists of three top or egg shaped collateral vascular bundles which are surrounded by a common sclerenchymatous bundle sheath and the lamina is dorsiventral. The adaxial epidermis is apostomatic and the abaxial epidermis is stomatiferous which is of cyclocytic type. The stem is circular in sectional view and consists of about 19 discrete wedge shaped vascular bundles. The narrow and wide fibres, vessel elements were seen in powder microscopy. Wide fibres, vessel elements were seen in powder microscopy.

Characteristics of Silicon Nitride Deposited Thin Films on IT Glass by RF Magnetron Sputtering Process

Silicon nitride thin films are deposited by RF (13.57 MHz) magnetron sputtering process using a Si (99.999 %) target and with different ratios of Ar/N2 sputtering gas mixture. Corning G type glass is used as substrate. The vacuum atmosphere, RF source power, deposit time and temperature of substrate of the sputtering process are maintained consistently at 2 ~ 3 × 10−3 torr, 30 sccm, 100 watt, 20 min. and room temperature, respectively. Cross sectional views and surface morphology of the deposited thin films are observed by field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The hardness values are determined by nano-indentation measurement. The thickness of the deposited films is approximately within the range of 88 nm ~ 200 nm. As the amount of N2 gas in the Ar:N2 gas mixture increases, the thickness of the films decreases. AFM observation reveals that film deposited at high Ar:N2 gas ratio and large amount of N2 gas has a very irregular surface morphology, even though it has a low RMS value. The hardness value of the deposited films made with ratio of Ar:N2=9:1 display the highest value. The XPS spectrum indicates that the deposited film is assigned to non-stoichiometric silicon nitride and the transmittance of the glass with deposited SiO2-SixNy thin film is satisfactory at 97 %.

Automatic layer classification method-based elevation recognition in architectural drawings for reconstruction of 3D BIM models

Automatic interpretation of computer aided design drawings into a Building Information Model (BIM) would reduce the time and labor costs involved in the modeling process for construction parties. However, the offset and height of building objects cannot be automatically extracted by current algorithms and products since they mostly focus on floor plan detection whilst such information conventionally appears on elevation drawings. Manual inspection and input are needed, which is rigid, error prone, and costly. The challenge of elevation recognition is attributed to the irregular and intricate shapes of the objects portrayed in elevation views, which make it difficult to fully cluster the primitives composing a building object. Additionally, none of the existing methods includes floor plan detection and elevation detection to enable a comprehensive reconstruction of a 3D BIM model. In this paper, these issues are tackled by resorting to an automatically layer classification method (ALCM) that identifies the content of hidden layers. An ALCM-based elevation recognition method is developed. It recognizes the orientation of elevation views and levels of each floor. Furthermore, it segments openings (windows and doors) in elevation views and outputs their offset and height dimensions. A façade BIM model is generated with all openings placed at the correct offsets. The experiments take 94 different sample drawings to validate the model's performance. The test results demonstrate that nearly all floor levels are detected. And that 88% of the members that are visible in elevation drawings are measured perfectly. A real-world campus building is automatically modelled as a case study. The results imply that ALCM-EDM (Elevation Detection Method) contributes to the automatic conversion process since manual input of elevation data is avoided. Future directions could address on incorporating section views and detailed drawings into the reconstruction.

Noninvasive stiffness assessment of the human lens nucleus in patients with anisometropia using an ultrasound elastography system.

To investigate the significance of ultrasound elastography for evaluating stiffness of the human lens nucleus in patients with anisometropia. A total of 14 patients (28 eyes) with anisometropia were enrolled. The difference in refractive status between two eyes ≥-4.0 diopters (D) and the difference in axial length (AL) of the eyes was ≥3 mm. There were 5 males and 9 females with an average age of 62±3.3y. The test data of the long AL eye of each patient was included in group A (14 eyes), and test data of the eye with relative short AL was included in group B. Lens nuclear stiffness was measured with free-hand qualitative elastography by independent operators. Strain gray scale and color-coded elastography maps were recorded. In each case, three consecutive measurements were performed and strain ratio was used for statistical analysis. Photograph and sectional view of the lens were analyzed and archived by anterior segment image. In the long AL group, the strain rate in the nucleus of the lens was 0.16%±0.08%; in the short AL group, the strain rate in the nucleus of the lens was 0.54%±0.16%. Independent sample t-test analyses showed that the long AL group lens had a significantly smaller nuclear strain rate than the relatively short AL group, P<0.05. The relationship between human lens stiffness and different AL is demonstrated by ultrasound elastography. The long AL is associated with lower strain ratio and less resilience of the lens.

