Vietnamese Culture Research Articles

Si Satchanalai Figurines: Reconstruction of Ancient Daily Life, Beliefs, and Environment in Siam during the Sixteenth Century

The Si Satchanalai figurines and ceramics applied with figurines in various shapes of humans and animals were one type of ceramics produced especially in the sixteenth century at the Si Satchanalai kilns located in Si Satchanalai city under the territorial control of the Sukhothai and the Ayutthaya Kingdoms which foreigners recorded the name of this region as “Siam.” They represent the mixed culture that came along with the unofficial and official foreign relations on politics and trade. Indian, Khmer, Lanna, Chinese Yuan and Ming, and Vietnamese arts and cultures were transmitted to Siam and became to be the important sources of inspiration for the local potters to create figurines and other forms of ceramic objects. The local daily life diet supplies, relationships in community, social organization, neighborhoods, activities, occupations and environments were other important sources of inspiration for the local potters.

Cultural Considerations in a Phenomenological Study of Mindfulness With Vietnamese Youth and Cyclo Drivers

Despite the current burgeoning interest of secular mindfulness in the West and the exponential proliferation of mindfulness research, researchers have only dimly acknowledged and investigated the social–cultural contexts that condition interpretation of mindfulness practices. This is due in part to the bias of researchers to primarily include participants from more individualistic and first-world countries, and the conduct of research favoring methodologies underlining logical positivism. This present study explores the experience of mindfulness among a sample of handicapped and at-risk native Vietnamese youth ( n = 42, age range = 10–35 years old) and low-income adult cyclo drivers ( n = 182, age range = 26–82 years old) through the lens of phenomenology. Analyses of participants’ written reflections revealed elements of communal ethos that undergirds Vietnam’s 20 centuries of traditions and practices in Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and indigenous/folk spirituality that have shaped Vietnam’s collective identity, social engagement, and modes of being. The results are interpreted within a philosophical processual worldview consistent with Vietnamese culture and cosmology emphasizing relations and interdependence that is also consistent with the traditional roots of mindfulness practice. Contemplative strategies, such as mindfulness, as efforts to reduce suffering, promote awareness and social–emotional flourishing, are consistent with 2016–2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals toward ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. This study revealed the importance of attending to culture to help understand participants’ experiences from a nonwestern and resource-poor context. Vietnamese youth, young adults, and cyclo drivers reported that mindfulness helped them to strengthen and harmonize relationships.

Quantifying sustainability indicators in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus downstream and upstream ponds

To assess the potential for improving sustainability and efficiency in an important Vietnamese finfish culture, we quantified sustainability indicators for 2 downstream and 2 upstream 3 to 4 m deep ponds for striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) production along the Mekong River, Vietnam. The resources used per kg fish produced were (downstream vs. upstream): 2.8 vs. 7.1 m3 water, 0.04 vs. 0.14 kWh energy, 0.06 vs. 0.11 h human labour and 0.06 vs. 0.15 g antibiotics (p 0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiencies were 44 vs. 40% for nitrogen (p 0.05). An advantage of production in deep ponds is the breakdown of organic matter through denitrification and fermentation. Based on the difference between feed input and monitored outputs and sinks, an estimated 29–37% of dry matter volatilized as CO2 and 30–34% of nitrogen was lost as N2. A major disadvantage of the deep pond production system is its dependency on water exchange with the Mekong River, resulting in low biosecurity, which is aggravated by the lack of availability of disease-free fingerlings. Dealing with disease caused farmers to apply suboptimal feeding rations and to lengthen the culture period. Developing (semi-)closed systems that adopt elements from recirculation technology could improve both culture performance and sustainability.

Vietnamese Graduate International Student Repatriates: Reverse Adjustment

The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of Vietnamese international students who have returned to Vietnam after graduation from a U.S. higher education institution. The findings suggest that participants found it harder to readjust to Vietnam than to adjust to the U.S. even though they had lived most of their lives in Vietnam. Time in the U.S. had changed them considerably, making it difficult for them to fit back into their old lives in Vietnam. Most of them did not expect to experience reserve culture shock, and most had made real efforts to fit back into the Vietnamese environment and culture.

