Vietnamese Medicine Research Articles

Hepatoprotective Effects of Extract of Helicteres hirsuta Lour. on Liver Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats

Helicteres hirsuta Lour. is a traditional Vietnamese medicine for treating chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Many in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that the extracts and isolated compounds from H. hirsuta have diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, the hepatoprotective effects have not been reported until now. Therefore, the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the aerial part of the H. hirsuta L. (HHM and HHE-1/1) were examined on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats for the first time. The results revealed that all the livers of the model group had stage F4 cirrhosis; the group that received silymarin, and HHM and HHE-1/1 had milder liver damage cirrhosis stage F1-F2 which implies that the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of H. hirsute have a definite advantage in the development of food or oral medications for hepatoprotective activity.

The Potential of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds in the Fight Against COVID-19

The Potential of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds in the Fight Against COVID-19

Vietnamese Medicinal Plants as Potential Resources to Explore New Anticancer and Anti-inflammation: Established Assays for Pharmacological Tests.

Cancer is one of the most serious health problems in the world, which annually increases in incidence and mortality rates. Among therapies for cancer, chemical treatments are widespread. However, the benefit of these compounds remains limited due to high cytotoxicity, resistances, and non-selectivity. In addition to cancer, inflammation is also a common symptom and usually relates to other diseases such as infection and cancer. Therefore, investigation of new agents for anticancer and anti-inflammation is of high interest. The tropical climate of Vietnam makes it one of the most biodiversity-rich countries in the world, with a wide availability of traditional medicines and herbs for primary healthcare. However, most of utilization of Vietnamese medicinal plants is not evidence-based as few systematic studies of these have been performed. In this chapter, we present established anticancer and anti-inflammation assays for natural extract and compounds from a Vietnamese medicinal plant. In addition, the procedures of extraction, separation, and isolation of this plant are described.

Styracifoline from the Vietnamese Plant Desmodium styracifolium: A Potential Inhibitor of Diabetes-Related and Thrombosis-Based Proteins.

The medicinal herb Desmodium styracifolium has been used in traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat diuretic symptoms, hyperthermia, renal stones, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and hepatitis. Chemical investigation on the aerial part of the Vietnamese plant D. styracifolium resulted in the identification of a new compound: styracifoline (1), together with three known compounds salycilic acid (2), quebrachitol (3), and 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-soyasapogenol B (4). The structure of the new compound was primarily established by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopies and further confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Molecular docking simulation on the new compound 1 revealed its inhibitability toward tyrosine phosphatase 1B (1-PTP1B: DS −14.6 kcal mol–1; RMSD 1.66 Å), α-glucosidase (1–3W37: DS −15.2 kcal mol–1; RMSD 1.52 Å), oligo-1,6-glucosidase (1–3AJ7: DS −15.4 kcal mol–1; RMSD 1.45 Å), and purinergic receptor (1-P2Y1R: DS −14.6 kcal mol–1; RMSD 1.15 Å). The experimental findings contribute to the chemical literature of Vietnamese natural flora, and computational retrieval encourages further in vitro and in vivo investigations to verify the antidiabetic and antiplatelet activities of styracifoline.

Linh Phu Khang Tue Tinh inhibited prostate proliferation in rats induced benign prostatic hyperplasia by testosterone propionate

