View Of Architecture Research Articles

CLEM takes a polar plunge.

Combining cryogenic super-resolution microscopy and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy allows nanoscale views of protein architecture in the context of cellular ultrastructure in whole cells.

Основные этапы формирования теории архитектуры испанского Возрождения (по материалам трактатов XVI–XVII веков)

The Spanish treatises of the 16th — early 17th century on the theory of architecture are reviewed in the context of design evolution, stylistic features of text and visual material, sources of theoretical thought of predecessors that influenced the creative rethinking of architecture, generation of new original ideas and the determination of their place in the evolution of the architectural views of the Renaissance as a whole. The appeal to antiquity as a treasury of humanistic values was typical for the Spanish culture of the 16th century. The Spanish theorists interpreted the focus on the classical tradition in architecture as the embodiment of the ideas of Christian architecture, the source of which was the theoretical legacy of the Italian Renaissance. 
 The main stages in the formation of the theory of architecture of the Spanish Renaissance are reflected in the works of Diego de Sagredo “The Medidas del Romano” (1526), Juan de Arfe “Measurements for architecture and sculpture” (1564), Fray Lorenzo de san Nicolás “Art use of architecture” (1639). The authors of the treatises tell about the benefits and the need for study, use the construction and artistic experience of antiquity, and provide a didactic overview of the most significant theoretical works of their predecessors with practical tips for building professional skills. In general, the Vitruvian style as the structural basis of classicism was very popular in Spain during Renaissance, and its components serve as the fundamental method of practical use at each stage of the development of architecture.

Reading meaning of architectural work in a living heritage

The purpose of this article is to examine an analyzing procedures for reading the meaning of culture’s architectural work in a living heritage. Culture and architecture are inseparable parts. Architecture is composed of combination of signs ordered by certain codes that should be known and understood. Semiotic is a method that places architecture in a sign system, which follows to certain rules of the game. The predicate of an architectural work in the living heritage was more than just a monument, but it proceeds of living side by side with humans. The Semiotic procedure could be used to read its meaning by adding a stage of understanding. Using analytical-descriptive methods to investigate theoretical views, to explain semiotic analysis techniques, and to present of interview results, with the case of the Carahulu Komering house in Palembang South Sumatra. The views of semiotic architecture emphasize on the structure of signs, symbols and also gave attention to the process of meaning. However, in the case of investigation in a living heritage is needed placing signs and symbols as a human’s work should be understood, not merely as a fact which is seen as an object only. In this way a communication to the actors as subject was needed. The result shows this procedure could answer the culture’s architectural work meanings understood by its community as well as in general.

Investigating the Genetic Architecture of Non-Cognitive Skills Using Gwas-by-Subtraction

Educational attainment (EA) is influenced by characteristics other than cognitive ability, but little is known about the genetic architecture of these contributions to EA. Here, we use Genomic Structural Equation Modelling and prior genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of EA (N = 1,131,881) and cognitive test performance (N = 257,841) to estimate SNP associations with EA variation that is independent of cognitive ability. We identified 157 genome-wide significant loci and a polygenic architecture accounting for 57% of genetic variance in EA. Non-cognitive genetics were as strongly related to socioeconomic success and longevity as genetic variants associated with cognitive performance. Noncognitive genetics were further related to openness to experience and other personality traits, less risky behavior, and increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Non-cognitive genetics were enriched in the same brain tissues and cell types as cognitive performance, but showed different associations with gray-matter brain volumes. By conducting a GWAS of a phenotype that was not directly measured, we offer a first view of genetic architecture of non-cognitive skills influencing educational success.

Resonance Raman view of the active site architecture in bacterial DyP-type peroxidases.

Dye decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) are novel haem-containing peroxidases, which are structurally unrelated to classical peroxidases. They lack the highly conserved distal histidine that acts as an acid-base catalyst in the catalytic reaction of classical peroxidases, which implies distinct mechanistic properties. Despite the remarkable catalytic properties and recognized potential for biotechnology applications, the knowledge of DyP's structural features in solution, which govern the reactivity and catalysis, is lagging behind. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy can reveal fine details of the active site structure in hemoproteins, reporting on the oxidation and spin state and coordination of the haem cofactor. We provide an overview of the haem binding pocket architecture of the enzymes from A, B and C DyP subfamilies, in the light of those established for classical peroxidases and search for subfamily specific features among DyPs. RR demonstrates that multiple spin populations typically co-exist in DyPs, like in the case of classical peroxidases. The haem spin/coordination state is strongly pH dependent and correlates well with the respective catalytic properties of DyPs. Unlike in the case of classical peroxidases, a surprisingly high abundance of catalytically incompetent low spin population is observed in several DyPs, and tentatively related to the alternative physiological function of these enzymes. The molecular details of active sites of DyPs, elucidated by RR spectroscopy, can furthermore guide approaches for biotechnological exploitation of these promising biocatalysts.