Looking inward or outward? Vietnam higher education at the superhighway of globalization: culture, values and changes

ABSTRACTGlobalization and internationalization forces have placed Vietnam higher education (VHE) under the pressure of change. Reforming VHE has therefore become imperative for institutions at this crossroad of change forces. However, reform efforts have been ad-hoc, fragmented and unstable. Reform outcomes have remained fairly limited and fall under scrutiny. Drawing on a case study of the Advanced Program, we argue that importing the curriculum from a Western country without thoughtful consideration of the local culture, history and dynamics would result in low cost efficiency and cost ineffectiveness, leading further to a huge waste of resources. We emphasize the importance of an inward-looking approach to higher education reforms because it brings the centuries-long Vietnamese cultural values into play. At the same time, policy borrowing must be accompanied with a culturally responsive curriculum and pedagogy, and it recognizes the role of Vietnamese teaching and learning culture. This inward-looking approach is complementary to an outward perspective, allowing for a comprehensive and solid understanding of the globalization forces and the global power structure within which VHE system is located.

Inculturation for mission: The transformation of the French Notre-Dame des Victoires into Our Lady of La Vang in Vietnam 1998

The article discusses the indigenization of the French Notre-Dame des Victoires into Our Lady of La Vang in Vietnam in 1998. It argues that the La Vang project was a missionary strategy employed by the church to engage in mission through dialogue with Vietnamese culture and religions in a postcolonial period. The article also demonstrates that because Vietnamese Catholics and Buddhists share their common practices and experience spiritual transformation through devotion to Mary and Guan-yin (the Buddhist female Bodhisattva), interreligious dialogue between Vietnamese Buddhists and Catholics will become more fruitful, given the discovery of significant commonalities between the two traditions. In addition, the transformation of the French Notre-Dame des Victoires into the image of a Vietnamese woman helps the Church rediscover Vietnamese cultural roots through which a contextual theology for the Vietnamese needs to be constructed and developed.

“This Is Not Representation!”

This case centers on a Vietnamese language and culture program situated within an urban context. It illustrates how sociohistorical and geopolitical contexts interplay in understanding relations within schools as well as school–community relations. A new ethnoburb creates both opportunities and challenges for the Vietnamese community related to cross-ethnic dynamics and the way interactions are shaped bureaucratically, socially, and politically. Increasing proximity of differences produced through processes of urbanization provides opportunity for school and community leaders to examine mechanisms (assumptions about difference, bureaucratic expedience, socio-political power, notions of “natural” social hierarchies, etc.) by which in/tolerance and alienation are produced.

Vietnam. Sidewalk city: Remapping public space in Ho Chi Minh City By Annette Miae Kim Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Pp. 252. Figures, Endnotes, Bibliography, Index.

Sidewalk city: Remapping public space in Ho Chi Minh City By ANNETTE MIAE KIM Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Pp. 252. Figures, Endnotes, Bibliography, Index. doi: 10.1017/S0022463416000679 Annette Kim's Sidewalk city zeroes in on Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam's largest metropolis, and with good reason. Not only are sidewalks in that city teeming with activity, but Vietnam is actively renegotiating its 'sidewalk paradigm' through increased clearance enforcement (p. 21). Ho Chi Minh City serves as an in-situ laboratory for understanding sidewalks as contested spaces because both city districts and wards have been experimenting with sidewalk management policies. Through an innovative approach that combines spatial ethnography with a critical cartography, Kim challenges her readers to see sidewalks anew. The result is a lavish book with resplendent full-colour figures that testify to the importance of sidewalks in urban life, especially in the Global South. The book is composed of seven chapters. The first chapter introduces the major theoretical questions and conceptual tools. Kim asks, for example, how property rights theory may be applied to public space in order to evaluate how claims to space are justified and operationalised in society. Rather than sidewalks in the city as disorderly, she shows why they are better understood as 'mixed-use public spaces', a perspective that may lead to better design and management policies (p. 25). In Chapter 2, she develops three narratives for understanding the importance of sidewalks to urban life. The first narrative is a tale of two cities, or how Ho Chi Minh City emerged out of two distinctive urban environments--Cholon, the bustling commercial area inhabited by Chinese merchants, and Saigon, the orderly city of French colonialism. The second is that the city's sidewalks have long served as both commercial and recreational spaces. And third, that Ho Chi Minh City is a relatively young, multicultural city. She uses these narratives to ward off claims of 'traditional' Vietnamese culture with regard to public space and to underscore that municipal codes must be understood at the ward or neighbourhood level, a point she documents through empirical data in Chapter 4. But in this chapter, she draws attention to the fact that sidewalks have long served simultaneously as commercial and recreational spaces and how the informality of economic livelihoods in the postwar environment only enhanced empathy among residents and police towards itinerant vendors, contributing to the mixed-use character of the city. Chapter 3 opens up a broader discussion of cartography in general. She traces how a Critical Cartography 1.0 allowed scholars to deconstruct maps and then makes the case for a Critical Cartography 2.0 (p. 71), which would deploy new conventions in map-making such as testimony and visionary maps, DIY urbanisms, and new forms of representing space that would 'unveil rather than obscure sidewalk life' (p. 84). This theoretical discussion leads into the empirical bulk of the book, Chapter 4, which is divided in two parts. …