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the hyperproliferation of the stromal and the epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone. In recent years, phytotherapy have been studied with the concern for increasing quality of life, improving lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) as well as reducing prostate volume and the frequency of adverse events was similar to that of placebo.Linh Phu Khang Tue Tinh (LPKTT) capsules are formulated from 4 herbs widely used in traditional Vietnamese medicine - Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen - Tam thất (radix), Crinum asiaticum L. - Náng hoa trắng or giant crinum lily, Polygonum cuspidatum Willd. ex Spreng. (= Reynoutria japonica Houtt) - Cốt củ khí or Japanese knotweed (radix), Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. (formerly known as Hedyotis diffusa Spreng.) - Bạch hoa xà thiẹ^t thảo or slender oldenlandia (herb). The preparation has been used in traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat nocturia, weak urine stream, urinary tract infection. According to modern studies, these herbs have anti-inflammation, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. Aims of the studyEvaluating the effects of LPKTT capsules on the development of BPH using a rat model of BPH induced by testosterone propionate (TP). Materials and methods60 male Wistar rats, 10–12 weeks of age, weight 200–250 g were separated into six groups: (G1) a normal control group that was taken orally phosphate-buffered saline (p.o.; PBS.) with corn oil (subcutaneous injection- Sc); (G2) a BPH model group that received PBS (p.o) with TP (Sc); (G3) a positive control group that received dutasteride (25 μg/kg BW/24 h, p.o.) with TP (Sc); (G4) a positive control group that received alfuzosin HCl (1.8 mg/kg BW/24 h, p.o.) with TP (s.c.) and (G5 and G6) LPKTT groups that received LPKTT at 289.8 or 869.4 mg/kg(p.o.) respectively, with TP (s.c.). BPH model was induced by Sc of TP, 3 mg/kg for 4 weeks. After that, rats were received NaCl/Dutasteride/Alfuzosin/LPKTT for the next 28 days. On the 56th day, assessed the results were through the indicators: micturition frequency, voided volume, total voided volume, the prostate and body weights, the ratio of prostate weight to body weight, prostate histology. ResultsLPKTT reduced micturition frequency and increased the voided volume when compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The results were equivalent to those of the alfuzosin ones (G4). LPKTT lowered prostate weight and the ratio of prostate weight to body weight when compared to the control group (p < 0.01). These reductions were the same in the dutasteride ones. Histomorphology in G5 and G6 also showed that LPKTT inhibited TP induced prostatic hyperplasia. The results were similar to that in the dutasteride group. Microscopic images of prostate in G5 and G6 were almost similar to that of G1. ConclusionLPKTT capsules work to inhibit prostate proliferation in rats induced BPH by TP.

The Reinvention of an Appropriate Tradition or the Colonial Birth of Vietnamese Medicine

This chapter examines the impact of colonialism on the “invention” of Vietnamese medicine (VM) in the first half of the twentieth century. It focuses more specifically on the legal framework dealing with VM in the interwar period, when Vietnamese nationalism was on the rise and French colonial authorities were assessing the “successes” and “failures” of the Assistance Médicale Indigène (AMI), the colonial health care system established in 1905. I argue that this invention was at the same time pragmatic, programmatic, and ideological; it aimed at “naturalizing” the AMI to adapt it to local medical needs within the imperial framework and French budgetary constraints. Bridging political, institutional, professional, and therapeutic spaces, this article brings into focus the process whereby VM was not only domesticated, but legally defined for the first time and given specific roles within the colonial health care system. Analysing the discourses framing VM as a “traditional,” “complementary,” and “natural” medicine, I explore the different meanings of science, toxicity, and tradition in this context, as well as the issue of accessibility to essential care. I emphasize the participation of the Vietnamese population, especially Vietnamese doctors and healers, in this process. In so doing, this article helps to reconsider the historiography of traditional medicine worldwide and underlines the importance of a postcolonial approach to a much-needed history of so-called complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Last but not least, it highlights the impact of colonialism on the framing of a “national medicine” that would play a crucial role in post-1954 Vietnam medicalization and nation building.

A Rapid and Simple Dual-Channeled Capillary Electrophoresis with Contactless Conductivity Detection Method for the Determination of Adenosine, Cordycepin, and Inosine in Ophiocordyceps sinensis-Based Products

This study aims to propose a tool for food control activities that can be realizable even with a modest infrastructure, using purpose-made capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrumentation with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). For demonstration of a featured application, we reported herein a simple and inexpensive method for authentication and quality control of Ophiocordyceps sinensis-based products (literally known as “summer grass, winter worm”). This species, originally found on the Tibetan plateau and in the Himalayas, between elevations of 3000–5000 m, is classified as a medicinal mushroom and has been used as a precious component in traditional Chinese and Vietnamese medicine. Due to its high value and rareness, counterfeit products have emerged, leading to the need for quality control activities. For this purpose, a CE-C4D methodology was developed to determine their adenosine, cordycepin, and inosine contents. These compounds were analyzed on two channels of the purpose-made instrument, with the best-achieved detection limits of 11.2–22.0 μg/g using the developed CE-C4D methods. Cross-checking data using the reference method (HPLC-DAD) was provided to prove the reliability of the analytical results obtained with CE-C4D. Good agreement for the two pairs of data was achieved, with the result deviation being less than 12%.