Identifying Semantic Outliers of Source Code Artifacts and Their Application to Software Architecture Recovery

Understanding software architecture is essential to software maintenance. There has been much effort to derive software architecture views from source code artifacts. Typically, along with structural information, the semantic information derived from an identifier name and comments are helpful. However, because code vocabulary choice depends on a developer’s subjective decision, some source code may have semantically low text quality, leading to an inaccurate architecture recovery. This paper aims to improve the architecture recovery of a software system by identifying and removing the semantic outliers of source code artifacts. Accordingly, we propose a novel measure Conceptual Conformity (CC), which computes the similarity between two latent topic distributions obtained from both the source code and its package. We use CC to identify source code that is not relevant to the package’s semantic context and define it as a semantic outlier. Because the semantic outliers may cause inaccurate architecture recovery, we remove them during the recovery process. We apply our approach to three open-source projects. The results demonstrate that, for projects with low recovery performance, removing outliers leads to higher recovery accuracy.

Conceptual and Ontological Modeling of In-Vehicle Life-logging Software Systems

Abstract In-vehicle software systems that contain interconnected lifelogging components such as in-vehicle infotainment systems, smartphones, On Board Diagnostics (OBD) devices or wearable devices, operate with very large volumes of data. To manage the complexity and big volume of data, it is necessary to analyze the data and build models. Our goal, in this paper, is to build suitable models for in-vehicle lifelogging data, in the context of vehicle information standardization. To this aim, we build conceptual and ontological models for the data that is transmitted between the lifelogging components of an in-vehicle system, by applying conceptualization and abstraction mechanisms. Conceptual models can be built considering three viewpoints: functional, architectural, and behavioral. In this paper, we constructed a facet of the architectural view that contains the Unified Modeling Language (UML) classes and the relationships between them. Next, we designed and implemented the class diagram and generated each type of message in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. In order to model the data and their semantics, we built an application ontology in Web Ontology Language (OWL). The consistency of this ontology was verified in Protege. The ontology was further generated in the JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data (JSON-LD) format, which provides us with a formal format of the messages transmitted between the components of the in-vehicle system. The resulting ontology is used in the persistence layer of the in-vehicle system we are developing.

Urban Climate Indoors: Rethinking Heating Infrastructure in China's Non-Heating Zone

The aim of this paper is to broaden the Eurocentric architectural history of climate control by introducing a discussion of the interrelation of architecture and thermal practices in the Southern Chinese “non-heating” zone. Based on a governmental policy that dates from the 1950s, China is divided into a heated North, where urban houses enjoy the amenities of a district heating infrastructure, and a non-heated South, which lacks this infrastructure. Most high-rise buildings in this zone are constructed without insulation, and a rapidly growing middle class heats under uninsulated conditions. Residents mitigate the winter cold through active means of climate control, primarily with electric devices that serve to warm certain parts of their bodies, or warm limited spaces in their apartments. This paper is based on a methodology that combines ethnographic building analysis, discourse analysis, architectural theory, and building science. Most of the fieldwork data−including home visits and interviews with residents and thermal experts−was collected in winter 2017-18, in the northern part of the non-heating zone of China, especially in the city of Chongqing. Our architectural view of heating in the non-heating zone perceives buildings as agents that mediate between the macro- and the micro-scale, between the North and South, and between inside and outside.