Quan Am and Mary: Vietnamese Religious, Cultural, and Spiritual Phenomena

Quan Am and Mary:Vietnamese Religious, Cultural, and Spiritual Phenomena Thao Nguyen SJ Marian devotion among Vietnamese Catholics and worship of the Goddess of Mercy, Quan Am or Guanyin (Chinese),1 among Vietnamese Buddhists, are two dominant forms of religious practice in Vietnam.2 Popular devotion to these female deities formed a special type of religiosity that has helped sustain the institutional religions and nurture the ethical and spiritual life of the followers. While Marian devotion helps Catholics sustain their faith in the difficult times as well as survive religious persecutions,3 devotion to Quan Am helps Vietnamese Buddhists cope with trying situations in their lives.4 Moreover, while devotion to Mary motivates Catholics to live out their ethical lives in a relationship with God and other human fellows, devotion to Quan Am helps Buddhists attain ethical and spiritual values, such as compassion, patience, mercy, and harmony.5 Similarly, Catholics look to Mary as an exemplar of compassion, humility, patience, peace, and charity.6 From a cultural perspective, devotion to Quan Am and Mary has been also strengthened by the indigenous Cult of the Mother Goddess interweaved with Vietnamese feminine cultural characteristics.7 Although some have mentioned cultural interactions between the Vietnamese indigenous Cult of the Mother Goddess and Buddhist and Catholic popular piety, little research has investigated the spiritual and ethical dimensions between the two traditions comprehensively. On the contrary, many works on Vietnamese Buddhism and Catholicism seemed to have overemphasized the differences between the two traditions.8 While acknowledging the differences is important, searching for common ground on spirituality and ethics would open the door for further comparative studies. Given the significantly shared characteristics between Marian devotion and worship of Quan Am, this article attempts (1) to present the common patterns in the way in which Vietnamese Buddhists and Catholics approach Mary and Quan Am; (2) to discuss the interactions between Vietnamese indigenous cult of Mother-Goddess (Ðạo Mẫu) and Marian devotion and worship of Quan Am, through which popular piety has strongly taken root, developed, and continued to thrive in the midst of cultural and religious challenges;9 and (3) to examine the spiritual and ethical domains through which personal and collective transformation manifests. The research hopes to shed light on religions in Vietnam and aims to offer a fresh view of Buddhism and Catholicism that has been distorted by religious and political ideologies.10 [End Page 191] communal devotion: buddhists and catholics In the Catholic Church, Marian devotion manifests in different forms: pilgrimage, patronage, personal prayers, and communal celebrations. All of the Catholic pilgrimage shrines in Vietnam were built in devotion to Mary. Hundreds of Catholic parishes chose Mary to be their patron.11 More important, every Vietnamese Catholic parish always presents at least a magnificent shrine or statue of Mary. These shrines are frequented by people of different ages. In addition, large pilgrimage locations, such as La Vang, Tra Kieu, and Binh Trieu, attract millions of people annually. Every year in mid-August, an estimated half million Vietnamese Catholics, including a majority of bishops, clergy, and religious men and women, gather to pray to Mary at the National Marian Shrine called La Vang in Quang Tri Province, a central province of Vietnam.12 Catholic pilgrimages to the Marian shrines in several places, such as Ðà Nẵng, Kontum, Daklak, Bến Tre, and Vinh Long, have also increased.13 When the Catholics gather at Marian shrines, local as well as national, they recite the rosary, sing praise songs to Mary, offer flowers and petitions to her, and hope for abundant blessings bestowed on their families and country. To Vietnamese Catholics, more significantly, Mary is not only the Mother of Christians, she is the Mother of the country of Vietnam. western influences and cultural roots Marian devotion in Vietnam has been significantly promoted and developed from the beginning of the Western missionary period in the seventeenth century.14 Various religious groups from Europe and North America, such as the Dominicans and Redemptorists, introduced Marian devotion to Vietnam.15 Also, according to some scholars, at the very beginning of his missionary effort, Alexander de Rhodes, a pioneering Jesuit missionary in Vietnam, had already incorporated Mariology in his...