Effect of ultrasonic field on grain refinement and stress relaxation of Be films by thermal evaporation

The beryllium (Be) films were prepared by vacuum evaporation with ultrasound on the glass slide substrates. The Be coating mainly consists of α-Be phase independent of ultrasonic vibration, while the texture and crystallinity are affected by ultrasonic vibration. With the increasing of ultrasonic power, the surface displays polygonal grains, but the grain size decreases from 130 nm to 60 nm. The cross section views show a transition from regular columnar structure to broken columnar structure owing to the ultrasonic mechanical agitation. When ultrasonic vibration is applied, the microstructure transforms from isolated islands to bicontinuous islands in the initial stage of film growth. In addition, the residual stress of Be films changes from a tensile stress to compressive stress under the effect of ultrasonic vibration, which is closely related to the transformation of microstructure.

Cenozoic structural deformation in the Yuqia-Jiulongshan region, northern Qaidam Basin, China

Based on field geological survey, interpretation of seismic reflection profile and thermochronology dating, this paper systematically studied the structural deformation of the Yuqia-Jiulongshan region in northern Qaidam Basin during the Cenozoic. The results show that the area is primarily dominated by a large box-shaped anticline, with steep limbs and a wide and gently-deformed core. The Mahaigaxiu and Jiulongshan anticlines are secondary folds controlled by secondary faults in the limbs of the box-shaped anticline. Whereas the Yuqia and the Northern Yuqia anticlines are secondary folds within the wide core of the box-shaped anticline. The geometry of the box-shaped anticline is mainly controlled by some high-angle reverse faults with certain right-lateral strike-slip components, displaying distinct positive flower structures in section view. Combining the sedimentary correlation and detrital apatite fission track analysis, we believe that the Yuqia-Jiulongshan region was a paleo-uplift that developed slightly in the early Cenozoic, resulting in the relatively thin Cenozoic strata. The intense deformation that shaped the present-day structural framework occurred in or after the sedimentary period of Shizigou Formation. The Yuqia – Jiulongshan paleo-uplift is adjacent to the Sainan depression that is rich in Lower-Middle Jurassic source rocks, and thus has high potential for future hydrocarbon exploration.

A novel learning-based feature recognition method using multiple sectional view representation

In computer-aided design (CAD) and process planning (CAPP), feature recognition is an essential task which identifies the feature type of a 3D model for computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). In general, traditional rule-based feature recognition methods are computationally expensive, and dependent on surface or feature types. In addition, it is quite challenging to design proper rules to recognise intersecting features. Recently, a learning-based method, named FeatureNet, has been proposed for both single and multi-feature recognition. This is a general purpose algorithm which is capable of dealing with any type of features and surfaces. However, thousands of annotated training samples for each feature are required for training to achieve a high single feature recognition accuracy, which makes this technique difficult to use in practice. In addition, experimental results suggest that multi-feature recognition part in this approach works very well on intersecting features with small overlapping areas, but may fail when recognising highly intersecting features. To address the above issues, a deep learning framework based on multiple sectional view (MSV) representation named MsvNet is proposed for feature recognition. In the MsvNet, MSVs of a 3D model are collected as the input of the deep network, and the information achieved from different views are combined via the neural network for recognition. In addition to MSV representation, some advanced learning strategies (e.g. transfer learning, data augmentation) are also employed to minimise the number of training samples and training time. For multi-feature recognition, a novel view-based feature segmentation and recognition algorithm is presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve the state-of-the-art single feature performance on the FeatureNet dataset with only a very small number of training samples (e.g. 8–32 samples for each feature), and outperforms the state-of-the-art learning-based multi-feature recognition method in terms of recognition performances.

Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with reported prevalence in the United States of 1 in 59 children (approximately 1.7%). Core deficits are identified in 2 domains: social communication/interaction and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior. Children and youth with ASD have service needs in behavioral, educational, health, leisure, family support, and other areas. Standardized screening for ASD at 18 and 24 months of age with ongoing developmental surveillance continues to be recommended in primary care (although it may be performed in other settings), because ASD is common, can be diagnosed as young as 18 months of age, and has evidenced-based interventions that may improve function. More accurate and culturally sensitive screening approaches are needed. Primary care providers should be familiar with the diagnostic criteria for ASD, appropriate etiologic evaluation, and co-occurring medical and behavioral conditions (such as disorders of sleep and feeding, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, obesity, seizures, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and wandering) that affect the child's function and quality of life. There is an increasing evidence base to support behavioral and other interventions to address specific skills and symptoms. Shared decision making calls for collaboration with families in evaluation and choice of interventions. This single clinical report updates the 2007 American Academy of Pediatrics clinical reports on the evaluation and treatment of ASD in one publication with an online table of contents and section view available through the American Academy of Pediatrics Gateway to help the reader identify topic areas within the report.