Applying Model-Driven Engineering to Distributed Ledger Deployment

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) enables data storage in a decentralized manner among collaborating parties. The software architecture of such solutions encompasses models placed in the relevant architectural views. A lot of research is devoted to smart contracts and consensus algorithms, which are realized by distributed applications and can be positioned within the Logical view. However, we see the need to provide modeling support for the Deployment view of distributed ledger solutions. Especially since the chosen DLT framework has a significant impact on implementation and deployment. Besides, consistency between models and configuration deployment scripts should be ensured. So, we have applied Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) that allows on the transformation of models into more detailed models, source code, or tests. We have proposed Unified Modeling Language (UML) stereotypes and tagged values for distributed ledger deployment modeling and placed them in the UML Profile for Distributed Ledger Deployment. We have also designed the UML2Deployment model-to-code transformation for the R3 Corda DLT framework. A UML Deployment model is the source whereas a Gradle Groovy deployment script is the target of the transformation. We have provided the complete solution by incorporating the transformation into the Visual Paradigm modeling tool. Furthermore, we have designed a dedicated plug-in to validate generated deployment scripts. In the paper, we have shown how to design transformation for generating deployment scripts for the R3 Corda DLT framework with the ability to switch to another one.

Conceptual basis of description for the information security management system architecture

The problems of information security management system development in the organization are considered. Conceptual bases of its architecture description are presented. Basic concepts regarding the information security management system architecture are disclosed through its context. The context of the architecture description is represented by the main elements. These include: parties involved, purpose, information security management system, environment, architecture, architecture descriptions. The parties involved are interested in the system. Such interest is driven by the need to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and accessibility of the organization's information assets. In view of this, the aim is to develop a defined system that is focused on providing information security with acceptable risk. The organization is interpreted as the environment of the functioning of the information security management system. It determines its effects during its life cycle, taking into account the interaction of the system with the environment. The architecture reflects what is significant to the information security management system. Whereas to describe the architecture of a designated system, its description is used. The information security management system architecture is described by an architectural view. It presents architecture from the point of view. This view is characterized by two aspects: a structural representation of the interests of the parties involved; structural representation of architecture features. The architectural representation of the information security management system is reflected by the architecture model. This model describes the features of the designated system architecture, taking into account the interests of the parties involved. Architecture features are reflected by the type of model through which the model is influenced. The relationships between the architectural description elements are shown in the links. Their use makes it possible to represent the attitude of architecture to the interest within its description. Thus, this conceptual description of the information security management system architecture will allow both to develop and justify its development taking into account the interests of the organization and the parties involved.

Internet of Things: Quality of Services of RABBITMQ & KAFKA

Diverse use of various heterogeneous devices in Internet of Things is providing challenges and several issues in Quality of services related to Internet of Things. This paper provides the overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and standards. Factors affecting the quality of services in communication. Standards used for communication in Internet of Things (IoT) are discussed and reviews related to it is presented. RabbitMQ implementation of AMQP as well popular standard like Kafka is discussed. Quantitative and Qualitative differences between RabbitMQ and Kafka is presented. We have also discussed similarities and dissimilarities of Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) protocols. The main objective of this review is to provide critical review of a functional view of IoT architecture, protocols and standards.

Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data: Overviews for the Big Data Framework

The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) statistics provide real-time information about power use as well as social, demographic, and economic aspects within a community. This study proposes a Data Analytics/Big Data architecture for leveraging AMI data in Smart City applications. The framework has three main components. First, the architectural view positions AMI within the SGAM. Second, the methodological view describes the DIKW hierarchy and NIST Big Data interoperability model's translation of raw data into knowledge. Finally, human expertise and talents to analyze the results and translate knowledge into wisdom are a connecting aspect between the two approaches. A binding element that supports optimal and efficient decision-making is added to our new perspective. We made a case study to demonstrate our framework. A load forecasting application is implemented in Retail Electricity Provider (REP). Some of the REP's marketplaces have a MAPE of less than 5%. The scenario also highlights the binding element's effect on new development options and as a feedback mechanism for more forceful decision making.

The use of modeling tools at the stages of database design

The article discusses the possibilities of using modeling tools at the stages of database design. Database design is one of the most complex and crucial tasks associated with the creation of an automated information system. As a result of solving this problem, the content of the database should be determined, an effective way for organizing data for all its future users, and data management tools. The main goal of this stage is to develop such a database scheme that it includes the necessary and sufficient data on information objects, their properties and relationships in accordance with the objects of the subject area and the processes of their transformation. The authors present the results of using modeling tools to solve the problems of the database design stage. Creating models is considered from the point of view of three-circuit architecture, the main principle of which is abstraction. To display the levels of data presentation, three related models have been developed: an external data model that displays the representations of each type of user existing in the organization (description of the subject area); a conceptual data model that displays a logical (or generalized) idea of data, independent of the type of database management system selected; an internal data model that displays the conceptual diagram in a specific way that is understandable to the selected target database management system. As an example of a subject area, the activity of a school of foreign languages is considered, namely, the registration of students in a school. The main problem is the large amount of information that is processed manually: paper forms of clients are drawn up, reports on the implementation of work are manually generated and filled out. It is necessary to develop a draft database for the registration of students of a school of foreign languages and to further implement it in the environment of the selected database management system.