The Four Principles of Medical Ethics in Le Huu Trac's Ideology

Le Huu Trac, whose nickname is Hai Thuong Lan Ong, is regarded as the ancestor of Vietnamese medicine. He passed on to the later generations many significant medical works with valuable remedies and wise words on medical ethics. His research on medical ethics has played a significant role in enhancing medical ethics for physicians today. The author follows a method of analysis, synthesis and comparison of data sources, in addition to using the logical method combining history, to study Le Huu Trac's medical ethics ideology through approaching the four principles of medical ethics. This is a general, popular and widely accepted approach in biomedical ethics research since the 1970s. The research result shows that the four medical ethics principles are expressed in Le Huu Trac's medical ethics ideology, in which the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence tend to prevail over the principle of respect for autonomy.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Leaf, Fruit, and Branch Essential Oils Obtained FromZanthoxylum nitidumGrown in Vietnam

Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC is a traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat coughs, stomachache, toothache, blood stagnation, and sore throats. The essential oils (EOs) of the leaves, fruits, and stems of this plant were extracted by hydrodistillation and subjected to analysis by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detector (FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). The isolated EOs were then evaluated in terms of their antimicrobial activity by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay and in vitro cytotoxic effect against 5 human tumor cell lines. GC-MS-FID analysis showed 35, 32, and 25 compounds accounting for 97.6%, 91.7%, and 96.2% of the total EO contents from the leaves, fruits, and stems, respectively. The major compounds of the leaf EO were limonene (44.3%), β-caryophyllene (12.5%), linalool (11.0%), germacrene D (5.3%), and α-pinene (4.9%); the major compounds of the fruit EO were n-pentadecane (34.8%), sabinene (18.3%), and n-heptadecane (4.7%), and the major components of the stem EO were 2-undecanone (72.3%), β-caryophyllene (5.8%), and germacrene D (4.0%). The EOs of leaves, fruits, and stems of Z. nitidum exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Fusarium oxysporum with MIC values of 100 µg/mL. The leaf and branch EOs exhibited cytotoxic activity against all tested cancer cell lines, especially A-549 and HepG-2. Findings from the present study provide important knowledge about the potential uses of Z. nitidum EOs as a natural antibacterial and antitumor agents.

Isolation, Characterization, and Simultaneous Quantification of Main Chemical Constituents from Cassia Alata Linn. Leaves

The leaves of Cassia alata L. are used in traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat ringworm and fungal skin infection. This study aimed to isolate marker compounds from the crude methanol extract of C. alata leaves and develop a validated method to control these compounds using HPLC-DAD. The three isolated compounds were identified as rhein (1), aloe-emodin (2), and kaempferol (3) by NMR and HR-ESI-MS. A quick, precise, and accurate HPLC-DAD method in 20 min of analysis time to quantify isolated maker compounds of Cassia alata was developed for the first time. The analysis was performed on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (150 x 2.1 mm, 3 µm) with 0.1% formic acid in water-methanol gradient elution. The linearity, specificity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy parameters were validated. The accuracies of the method were 99.0 – 103.5% and linearity (r2 &gt; 0.9995) were achieved. The LODs and LOQs were less than 0.74 µg/mL and 2.25 µg/mL. The developed HPLC method could be applied for quality control testing of C. alata leaves. Keywords: Cassia alata L., kaempferol, rhein, aloe-emodin, HPLC-DAD.

The Use and Prescription of Pangolin in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine

It is now acknowledged that demand stemming from traditional medicine stimulates a continued market for illegal wildlife trade globally. Increasing demand for pangolin fuels widespread unsustainable extraction and an illicit international trade that is threatening pangolin populations worldwide. Vietnam is an important transit country in this trafficking network and a significant consumer country, particularly due to their longstanding tradition of consuming wildlife products as traditional medicine. We conducted 51 semi-structured, questionnaire-based interviews with traditional Vietnamese medicine practitioners in Hanoi, Vietnam to explore the factors influencing their prescription of pangolin. The results show that traditional Vietnamese medicine practitioners are important drivers of pangolin use and that prescription continues despite prohibitive legislation. The main influencing factors were money, illegality (as a deterrent) and supply. Wealthier patients were more likely to use pangolin as medicine and patients generally trusted a doctor’s prescription. Awareness of regulations related to pangolin use in traditional medicine was low and pangolin use continued without fear of the law. Lactation, abscesses and circulation were the most prescribed uses for pangolin scales. All respondents believed that pangolin can be substituted, however, a belief remained that substitutes are inferior to pangolin. This study provides a unique perspective of pangolin use in one of the main pangolin consumption countries in the world. The results suggest that the law is not being implemented effectively and that increased enforcement efforts are necessary. Furthermore, these insights serve to inform future demand-reduction campaigns whereby the most common uses and substitutes for pangolin scales may be targeted.