Effectiveness of Cultural Arts in Learning ASEAN Culture

Local and national artistic traditions and cultural heritage are key factors of national identity and social cohesion. Learning language and culture through cultural arts can play an important role in promoting awareness of local and ASEAN artistic traditions. The researcher made use of Mixed Method Research approach to determine the effectiveness of cultural arts in learning ASEAN culture. Effectiveness in the study refers to the value of cultural arts in terms of the level of preference, participation and motivation, quality of performance, and transmission of knowledge of the participating students. The 67 participants of this study were 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th-year university students of Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University. They were immersed in the learning of Philippine, Indonesian and Vietnamese cultures through cultural arts which includes Filipino, Indonesian and Vietnamese language, songs, games, cuisine, festivals, oral and written expressions and social practices. The study revealed that the learning process is most effective because of the direct involvement of the students as active performers. The study recognized the full potential of cultural arts to learn Culture.

DISTRIBUTION OF EDITIONS OF RUSSIAN LITURATURE IN VIETNAM

The review of the article presents a panorama of the "entry" of Russian writers into Vietnamese literature from the very beginning and throughout the whole century. The attitude of Vietnamese writers, translators, and publishers to the work of Russian classics is vividly illustrated. There is also information about how the work of Chekhov, Pushkin, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky influenced Vietnamese literature. The collection of translations of the works of the great classics into separate volumes and the appearance of works reflecting the negative attitude of the common people towards the aristocracy. The work also considers the perception of Russian literature and the creative assimilation of its achievements. The perception of Russian literature, one of the largest national literatures, and creative development of its achievements had allowed the Vietnamese culture to enter into the context of European civilization. The formation of modern literature and the type of simultaneous development of one's own culture are the features of the Vietnamese culture of modern times. Thus, under the establishment of the modern literature refers to the formation of a separate genre forms not previously unparalleled in Vietnamese literature. This, for example, the major works of the epic form, until the occurrence of a significant event described in the form of stories.

Development and Validation of the Self-Esteem Scale of Toulouse (ETES) in Vietnam

Self-esteem is no longer a new concept in the field of psychology in the whole world in general as well as in Vietnam in particular. There is a rich diversity of self-esteem measurement tools that have been devised and developed. However, in Vietnam, most of the researchers only use the original measurement tools without adapting them to the cultural-social context of Vietnam. Hence, this research aims to evaluate the construction and reliability of an existing popular measurement tool of self-esteem in Europe—which is ETES—in the context of Vietnamese culture. An empirical study was conducted in Vietnam and 1505 valid responses of adolescents were collected. Five sub-scales— which are physical self, emotional self, academic-future self, social self and familial self—were identified through an exploratory factor analysis. The last dimension (familial self) is considered a typical self-esteem area of Vietnamese adolescents. The test-retest reliability demonstrates strong reproducibility of the self-esteem scale and subscales. This new tool is useful for examining how often adolescents in Vietnam evaluate their self-esteem.

THE INFLUENCES OF ‘POWER DISTANCE’ ON PRE-SERVICE TEACHER LEARNING IN VIETNAM

Globalisation has moved nations to take steps to meet the demands of an increasingly competitive employment market. The Vietnamese Government has introduced a number of initiatives to equip its labour force with the necessary knowledge and skills, one of which is requiring teachers to change their teaching methods toward constructivist pedagogies. This study focuses on pre-service teachers’ learning in Vietnam, where a ‘large power distance’ is widely practiced in education. This article reports on part of the action research study, showing the influences of ‘large power distance’ on pre-service teacher learning in Vietnam. The findings show that the ‘large power distance’ in Vietnamese culture generated both negative and positive influences during the teacher learning process. The findings contribute to the discussions about the role of teacher educators in promoting change for better education in Vietnam. Keywords: Constructivist pedagogies, power distance, pre-service teachers, teacher learning, Vietnamese teachers.Cite as: Nguyen, H.T.M. (2016). The influences of ‘power distance’ on pre-service teacher learning in Vietnam. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 1(2), 38-49.