Vulnerability of SDN Network Architecture and Proposed Countermeasures on Enhancing Security

The current problems raising as a horizon in the computational and networking sector is based on the unimaginable increase of high numbers of users which in turn results in high data traffic, limitations over products which are vendor specific, incurring high expenses in maintaining the existing network. This dilutes a major part of the beneficiaries in the sector to move towards Cloud Networks. All these happenings in the past has quietly increased the risks and challenges in the aspect of security considering both data and the infrastructure accommodating the data. In an attempt to address almost a major portion of the existing above said problems, Software Defined Networking was highly anticipated, however, it was considered as a theoretical approach. After the implementation of SDN networks by industrial giants like Google, the SDN concepts again managed to reach the safer hands of the researchers in the movement of enhancement. A very rapid and high speed research work has been initiated by researchers all around the globe in analysing the risk factors and implementation barricades stated in the Software Defined Networking architecture. The research work focus on adding values to the Quality of Service, Latency, Load Balancing and most importantly the security aspects in various metrics of the Software Defined Networking Architecture. The odd man out architecture of Software Defined Networking by decoupling data and control plane allows the network to be configured and maintained in a real time scenario pertaining to pose a complete view of the network and its flow. The fact that is considered as an advantage itself is a factor of question in the case of security in the overall SDN architecture. This paper focuses on a detailed view of SDN architecture with the existing security feature and continues with the expected threats and classifying the weak points in the SDN. This paper also briefs about the pros and cons of the existing applications in the SDN architecture.

Genomic methods in profiling DNA accessibility and factor localization

Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing technologies and accompanying reductions in cost have led to an explosion of techniques to examine DNA accessibility and protein localization on chromatin genome-wide. Generally, accessible regions of chromatin are permissive for factor binding and are therefore hotspots for regulation of gene expression; conversely, genomic regions that are highly occupied by histone proteins are not permissive for factor binding and are less likely to be active regulatory regions. Identifying regions of differential accessibility can be useful to uncover putative gene regulatory regions, such as enhancers, promoters, and insulators. In addition, DNA-binding proteins, such as transcription factors that preferentially bind certain DNA sequences and histone proteins that form the core of the nucleosome, play essential roles in all DNA-templated processes. Determining the genomic localization of chromatin-bound proteins is therefore essential in determining functional roles, sequence motifs important for factor binding, and regulatory networks controlling gene expression. In this review, we discuss techniques for determining DNA accessibility and nucleosome positioning (DNase-seq, FAIRE-seq, MNase-seq, and ATAC-seq) and techniques for detecting and functionally characterizing chromatin-bound proteins (ChIP-seq, DamID, and CUT&RUN). These methods have been optimized to varying degrees of resolution, specificity, and ease of use. Here, we outline some advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, their general protocols, and a brief discussion of their development. Together, these complimentary approaches have provided an unparalleled view of chromatin architecture and functional gene regulation.

Interactive roll stabilization comparative analysis for large yacht: gyroscope versus active fins

The problem of the active stabilization of ship motions is particularly important in the case of pleasure boats or in any case of passenger ships, since the commercial value of the ship is directly related to the comfort of the load transported in this case “people”, considered as stresses induced on them by the vessel movements, with particular attention to roll, given the ship geometric characteristics. Naval architects developed trough the years different solutions to reduce the roll of the ship, and consequentially to increase the passengers comfort, and the development of this solutions followed the progress of technology. Active fins have been the most used, but now the gyroscope solution is coming out with interesting solutions also for large yacht with displacement over 1000 t. The paper aimed at making a interactive comparison between the two systems: active fins and gyroscopes, trough the case study of a yacht of 77.77 m, in order to evaluate if, assuming the same capability to reduce the roll for each one of the two systems, there are other advantages or disadvantages from the point of view of the naval architecture, in particular the resistance of the hull. In fact the importance of the resistance on high Froude number hulls, like planning hulls it is well known, but the paper aimed at giving result useful for naval architects also on traditional displacement hulls, like the one considered here, in order to give also a contribution for preliminary design. The interactivity of the process has been realized using not a theoretical estimation of the gain resistance of the ship according to equations etc. but real tank tests on the hull, according to International Towing Tank Conference methodology, with and without appendages.