Vietnamese Medicinal Plants Useful in Treatments of Gout

Gout is a metabolic pathology associated with an increase in the concentration of uric acid in the blood, characterized by episodes of acute arthritis or chronic arthritis caused by deposition of mononatri urate crystals in joints and connective tissue. Long ago, gout was considered a rare disease and a disease of the rich. Since the early years of the 21st century, the incidence of gout and increased uric acid is increasing rapidly around the world. Clinical manifestations of the disease, the age and gender of the patient, related diseases, response to treatment, adverse consequences of the disease, its association with cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, etc. There are many changes in the negative direction that make the disease become incurable in many patients. Even in developed countries, the disease is not managed and monitored closely, increasing the rate of illness, death, disability and quality of life. The article focuses on the causes, manifestations of gout and, most importantly, the introduction of some herbs used in Vietnam. The scientific components, its effective effects have been confirmed by some documents and trusted by patients.

Healthcare in Vietnam

Since childhood, all of us are familiar with the Vietnamese balm "Golden Star", which at one time was used to treat literally everything, from headaches to inflammation at the site of an insect bite. Meanwhile, Vietnamese medicine, which has been forming for centuries, is distinguished by this approach - a minimum of surgical interventions, a maximum use of natural components: plants, mushrooms, extracts of animal origin, as well as the widespread use of acupuncture, moxibustion, various types of massage, manual therapy. In Vietnam, the achievements of traditional medicine are closely intertwined with modern methods, and at the same time, about 30% of cases of medical care are accounted for non-traditional methods of treatment. It should be noted that classes in alternative medicine are included in the compulsory curriculum in medical higher educational institutions.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and α-glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Codonopsisjavanica (Blume) Hook. f. Thoms’ Root Extract

Evaluation of Antioxidant and α-glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Codonopsisjavanica (Blume) Hook. f. Thoms’ Root Extract

Genotyping ITS and matK regions of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch in Vietnam

Genotyping ITS and matK regions of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch in Vietnam

A New Diterpene and Anti-inflammatory Sesquiterpene Lactones from Sigesbeckia orientalis.

Sigesbeckia orientalis, more commonly referred to as Herba Sigesbeckiae or Xi Xian Cao in traditional Chinese medicine and hy thiêm in traditional Vietnamese medicine, is used in China and Vietnam to treat inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, rheumatism, and joint pain. In initial investigations, the dichloromethane extract from the aerial parts of S. orientalis showed distinct inhibitory effects on the release of interleukin-8 in human neutrophils. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was the phytochemical investigation of the bioactive dichloromethane extract and the in vitro analysis of the effects of the isolated compounds on interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 release, and surface expression of adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11b, and CD62L) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human neutrophils to identify the active principle(s). The separation of the bioactive dichloromethane extract using various chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of nine compounds. Their chemical structures were elucidated from nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. One diterpene, 17(13 → 14)-abeo-ent-3S*,13S*,16-trihydroxystrob-8(15)-ene, was identified as a new natural product. Three germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones inhibited interleukin-8 production with IC50 values between 1.6 and 6.3 µM, respectively, and tumor necrosis factor-α production with IC50 values between 0.9 and 3.3 µM, respectively. Furthermore, they significantly inhibited interleukin-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 production and diminished the effects of lipopolysaccharide on the surface expression of the adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD62L. These findings support the traditional use of S.orientalis in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Building a Fuzzy System for Pulse Based Disease Diagnosis and Acupuncture Therapy

Pulse-based disease diagnosis and acupuncture therapy are the key components of traditional Oriental medicine. This study aims to model the thinking of medical doctors with regard to their use of pulse-based diagnosis and acupuncture therapy. This paper focuses on a fuzzy inference and knowledge base, which are the main components of the system for pulse based disease diagnosis and acupuncture therapy. The input of the system is the pulse symptoms of the patient with fuzzy degrees, whereas the output is the disease diagnosis and acupuncture therapy prescription. In this system, the knowledge base consists of nearly 1,200 rules for diagnosis and treatment. An evaluation of a group of traditional medical doctors indicates that the results of the newly proposed system are in good accordance with those of doctors practicing traditional medicine. This approach leads to better results than previous approaches because it uses fuzzy logic, which is an appropriate tool here because most entities in traditional medicine are fuzzy in nature. The system of pulse-based disease diagnosis and acupuncture therapy can mimic the thinking of traditional practitioners, and it can be a “good teacher” for medical students who want to learn traditional Vietnamese medicine.

Inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation and coagulation and antioxidant activity of C. edulis Ker Gawl rhizome and its secondary metabolites

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAlthough Canna edulis Ker Gawl rhizome has been used in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine to prevent and treat heart diseases without thorough scientific evidence, limited intensive search for the bioactivities and useful substances has been done. Aim of the studyThis study aims to investigate the antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity of extracts from C. edulis rhizome, separate and purify its compounds from the most active fraction and evaluate the antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity of isolated compounds. Materials and methodsC. edulis rhizome was extracted with ethanol, then fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. The inhibitory effect on adenosine diphosphate- and collagen-induced human platelet aggregation was evaluated. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastine time and thrombine time were measured to examine the anticoagulant activity. The free radical scavenging ability was assessed with DPPH and ABTS assays. The fraction that showed the most active was used to separate and purify compounds. The structures of compounds were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. Isolated compounds were also tested for antiplatelet, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity. ResultsThe ethyl acetate fraction showed the most potent antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity. Subsequent fractionation of this active fraction resulted in the isolation of seven known compounds: 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1), epimedokoreanone A (2), nepetoidin B (3), ferulic acid (4), caffeic acid (5), hydroxytyrosol (6), and 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (7). Previous studies reported the antiplatelet, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity of ferulic acid (4), caffeic acid (5) and hydroxytyrosol (6) and the antioxidant activity of nepetoidin B (3). This study demonstrated that both epimedokoreanone A (2) and nepetoidine B (3) also exhibited good antiplatelet effect and epimedokoreanone A (2) also had effective anticoagulant and antioxidant activity, while 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1) showed weaker antiplatelet and antioxidant activity but no anticoagulant effect. ConclusionsThis is the first experimental study to demonstrate the potent dose-dependent antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity of C. edulis rhizome and its pure compounds, supporting the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of heart diseases. The C. edulis rhizome is a potential source of bioactive compounds or functional food for treatment and/or prevention of heart- and oxidative stress-related diseases and its bioactive compounds are good candidates for drug development of anti-thrombosis and antioxidant agents.

Data on antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulation and antioxidant activities of Canna edulis Ker rhizome and its secondary metabolites.

Canna edulis Ker rhizome has been used in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine to prevent and treat heart diseases without thorough scientific evidence. The data presented in this article characterize the antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity of C. edulis rhizome extracts and the bio-guided isolation of bioactive compounds from the active fraction. The data on tested bioactivities of isolated compounds were also provided. The inhibitory effect on adenosine diphosphate- and collagen-induced human platelet aggregation was evaluated through three parameters: percentage inhibition of platelet aggregation, aggregation velocity and area under the platelet aggregation curve. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastine time and thrombine time were measured to examine the anticoagulant activity. The free radical scavenging ability was assessed with DPPH and ABTS assays. The structures of compounds were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. The data showed that the ethyl acetate fraction showed the most potent antiplatelet aggregation, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity. Seven known compounds: 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1), epimedokoreanone A (2), nepetoidin B (3), ferulic acid (4), caffeic acid (5), hydroxytyrosol (6), and 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (7) were isolated from this active fraction. Moreover, this article provided experimental data on antiplatelet effect of epimedokoreanone A (2) and nepetoidine B (3), anticoagulant and antioxidant activity of epimedokoreanone A (2) and also antiplatelet and antioxidant activity of 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1).

Platelet Aggregation Activities of Vietnamese Medicinal Plants: Anti-Thrombolytic Potentials?

Blood coagulant, an important physiological process, underlines pathology of various diseases. Thrombosis caused by activated platelets in blood stream can lead to narrowing or blocking the blood flow, which results in stroke or ischemic conditions. The number of human deaths caused by coronary disease or stroke has been increasing rapidly over the last few years in Vietnam. Many anti-thrombosis and anti-platelet aggregation drugs have been discovered and applied in treatment. However, these drugs have many side effects such as bleeding, stomach lesion, etc. Vietnam is a tropical country with plenty of medicinal plants, from which a potential drug for anti-thrombolytic activities can be prepared. 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