The Acquisition of English Speaking Skills of Small Traders in Hanoi’s Old Quarter

Abstract: The recent increase in the number of foreign visitors to Vietnam highlights the necessity for the improvement of English speaking skills of small traders in Hanoi’s Old Quarter - a popular tourist destination in Vietnam, where English is pivotal in both trading and promoting Vietnamese culture. In that context, this research explores how these traders could acquire their English speaking skills in their own living contexts. Adopting both qualitative and quantitative methods, particularly observation, interviews with small traders (n=23) and survey questionnaires combined with interviews with foreigners (n=100), the research has reached two major conclusions. First, unlike popular assumptions that small traders learn English through contact with foreigners, the sources of their English acquisition were much more diverse. Secondly, small traders were expected to speak English well not only to carry out transactions but also to aid foreigners in a wide range of functions, ranging from navigating through the streets to better understanding Vietnamese culture. However, the English speaking skills of these traders were often found insufficient in terms of grammatical, discourse, and sociolinguistic competences. From the collected data, the article suggests a number of different ways to enhance the small trader’s acquisition of English speaking skills.Keywords: Small traders, Hanoi’s Old Quarter, English language acquisition, international tourism.

Confucianism and humane education in contemporary Vietnam

Vietnam is a member state of the “Han scripts Cultural Circle” which enjoys a long traditional culture shaped under the combination of local cultural foundation (internally) and many external cultural influences mainly from China, India, and the Western world. Among the imported factors, Confucianism is the most important source helping to shape the national traditional identity. The basic differences in nature between Vietnamese local culture and Confucianism have created various complicated but interesting happenings in Vietnamese history. In general, these two factors started in dispute, and gradually moved to accept and complement each other in order to co-exist and mutually integrate. This historical trend has contributed to the appearance of traditional cultural characteristics of Vietnam used to be called “the nation of civilization”, Vietnam attaches special importance to talents and to educating talents. Therefore, Vietnam’s states over the historical periods have had policies to promote study and finance, using the contemporary ideology as a template for character and lifestyle education. That sense was ingrained in Vietnamese people’s consciousness, partly regulating the awareness about future life as well as civic roles and responsibility in society. In the newly-claimed and exploited Southern Vietnam, people are still conscious of a classic humane education with two main objects, including educating moral personalities and training talents helpful for the nation. In this modern society, with many major changes in all aspects, the consciousness of building a suitable and effective humane education urges ones to think, to discuss, and seek a best pattern which both inherits the past traditions and associates with the present situation as well as ensuring all three educational goals, consisting of knowledge, skills, and attitudes (i.e. covering three categories of intelligence, talent, and virtue). This article, from the cultural historical perspective of Vietnam’s education, is going to analyze the Confucian cultural characteristics of Vietnam and their impact on the humane educating traditions in Vietnam. I will consider it as a foundation and motivation to discuss the factors that may affect the process of building a modern and efficient education in Vietnam.

Removal of Inorganic Nutrient and Organic Carbon from Wastewater of Binh Dien Market Using Green Alga Chlorella sp

Abstract Traditional markets play a major role in socio-economics and constitutes a significant aspect of Vietnamese culture. However, wastewater streams discharged from the markets are generally characterized by a lot of inorganic nutrients and organic substances originated from fresh food processing units. They could lead to serious water contamination if discharged without proper treatment. This study applied microalgae Chlorella sp. for eliminating inorganic nutrients (NO3−-N, NH4+-N and PO43−-P) and organic carbon (Chemical oxygen demand-COD) from wastewater of the Binh Dien market. The removal efficiencies reached for NH4+-N > 86%, for NO3−-N > 72%, and for PO43−-P > 69%, respectively, at algal density of 49 × 104 cell mL−1, and for COD > 96% at algal density of 35 × 104 cell mL−1 after five cultivating days. The effluence satisfied the Vietnamese standard, column B, of the National technical regulation on industrial wastewater (QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT). The results demonstrated that the culture system composed of green algal Chlorella sp. could be a potential candidate for the removal of nutrients and organic carbon by a wastewater treatment process from the Binh Dien market.