A survey on internet of things security: Requirements, challenges, and solutions

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising technologies that aims to enhance humans’ quality of life (QoL). IoT plays a significant role in several fields such as healthcare, automotive industries, agriculture, education, and many cross-cutting business applications. Addressing and analyzing IoT security issues is crucial because the working mechanisms of IoT applications vary due to the heterogeneity nature of IoT environments. Therefore, discussing the IoT security concerns in addition to available and potential solutions would assist developers and enterprises to find appropriate and timely solutions to tackle specific threats, providing the best possible IoT-based services. This paper provides a comprehensive study on IoT security issues, limitations, requirements, and current and potential solutions. The paper builds upon a taxonomy that taps into the three-layer IoT architecture as a reference to identify security properties and requirements for each layer. The main contribution of this survey is classifying the potential IoT security threat and challenges by an architectural view. From there, IoT security challenges and solutions are further grouped by the layered architecture for readers to get a better understanding on how to address and adopt best practices to avoid the current IoT security threats on each layer.

As diversas acepções do termo “vila” e seu rebatimento espacial na cidade brasileira

Do ponto de vista da arquitetura e da cidade, é curioso que um mesmo termo no Brasil possa designar a casa mais rica (o palacete) e um conjunto de casas operárias, ou um aglomerado urbano em sua totalidade e, por outro lado, apenas um bairro de determinada cidade. Enquanto em outros países empregam-se palavras diferenciadas para expressar essas variações espaciais e simbólicas, no Brasil adota-se o mesmo termo. É com o intuito de investigar e demonstrar por que essas coincidências linguísticas referenciando arquiteturas e urbanidades algumas vezes tão divergentes que surge este artigo, apresentando-se as diversas acepções do termo e seu rebatimento espacial na cidade brasileira.

Tibeto-Mongol Buddhist architecture and iconography on Wutaishan, seventeenth to early twentieth centuries

ABSTRACTIn the Qing and early Republican period, Wutaishan had between 25 and 30 monasteries affiliated to Tibetan Buddhism. Their monastic architecture seemed to exclusively follow the Chinese-Buddhist style, except for the Tibetan-style bottle-shaped stupa. The Wutaishan built landscape seemed relatively homogeneous, and travellers were sometimes confused about the blurred visual frontier between Chinese Buddhist and Tibeto-Mongol Buddhist monasteries.Were there buildings (other than stupas) typical of Tibetan monasteries that have not been preserved on Wutaishan? Why did the Tibeto-Mongol Buddhist communities settled in Chinese style monastic buildings? Was there local or imperial pressure to ‘keep things Chinese,’ or was it in their interest to entertain a visual confusion between the two traditions of Buddhism? And how did Tibeto-Mongol Buddhist monks, whose lifestyles and spatial practices of Buddhist architecture differ from Chinese Buddhist monks’s, adapt themselves to Chinese spatial arrangements?This article will highlight mutual borrowings between Chinese Buddhist and Tibeto-Mongol Buddhist monasteries on Wutaishan. Using various sources such as ancient picture-maps, old photographs, floor plans and travellers’ accounts, I will highlight interactions between Chinese and Tibeto-Mongol Buddhist monasteries from the point of view of architecture, iconography and material culture in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.

Gender at the Edge

This article develops an analysis of Gender whereby D-gender enters grammar as a feature variable (edge linker), without a fixed value, either probing n or scanning the context for a value. Only the latter strategy is available in pronominal gender languages such as English, as they lack n-gender, whereas both strategies are applicable in n-gender languages, variably so for variable DPs, depending on their nP content and on context. The article adopts the idea that context linking does not merely involve pragmatic context scanning but also has a syntactic side to it, edge computation, whereby context-scanned and recycled features are computed at the phase edge in relation to CP-internal elements, via edge linkers. The context-linking approach has been previously launched for Tense and Person. This article extends it to Gender, thereby generalizing over context-sensitive grammatical categories and developing a novel view of the overall architecture of grammar.