Community Resilience in Face of Dystocia Deliveries: Case of Abbey Community in Ivory Coast

In Ivory Coast, the objectives of the sustainable development in health field seem to be upset by the frequency of dystocic deliveries. They contribute to the increase in the rate of maternity and mortality. In response to this concern, the community environment is developing resilience through various remedies. Like the different ethnic communities, each with its own options, the Abbey community is developing its own endogenous mechanisms. Also, how perceptions related to Caesarean section delivery determine the organization of resilience for women participants in this community. Through this questioning, the essential objective is to know the social perceptions related to the cesarean section, the limits of obstetric care offerings; and to present the attitudes of resilience with regard to the prognoses of dystocic births. The investigation has mobilized the qualitative approach in its case study tradition. It took place in the hospital and community settings of Oforidje in Agboville and Azaguie Ahoua in Azaguie. On the basis of the network technique and the criterion of interruption of the collection at saturation of information, 67 people (qualitatively representative) were interviewed. The results reveal a social perception characterized by a view of the caesarean section as a factor of disillusionment for the participant or mother who has undergone it; a situation of offers of obstetrical care devoid of empathy for the pregnant and characterized by a change of scenery of the latter in the delivery room. Resilience in this community is characterized by perinatal care in the form of ritual and treatment with plants, bark and roots.

Understanding the design intent through the analysis of Renaissance drawings. The digital reconstruction of an unbuilt mausoleum by Giuliano da Sangallo

Giuliano da Sangallo is one of the paramount figure emerging from the Italian architecture during the Renaissance. He was commissioned to build many buildings, leaving also an ample documentary corpus, made of sketches and more technical drawings. On some pages in the Codice Barberiniano, a rich collection of drawings stored at the Vatican Apostolic Library, Giuliano drafted a plan and a section view of a building that recent studies speculate to be a conceptual proposal for the Pope Julius II’s mausoleum. Beginning from these graphical representations, and taking into account many coeval paintings illustrating architectural details, several digital reconstructions were proposed and compared in two master thesis works, ending in a virtual computer model whose shape and proportions are expression of a plausible constructive hypothesis. Many analysis were also carried out on the model, in order to better understand the original Sangallo’s design intent.

PheGWAS: a new dimension to visualize GWAS across multiple phenotypes.

MotivationPheGWAS was developed to enhance exploration of phenome-wide pleiotropy at the genome-wide level through the efficient generation of a dynamic visualization combining Manhattan plots from GWAS with PheWAS to create a 3D ‘landscape’. Pleiotropy in sub-surface GWAS significance strata can be explored in a sectional view plotted within user defined levels. Further complexity reduction is achieved by confining to a single chromosomal section. Comprehensive genomic and phenomic coordinates can be displayed.ResultsPheGWAS is demonstrated using summary data from Global Lipids Genetics Consortium GWAS across multiple lipid traits. For single and multiple traits PheGWAS highlighted all 88 and 69 loci, respectively. Further, the genes and SNPs reported in Global Lipids Genetics Consortium were identified using additional functions implemented within PheGWAS. Not only is PheGWAS capable of identifying independent signals but also provides insights to local genetic correlation (verified using HESS) and in identifying the potential regions that share causal variants across phenotypes (verified using colocalization tests).Availability and implementationThe PheGWAS software and code are freely available at (https://github.com/georgeg0/PheGWAS).Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

A 3D petrographic analysis for concrete freeze-thaw protection

Petrographic analysis is routinely implemented to measure air void parameters for predicting freeze-thaw durability of concrete. The 1D or 2D measurements obtained from polished concrete sections are used to infer 3D protection of the paste. Since an arbitrary point in a section view may be partially protected by air voids that are not intersected, a stereological model is proposed to consider both intersected and un-intersected voids. The model is tested with a group of concrete mixtures with varying air entrainment, mix proportion, and aggregate type. As compared with the 2D analysis, this 3D analysis indicates a higher percent of cement paste being protected. When equating the protection range to Powers' spacing factor, it is found that roughly 98% of paste is protected in 3D. Findings in this study also align with results obtained by other authors using numerical simulation and computed tomography. This model offers a realistic concrete freeze-thaw assessment.