Nhân Văn Giai Phẩm on Trial

On January 19, 1960, the People’s Court of Hà Nội of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) staged a show-trial for five defendants accused of participating in the famous domestic political protest movement known as Nhân Văn - Giai Phẩm. The defendants included the well-known political activist Nguyễn Hữu Đang and the celebrated female writer Thụy An, both of whom were found guilty and issued fifteen-year prison sentences. Based on a lengthy report about this case authored by the judge who presided at the trial and only recently unearthed from state archives in Hà Nội, this paper illuminates for the first time the mysterious inner workings of this notorious judicial proceeding. It also sheds light on the nature of Vietnamese communist legal culture and on the relative power of the party and the state during this formative period in the history of the DRV.

Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2012

BackgroundDespite the global effort against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), developing countries with middle to low income are still burdened by them. Vietnam has been undergoing substantial economic growth and urbanization, but underprivileged people living in rural and suburban areas are still having little access to public health infrastructure and proper sanitation. Hitherto, limited information is available for seroprevalence and risk factors of several parasitic diseases in Vietnam.MethodsA retrospective study was performed on diagnostic results of Fasciola spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia solium IgG ELISA tests from Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City in 2012. The data were first stratified before statistical analyses were performed. Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was determined and the age and gender risk factors were evaluated.ResultsSeroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was 5.9 % (590/10,084; 95 % CI: 5.44–6.36), 45.2 % (34,995/77,356; 95 % CI: 44.85–45.55), 7.4 % (3,174/42,920; 95 % CI: 7.15–7.65) and 4.9 % (713/14,601; 95 % CI: 4.55–5.25), respectively. Co-exposure to multiple parasites was detected in 890 males (45.7 %; 95 % CI: 43.49–47.91) and 1,059 females (54.3 %; 95 % CI: 52.09–56.51). Social structure and differences in behavioural factors caused the gender factor to have a significant effect on the prevalence of all the diseases, while the seropositivity for fascioliasis and strongyloidiasis were age group-related.ConclusionsThe seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in the blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, in year 2012 were comparatively high. The Vietnamese customs and cultures, dietary habits and agricultural practices exposed them to high risk of contracting NTDs. Despite the possibility of false positive results due to antigenic cross-reactions, detection of IgG antibodies remains as a reliable method in sero-epidemiological study as it is non-invasive and demonstrates previous exposure of individuals to the parasites. Besides the implementation of strategies to control these diseases, epidemiological analysis and surveillance of diseases should also be continually strengthened to monitor the effectiveness of regimens and interventions.

A Cook's Tour Abroad: Long‐Term Effects of Intergroup Contact on Positive Outgroup Attitudes

This mixed‐methods, longitudinal study documents the short‐ and long‐term impact of a cook's tour of Vietnam by 14 U.S. chef students. Over 3 weeks, travelers engaged in myriad intergroup interactions to experience Vietnam's cuisine and culture, exemplifying a positive intergroup orientation consistent with allophilia and xenophilia. Measures included a pretrip questionnaire, daily journal, and posttrip questionnaire, as well as participant observation. Short‐term attitude change included significant increases in positive affect toward the Vietnamese, negative stereotypes, and intergroup understanding. Nearly 10 years later, the author interviewed 10 of the original trip participants. Consistent with allophilia theory, participants expressed continued affection, kinship, and enthusiasm toward the Vietnamese people and remained motivated to engage the Vietnamese culture and cuisine. Additional evidence of allophilic specificity, openness to experience, and deprovincialism is also discussed.

Research On Experiences Of Tet Rituals By Vietnamese Students In Korea

This qualitative case study is about Vietnamese student in Korea and their experiences of Tet rituals (Vietnamese Lunar New Year). As in 2015, the number of Vietnamese student in Korea is in the second place just after Chinese student. However, research on Vietnamese student in Korea is insufficient. This study investigates the socio-cultural features of Vietnamese students through their experience of Tet. This study provides understanding of Vietnamese culture. Through this, the cultural diversity of Vietnamese students in Korea might be received more respect. This study was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and National Research of Korea (NRF2015S1A2A03048350)..